SaqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti biznes-inJineringis fakulteti ekonikuri kvlevis meTodebi

5. poststruqturalizmi da postmodernizmi

poststruqturalizmi da postmodernizmi - ori erTmaneTis msgavsi filosofiuri da kulturologiuri mimdinareobaa, romlebmac miiRes farTo gavrceleba, dawyebuli XX s. 60-iani (poststruqturalizmi) da 80-iani (postmodernizmi) wlebidan.

poststruqturalizmis genezisis safuZvels warmoadgens struqturalizmi - meTodologiuri koncefcia, romelic humanitarul disciplinebSi gamovlinda XX s. dasawyisSi da yuradRebas amaxvilebda gamosakvlevi obieqtebis struqturis analizze. wina saukunis meore naxevris dasawyisidan struqturalizmi gavrcelda aseve socialuri mecnierebebis sferoSi, miaRwia ra umaRles aRzevebas frangi filosofosis da sociologis pier burdies (1921-2001) naSromebSi. burdie sakuTar koncefcias uwodebda „konstrqutivistuli struqturalizmi“ an „struqturalisturi konstruqtivizmi“.

burdies Tanaxmad, socialuri realoba imyofeba „ormagi struqturirebis“, e.i. subieqtisa da obieqts Soris mizezobriv-Sedegobrivi kavSiris gansakuTrebuli ormagi procesis dadgenis mdgomareobaSi: Tavdapirvelad subieqtis („agenti“ an „habitusi“¹⁴) -s mier socialuri realoba aRiqmeba rogorc obieqturi an gare misi moqmedebebis mimarT, xolo SemdgomSi socialur sivrceSi habitusis praqtikuli moqmedebebidan gamomdinare, socialuri realoba habitusis moqmedebis velSi, Semodis rogorc subieqturi momenti.

„praqtikosebi“ rogorc subieqtebis moqmedebis Sedegi erTiandebian „velSi“, xolo „veli“ axdens subieqtebis urTierTqmedebis „socialuri sivrcis“ konstruirebas. velis struqtura asaxavs fardobas sxvadasxva habitusebs Soris, romlebic ibrZvian „simboluri kapitalis“ gadasanawileblad misi gansxvavebuli saxiT: ekonomikuri, kulturuli, socialuri da a.S. kapitalis odenoba, romlebsac ganagebs habitusi, warmoadgens socialur sivrceSi misi poziciis mniSvnelovan maxasiaTebels. burdies socialuri epistemologia amtkicebs agentebis Tavis sakuTar praqtikasTan mWidro urTierTobebis princips, romelic habitusebis TviT verbaluri mtkicebulebebi gadahyavs institucionalur faqtebSi:

„agentebi ufro raRacnairad wamoegebian sakuTar praqtikas, vidre irCeven mas Tavisuflad an maT ubiZgeben meqanikuri iZulebis gziT“¹⁵.

„rodesac saubaria socialuri samyaros Sesaxeb, maSin avtoritetulad saubari - niSnavs akeTo: Tu, magaliTad, me avtoritetulad vacxadeb, rom socialuri klasebi arseboben, me garkveulwilad xels vuwyob maT arsebobas“¹⁶.

amrigad, pier burdiem Zalian moulodnelad dagvabruna viTom da uaryofil gnoseologiur principTan „yofisa da azrovnebis igiveoba“: yvelaferi is rac arsebobs socialuri moazrovneebis TavebSi, arsebobs aseve realur sinamdvileSi! aseTia poststruqtualizmis socialur -epistemologiuri paradoqsaluri samyaro, romlis labirintebSic sxva nebismieri moazrovne (garda TviTon postruqtualistisa) bunebrivad, advilad daikargeba.

postmodernizmi - kidev erTi radikaluri socialur-epistemologiuri swavleba, ZiriTadad warmodgenili frangi filosofosebiT: J.bodriari, f.liotari, J.delezi, f.gvatari, J.deridi da a.S.

postmodernistuli socialuri epistemologiis sawyisi punqtia -fragmentarobis, gaxleCilobis, socialuri codnis fardobiTobis idea; arc erT subieqts ar ZaluZs am codnis erT mTlianobaSi gaerTianeba.

„postmodernizmis Tanaxmad, mTeli codna aRmocendeba Semecnebadi subieqtebis SezRuduli, SefardebiTi poziciebis an perspeqtivebisgan. arc erT maTgans ar SeuZlia iyos privilegirebuli, e.i. ufro WeSmariti, vidre sxva, e.i. ar aris da verc iarsebebs adgili unoversaluri SemecnebiTi sistemebisaTvis. xolo isini, vinc maTze acxadebs pretenziebs, aniWeben sakuTar Tvalsazris aSkarad ucxo, ukve ara SemecnebiT Zalas, magaliTad Zalauflebis, an damrTgunveli avtoritetis Zalis, da ara WeSamritebis, ufro zustad misi moZiebis da wyurvilis. cxovrebis mravalsaxeobis Cawvdoma SeiZleba mxolod Semecnebis mravalsaxeobiT (opoziciis, TvalTaxedvis, subieqtebis)“¹⁷.

Sedegad, postmodernistebi uaryofen rogorc raRacnairi obieqturi socialuri epistemologiis konstruirebis SesaZleblobas: maTTvis mTeli socialuri epistemologia subieqturia, arsebobs mravali gansxvavebuli socialuri epistomelogia („epistemologiebis pluralizmi“), romlebsac mivyavarT iqiT, rom TviTon epistemologia xdeba „TamaSi“ sxvadasxva azriT da mniSvnelobiT, maTi uricxvi Tavisufali „konstruireba“.

postmodernistul sociokulturul situaciaSi SemecnebiTi saqmianobac xSirad ganimarteba rogorc usasrulo transformaciebis da interpretaciebis sivrce. am gagebiT, socialuri Semecneba ganimarteba, rogorc mravali indevidebis qmedebebis mier elementebisgan konstruirebuli sxvadasxva samyaro, romlebic CarTulia gansxvavebuli saxis praqtikebSi, es qmedebebi arafriT ar aris reglamentirebuli, garda komunikatiuri kavSirebis. interesi universaluri kanonebis mimarT gamoidevneba interesiT calkeulis da gansakuTrebulis mimarT. radgan, postmodernistuli msoflmxedveloba sxvagvarad gansazRvravs adamianis adgils samyaroSi, Sesabamisad igi flobs ufro sust winaswarmetyveluri SesaZleblobebiT, vidre kauzaluri, da igi ar aris mimarTuli zogadi upirobo istoriuli kanonebis moZiebaze, aramed mxolod iZleva ganmartebebis konturebs, romlebic aseve istoriulia da SemTxveviTi. postmodernisti ar ekiTxeba: „WeSmaritia Tu ara es?“; is svavs kiTxvas: „ra mniSvneloba aqvs amas?“¹⁸.

Sedegad, postmodernizmSi socialuri epistemologiebis pluralizms mivyavarT „socialuri WeSmaritebis“ pluralizmTTan da zogadad WeSmaritebis cnebis relativizmTan. „WeSmariteba SeiZleba iyos yvelaferi, rasac aqvs raime mniSvneloba imisTvis, vinc raRacas amtkicebs“, - aseTia postmodernizmis damagvirgvinebeli epistemologiuri punqti.

amrigad, sxvadasxva socialur-epistemologiuri koncefciebis zogadma mimoxilvam Cven unda gagvaridos Tanamedrove socialuri epistemologiebis „simartivsgan“ da „bunebriobisgan“, romlis daskvnebsac, Tavis mxriv, eqneba arsebiTi mniSvneloba ekonomikuri mecnierebis¹⁹ meTodologiisTis. piriqiT, Tanamedrove midgomebi socialuri Semecnebis mimarT gamoirCeva didi nairsaxeobiT, da amitom erTaderTi WeSmariti gadawyvetilebis povna aq iqneba aSkara cdomileba.

6. empiriuli done socialur SemecnebaSi

wina TavebSi sxvadasxva epistemologiuri tradiciebis analizisas Cven faqtiurad ukve SevexeT socialur SemecnebaSi empiriuli da Teoriuli doneebis Sesabamisobis sakiTxs. axla Cven mogviwevs am problemaSi ufro metad CaRrmaveba da misTvis daskvniTi gadawyvetilebis micema.

socialur SemecnebaSi empiriul dones Seadgens ori ZiriTadi empiriuli meTodi - dakvirveba da eqsperimenti, da aseve gazomvis procedura. mocemuli empiriuli meTodebis upirvelesi amocanaa - pirveladi empiriuli ganzogadoebisaTvis, da aseve Semdgomi Teoriuli analizisaTvis monacemebis pirveladi Segroveba.

„faqtebis Segroveba, maTi pirveladi ganzogadoeba, dasakvirvebeli da eqsperimentuli monacemebis aRwera, maTi sistematizacia, klasifikacia da sxva faqtografiqsirebuli saqmianoba - empiriuli Semecnebis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebia“²⁰.

„empiriuli kvleva - es aris aqtiuri SemecnebiTi saqmianoba, romlis simZimis centrs warmoadgens „cocxali ganWvretis“ gaazreba, monacemebis ganmarteba abstraqciis, cnebebis, logikuri kategoriebis Sesabamis badeSi“²¹.

socialur SemecnebaSi dakvirvebas, eqsperiments da gazomvas gaaCnia Tavisi Taviseburebebi, romlebic, rogorc wesi, bunebrivi movlenebis SemecnebasTan SedarebiT arTuleben am meTodebs da procedurebs.

socialuri dakvirveba (socialuri procesebis da movlenebis dakvirveba) - socialuri samyaros (socialuri faqtebis) mizanmimarTuli da organizebuli aRqmaa, romlebic zogadad awodeben pirvelad masalebs nebismieri socialuri kvlevisTvis (pirvel rigSi, samecniero kvlevisTvis).

am dros dakvirveba SiZleba iyos ori tipis: CarTuli (Tanamonawile) da CaurTveli (martivi). CaurTveli dakvirveba -es aris gare, pasiuri dakvirveba, rodesac damkvirvebeli ubralod akvirdeba rame socialur process manamde, sanam aZleven amis uflebas. amis magaliTia ekonomistze dakvirveba, rodesac is monawileobs makroekonomikur an mikroekonomikur procesSi: birJaze gakotreba, axali sawarmos Seqmna saxelmwifos masStabebSi privatizacia an nacionalizacia da a.S.

CarTuli dakvirveba gulisxmobs dasakvirvebel socialur procesSi an movlenaSi damkvirvebelis uSualo monawileobas.²² damkvirveli TviT Cainergeba dasakvirvebel socialur garemoSi (socialur jgufSi, koleqtivSi da a.S.) da an Ria, an dafaruli xerxiT Tavisi kvlevisTvis agrovebs aucilebel empiriul faqtebs. aseTi Canergvis zogierT SemTxvevaSi igi cdilobs ama Tu im meTodiT moaxdinos misTvis saintereso situaciis warmoqmnis stimulireba, imisaTvis, rom SeigrZnos is „cocxlad“. aseTi SemTxveva aris gardamavali socialuri dakvirvebis meTodidan socialuri eqsperimentirebis meTodamde.

socialuri eqsperimenti - es aris raime socialuri movlenis gamokvleva masze aqtiuri zegavlenis gziT; amasTanave, am eqsperimentis miznebis Tanaxmad an iqmneba raRac axali socialuri pirobebi da icvleba saWiro mimarTulebiT socialuri procesis mimdinareoba, an TviT socialuri procesi warmoiqmneba xelovnurad misi modelirebis meSveobiT.

socialuri eqsperimentis ZiriTadi mizania - daakvirde ama Tu im socialuri pirobebis Secvla moaxdens zegavlenas gamosakvlevi socialuri obieqtis struqturaze da qcevaze.

„eqsperimenti, imis da miuxedavad, aris Tu ara is realuri an azrobrivi, mowodebulia gasces pasuxi SekiTxvas: „ra daemarTeba obieqts -realur an idealizirebuls- Tu Cven masTan moviqmodebebT raRac qmedebebs, CavayenebT mas ama Tu im pirobebSi?“²³

socialuri eqsperimentis (Tu is ra Tqma unda realuri eqsperimentia, da ara azrobrivi) Catareba, rogorc wesi, ejaxeba Semdeg siZneleebs: 1. es eqsperimenti sxva individebze zegavlenasTanaa dakavSirebuli da amitom yovelTvis gaaCnia gansazRvruli moraluri da iuridiuli SezRudvebi; 2. am eqsperiments gaaCnia didi sirTuleebi sakuTari aRqmadobis sidideSi; mravali socialuri eqsperimenti SeiZleba Catardes mxolod erTxel an ramodenimejer; 3. yvela socialuri eqsperimenti tardeba konkretul socialur-istoriul pirobebSi, erTi da igive pirobebSi socialuri eqsperimentebis mravaljeradi Catareba praqtikulad SeuZlebelia; 4. zogierTma socialurma eqsperimentma SeiZleba iqonios sazogadoebaze da misi garemos arsebobaze arasasurveli zegavlena.

amrigad, socialuri eqsperimenti, Tumca warmoadgens socialuri kvlevis sakmaod efeqtian saSualebas, mainc aranaklebad SezRudulia Tavisi SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebis mxriv.

socialuri gazomvis procedura (procedura, romlis daxmarebiT xorcieldeba erTi socialuri obieqtis Sedareba raRac etalonTan (erTeulTan) - sxva obieqtTan da gansazRvrul masStabiT an SkaliT miiReba ricxobrivi gamosaxuleba) gankuTvnilia socialuri procesebis Sesaxeb Cveni codnis sizustis asamaRleblad; igi farTod gamoiyeneba rogorc socialur dakvirvebaSi, aseve socialur eqsperimentSi.