ETeri gigauri emigraciidan dabrunebuli qalebi da maTi ojaxebi: status quo Tu genderuli cvlilebebi

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

socialur mecnierebaTa centri

eTeri gigauri
emigraciidan dabrunebuli qalebi da maTi ojaxebi: status quo Tu genderuli cvlilebebi (TelavSi dabrunebuli emigranti qalebis magaliTze).
moduli: genderi

samagistro naSromi Sesrulebulia socialur mecnierebebSi magistris akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad

xelmZRvanelebi:

profesori nino javaxiSvili

Tbilisi 2009

Sesavali

saerTaSoriso migracia Tanamedrove socialur ekonomikuri cxovrebis damaxasiaTebeli aspeqtia, romlsac uamravi dadebiTi da uaryofiT mxare gaaCnia. mas gansxvavebuli Sedegebi moaqvs mimRebi da gamgzvani qveynisaTvis. aseve gansxvavebuli Sdegebi moaqvs da gansxvavebul mdgomareobaSi ayenebs qal da mamakac migrantebs.

bolo wlebSi qveyanaSi arsebuli ekonomikuri da socialuri problemebis gamo gaizarda mosaxleobis emigraciis done saqrTvelodan.A2002 wlis sayovelTao aRweram uCvena, rom 1989 welTan SedarebiT saqarTvelos mosaxleoba erT milionze metiT Semcirda, rac rogorc eqspertebi varaudoben, ZiriTadad mosaxleobis gare migraciiT aris gamowveuli.¹ umuSevrobis maRali done da dasaqmebulTa dabali anazRaureba aiZulebs saqarTvelos mosaxleobas saarsebo saSualeba sazRvargareT eZios, xolo iq miRebuli SemosavliT saqarTveloSi darCenili ojaxi uzrunvelyos materialurad.

aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom miuxedavad mosaxleobis migraciis fenomenis siZvelisa, XXI saukuneSic ki ar arsebobs misi amxsneli erTiani Teoria. arsebuli migraciuli Teoriebi sxvadasxva kuTxiT ganixilaven mas da yuradRebas amaxvileben gansxvavebul faqtorebze, magram umetes SemTxvevaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki SromiT migraciasTan mimarTebaSi, procesis da misi Sedegebis axsnas ekonomikuri faqtorebis safuZvelze xsnian, xSir SemTxvevaSi xdeba. SromiTi migracia ar aris erTi romelime mecnieruli disciplinis sagani. sxvadasxva disciplina mas sxvadasxva kuTxidan xsnis da gansxvavebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs.

saerTaSoriso SromiTi migracia ZiriTadad ganpirobebulia ori mTavari mizeziT. mimReb qveyanaSi arsebobs moTxovna muSaxelze, romelsac am qveynis mosaxleoba ver akmayofilebs, maSin rodesac emigrantTa qveyanaSi muSaxelis raodenoba moWarbebulia. amitom aseTi qveynis moqalaqeebi, romlebic umuSevrebi arian an dabali anazRaureba aqvT, cdiloben iseT qveyanaSi wavidnen, sadac maTze moTxovna aris da ukeTesi xelfasis miRebis Sansi maRalia. amasTanave unda aRiniSnos, rom mimReb qveyanaSi Casul imigrants ZiriTadad ara Tavisi profesiiT uwevs muSaoba. imigrantebi mzad arian Seasrulon im tipis samuSao, romlis Sesarulebac adgilobriv muSaxels ar surs. garda amisa, isini gacilebiT nakleb anazRaurebas iReben da eguebian cud samuSao pirobebs. swored aseT mdgomareobaSi arian saqarTvelodan wasuli migrantebi. isini ZiriTadad momvlelebad, ZiZebad, mSeneblebad muSaoben.

dResdReobiT SromiTi emigracia mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebs saqarTveloSi arsebul ekonomikur da socialur mdgomareobas. erTi mxriv, Sromisunariani mosaxleobis didi nawilis sxva qveyanaSi gadinebis Sedegad saqarTveloSi mcirdeba umuSevarTa raodenoba. xolo meores mxriv, finansuri daxmareba rasac emigrantebi ugzavnian saqrTveloSi darCenil ojaxebs, realurad uadvilebs cxovrebas saqarTvelos mosaxleobis did nawils.

SromiT emigracias mTeli rigi uaryofiTi Tvisebebic axasiaTebs. masobrivi SromiTi emigraciis dros adgilia aqvs egreTwodebuli “tvinebis gadinebis” process, rodesac qveyanas toveben yvelaze motivirebuli, ganaTlebuli, Sromas mowyurebuli adamianebi, rac TavisTavad uaryofiT gavlenas axdens qveynis ganviTarebaze. qarTvel SromiT emigrantTa didi nawili sazRvargareT arakvalificiuri SromiT aris dakavebuli, rac maT mier saqarTveloSi miRebul ganaTlebasa da kvalifikacias ar Seesabameba.²

saerTaSoriso migraciis mkvlevarebi gansxvavebuli Teoriebis meSveobiT xsnian SromiTi migraciis bunebas. neoklasikuri ekonomikuri Teoria muSaxelis miwodebasa da muSaxelze arsebul moTxovnas Soris arsebul gansxvavebebze amaxvilebs yuradRebas. am Teoriis Tanaxmad, SromiTi migraciis gamomwvevi mizezi xSirad ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ara Tanabari done xdeba, rac ubiZgebs adamianebs miatovon ekonomikurad naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebi da wavidnen sazRvargareT, sadac dasaqmebis meti Sansia da anazRaurebac gacilebiT maRalia. neoklasikuri Teoriis Tanaxmad, adamianebi gadawyvetilebebs migraciaSi wasvlis Sesaxeb individualurad iReben. am gadawyvetilebas safuZvlad udevs racionaluri gaTvlebi, gamgzavrebisaTvis gaweul xarjebs da iq cxovrebis xarjebs unda aRematebodes iq mosalodneli fuladi mogeba. mimRebi qveynis SerCevac swored racionalur gaTvlebs eqvemdebareba. individebi gasamgzavreblad iseT qveynebs irCeven, sadac maT unarebze da codnaze aris moTxovna, sadac aris dasaqmebis meti Sansi. anu neoklasikuri Teoriis Tanaxmad adamianebi miemgzavrebian im qveyanaSi, sadac mogebis meti Sansia.³

saqarTvelos dRevandel ekonomikur mdgomareobas Tu gaviTvalisweinebT, neoklasikuri Teoriis mixedviT maSin gacilebiT meti adamiani unda wasuliyo emigraciaSi, vidre es moxda realurad. aqedan naTelia is faqti, rom emigraciis procesSi mxolod da mxolod ekonomikuri faqtorebi da ekonomikuri mosazrebebi ar TamaSobs gadamwyvet rols. mniSvnelovania sxva faqtorebic, magaliTad emigrantebis piradi Tvisebebi, maT xelT arsebuli materialuri da socialuri resursebi da sxva. rogorc portesi da rembo aRniSnaven, emigrantTa umravlesobas Seadgenen yvelaze motivirebuli da energiuli adamianebi, romelTac survili aqvT gaiumjobeson cxovrebis da ekonomkikuri pirobebi. rogorc wesi, maT ufro maRali ganaTlebis done da gansakuTrebuli unar-Cvevebi aqvT, vidre maT Tanamoqalaqeebs, romlebic gaWirvebis miuxedavad, samSobloSi rCebian.⁴ sainteresoa ra mdgomareobaa am mxriv saqarTveloSi. CRRC-is (2007) angariSSi naTqvamia, rom migrantTa umravlesoba umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqonea, maTgan TiTqmis naxevars (44%-s) damTavrebuli aqvs universiteti, 15% maRalkvalificiuri profesionalia, 12% ki TviTdasaqmebuli. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom migrantTa ganaTlebis donis miuxedavad maTi umetesoba sazRvargareT dasaqmebulia dabalkvalificiur samuSaoze.

qarTuli SromiTi emigraciis Seswavlisas ufro misaReb midgomas gvTavazobs axali ekonomikuri Teoriebi. am Teoriebis Tanaxmad migraciaSi wasvlis gadawyvetileba ganpirobebulia ara individis arCevaniT, aramed ojaxis gadawyvetilebiT. individi erTpirovnulad ki ar iRebs gamgzavrebis gadawyvetilebas, aramed ojaxi erToblivad axdens maT xelT arsebuli resursebis diversifikacias, riTac amcirebs SesaZlo riskebs, romelic maT daemuqreboda im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ojaxs ama Tu im mizezis gamo Seuwydeboda arsebuli Semosavali.⁵ anu realurad calkeuli individebi ki ar wyveten migraciaSi gamgzavrebas, aramed ojaxi.

saqarTveloSi dawyebulma migraciulma gadinebam, romelic dRemde grZeldeba, Cveni qveynis dRevandelobaze mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina. es aris gadarCenisaken mimarTuli strategia. rogorc arsebulma kvlevebma uCvena, ZiriTadi mizezi ris gamoc adamianebi saqarTvelodan midian emigraciaSi aris arsebuli ekonomikuri mdgomareoba. mosaxleobis umetesoba miiCnevda, rom emigraciaSi wasvla maTi da maTi ojaxebis erTederTi gadarCenis gza iyo. es iyo ara nebayoflobiT, aramed saWiroebiT gamowveuli gadawyvetileba. CRR-is (2007) monacemebiT, 1989 wlidan saqarTvelom dakarga maSindeli mosaxleobis TiTqmis mexuTedi, xolo @tvinebis gadinebam da dabalma Sobadobam ki gamoiwvia mosaxleobis dabereba. 1995-2000 wlebSi saqarTvelo migraciis doniT msoflioSi erT-erT pirvel adgils ikavebda.⁶ migraciis saerTaSoriso organizaciis mixedviT, saqarTvelodan wasuli emigrantebis ZiriTadi mimRebi qveynebia: saberZneTi, germania, amerika da ruseTi.

migraciaze saubrisas mniSvnelovania yuradReba gavamaxviloT saerTaSoriso SromiTi migraciis feminizaciaze. saerTaSoriso SromiT migraciaSi qalTa procentuli maCvenebeli mniSvnelovnad gaizarda da axla qalebi, migrantTa umravlesibas warmoadgenen. is faqti, rom cota xnis win daiwyo QqalTa migraciaZe saubari da kvlevebi, ar niSnavs imas, rom qalTa migracia axali fenomenia. xSirad rodesac SromiT migraciazea saubari, migrantebad mxolod mamakacebs moiazreben da qali migrantebi SeumCnevelni arian. xolo im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saubaria qal migrantebze, maT ganixilaven ara damoukidebel migrantebad aramed qmrebis an mamebis gamyolebad.⁷ qalTa migraciaze saubari datvirtulia stereotipebiT. kerZod erT-erTi aseTi stereotipis mixedviT qalis qorwinebaSi yofna mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs mis emigraciaSi wasvlas. Tumca xSirad qalTa emigracias gansazRvravs ara qorwineba, aramed sxva bevri faqtoric.⁸ zogadad migraciis Teoriebi yuradRebas ar amaxvileben saerTaSoriso migraciis genderul aspeqtebze, radgan qal migrantebs mamakacebze damokidebulebad ganixilaven. Tumca es realurad ase ar aris, qalebi iseve rogorc mamakacebi umravles SemTxvevaSi arian damoukidebeli migrantebi. Tumca aris gamonaklisi SemTxvevebi, rodesac qali migraciaSi midis ojaxis gaerTianebis mizniT. sainteresoa qalTa da mamakacTa SromiTi migraciis gamomwvev mizezebze saubari. garda ekonomikuri faqtorebisa xSirad qali emigraciaSi midis sxva uamravi faqtorebis gamo, kerZod genderuli faqtorebis gamo, rasac samwuxarod yuradReba ar eqceva da SromiT migraciaze saubari daiyvaneba mxolod ekonomikur faqtorebze. Nnana oiSis wignSi “genderi da migracia", sadac aRwerilia emigraciis feminizaciis procesi aRmosavleT aziis qveynebis magaliTze saubaria im SesaZlo mizezebze, rac iwvevs qalTa migracias. qalTa emigracia yovelTvis ar aris gamowveuli mxolod da mxolod ekonomikuri faqtorebiT. qalTa emigracia SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos sakuTar ojaxSi mZime genderuli pirobebiT da surviliT, rom miiRon meti Tavisufleba da damoukidebloba. Tumca xSirad qalebs es mizezebi Tavadac ar aqvT gacnobierebuli da ise midian emigraciaSi. qalTa migraciaze saubrisas mniSvnelovan sakiTxs warmoadgens is, Tu vin da ratom miiRo qalTa gamgzavrebis gadawyvetileba. genderuli rolebi, urTierTobebi da ojaxSi Tanasworoba-uTanasworoba gansazRvravs Tu vin da ratom wava migraciaSi samuSaod. nana oiSi aziis qveynebis magaliTze saubrisas aRniSnavs, rom qalebi Tavad wyveten migraciaSi wasvlis sakiTxs. qalTa migracias mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs ojaxSi maTi damoukideblobis da avtonomiurobis done. Tumca am mizezebis gverdiT nana oiSi aRniSnavs, rom zogjer azriT sxva uamrav faqtorTan eerTad swored qalTa damoukidebloba gansazRvravs qalis sazRvargareT gamgzavrebas da amis dasturad moyavs Sri_lankeli da filipineli emigranti qalebis magaliTi, romlebmac Tavad miiRes gamgzavrebis gadawyvetileba da amiT amtkicebs im mosazrebas, rom konkretuli qveynidan qalTa gadineba mniSvnelovnad ganpirobebulia maTi damoukideblobiT, genderuli TanasworobiT da ganaTlebiT.⁹ qalTa ekonomikuri Zalaufleba da muSaobis SesaZlebloba mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebs migrirebis SesaZleblobas. sainteresoa am mxriv ra mdgomareobaa saqarTveloSi, ra uwyobs xels migraciaSi qalTa gadinebas. sainteresoa, ramdenad damoukideblebi arian qarTveli qalebi sazRvargareT gamgzavrebis gadawyvetilebis miRebisas.

samwuxarod migraciaze arsebuli kvlevebi yuradRebas ar amaxvileben genderul aspeqtebze. genderi da migracia ki erTmaneTTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli cnebebia. iseve, rogorc saerTaSoriso migracia cvlis genderul urTierTobebs, ise genderuli faqtorebis gavleniT saerTaSoriso migracia iRebs gansxvavebul formebs. saerTaSoriso migraciaze saubrisas aucilebelia moxdes genderul aspeqtebze yuradRebis gamaxvileba. genderuli aspeqtebis gaTvaliswineba dagvexmareba migraciis gamomwvevi mizezebis da Sedegebis dadgenaSi. genderuli uTanasworoba SeiZleba iyos qalTa migraciis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani mizezi. miuxedavad imisa, rom didia albaToba qalebi emigraciaSi Zaladobis da trefikingis msxverplni gaxdnen, migracia mainc uzrunvelyofs qalebisaTvis axal SesaZleblobebs cxovrebis gaumjobesebisaTvis.

msoflioSi aRebulma tendenciam, qarTul migraciazec hpova gavlena – saubaria migraciis feminizaciaze. saqarTvelodan dRes ufro meti qali midis sazRvargareT, rogorc damoukidebeli aqtori. isini migrirebulTa saerTo raodenobis daaxloebiT naxevars warmoadgenen. zogierT qveyanaSi, magaliTad germaniasa da saberZneTSi qalebis raodenoba am qveyanaSi qarTveli migrantebis raodenobis 70% Seadgens (IOM, 2003). CRRC-is dafinansebiT Tamar da TinaTin zurabiSvilebis mier daba TianeTidan SromiTi migraciis Sesaxeb Catarebulma kvlevam (2006) daamtkica tendenciis arseboba. am kvlevam gamoavlina isic, rom gaTxovili qalebi ufro metad midian migraciaSi.

Cemi kvlevis sferos swored qalTa migracia da masTan dakavSirebuli cvlilebebi warmoadgens. ufro konkretulad es aris emigraciaSi qalTa gaZlierebis fenomeni da amiT gamowveuli genderuli rolebis cvlileba ojaxSi.¹⁰ rogorc qalTa emigraciaze arsebuli literaturidan vigebT, emigraciaSi qalTa gaZlierebis fenomeni yvela migranti qalisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia. migraciaSi yofnis periodSi qali SeiZleba iseT situaciaSi aRmoCndes, romelic radikalurad gansxvavdeba patriarqaluri da tradiciuli mdgomareobisagan da moxdes misi gaZliereba.

ras niSnavs qalTa gaZlireba? rodesac saubaria qalTa gaZlirebaze ar unda vigulisxmoT mxolod ekonomikuri gaZlireba, radgan sityva gaZlireba ar gulisxmobs mxolod ekonomikur gaZlirebas. qali SeiZleba gaZlierdes ekonomikurad, magram is moklebuli iyos im elementebs, rasac zogadad gaZlireba gulisxmobs. qalis gaZlireba es aris meti damoukidebloba, meti Tavdajerebuloba, gadawyvetilebis miRebis SesaZleblobebis gazrda da a.S. Srilata batlivalas mixedviT qalTa gaZlireba gulisxmobs SesaZleblobas akontrolon sakuTari pirovnuli, politikuri, socialuri da ekonomikuri resursebi sakuTari cxovrebis gaimjobesebis mizniT. es aris procesi im Zalebis mimarTulebis Secvlis mizniT, romlebic xels uwyoben qalTa marginalizacias da uTanasworobas.¹¹

qalTa gaZlierebis procesi SesaZlebelia moxdes, rogorc Sida, ise gare doneze. Sida Ddone gulisxmobs qalTa gaZlirebas cnobierebis doneze. es aris procesi, rodesac qalebs uCndebaT sakuTari Tavis, sakuTari ganaTlebis, sakuTari unar-Cvevebis, sakuTari Zalebis da SesaZleblobebis rwmena. xdeba imis gacnobireba, rom genderi, iseve, rogorc sxva socialur-ekonomikuri da politikuri Zalebi gavlenas axdenen masze. Tumca xSirad qali, romelic cnobier doneze gaZlierda uWirs es gaZliereba qcevebSi gamoxatos.

rac Seexeba qalTaA gaZlirebis process garegan doneze, es xdeba socialuri pirobebis Secvlis dros. qalebs da mamakacebs genderuli uTanasworoba Canergili aqvs bavSvobidan. am procesSi mniSvnelovan rols rols asrulebs religia, socialuri da kulturuli tabuebi. sabolood gogonebs imgvarad aqvT socializacia gavlili, rom iZulebulni Seeguaon arsebul genderuln Cagvras. patriarqati aris qalTa subordinaciis mizezi da wyaro. socialuri da kulturuli pirobebis Secvlisas metad xdeba qalebis mier sakuTari mdgomareobis gacnobireba da arsebuli normebis Secvla. swored am dros, xSirad qalebisagan damoukideblad xdeba maTi gaZliereba. magram unda aRiniS is faqri, rom rogorc cnibier, ise garegan doneze gaZlierebis miuxedavad qalebi igive mdgomareobaSi rCebian. amis mizezi ki arsebuli patriarqaluri kulturaa. asevea emigraciidan dabrunebuli qalebis SemTxvevaSic. marTalia isini gaZlirebulni brundebian, magram ver axerxeben amis qcevebSi da rolebSi asaxvas.

samwuxarod saqarTveloSi Catarebuli kvlevebi, romlebic migraciis sakiTxs exeba uSualod yuradRebas ar amaxvilebs emigraciaSi qalTa gaZlierebis sakiTs da amiT gamowveul genderul cvlilebebs. migraciul sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT Catarebuli TiTqmis yvela bolodroindeli kvleva exeba samSobloSi dabrunebul emigrantTa reintegraciis sakiTxs, Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom arc EerTi maTgani ar xsnis da ar uRrmavdeba im cvlilebs rac dakavSirebulia adamianis migraciaSi yofnasTan da dabrunebasTan. TiTqmis arc erT kvlevaSi, romelic reintegraciis problemas exeba, ar aris ganmartebuli ras niSnavs urTierTobebis cvlileba dabrunebis Semdeg. sad icvleba es urTierTobebi, rogor icvleba, ra saxes Rebulobs, romel socialur jgufSi xdeba yvelaze xSirad da a.S. aseve, TiTqmis araferia naTqvami ojaxSi rolebis gadanawilebis Sesaxeb. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom reintegraciis sakiTxze Catarebuli kvlevebi garkveulwilad Seexo emigraciaSi adaminis gaZlirebis sakiTxs. m. sayevariSvili Tavis kvlevaSi (2005) aRniSnavs, rom materialuri miznebis miuxedavad migraciidan dabrunebulTa umetesoba, did mniSvnelobas aniWebs ucxoeTSi yofnis periodSi, sakuTar TavSi axali SesaZleblobebis aRmoCenas da sakuTari Zalebis rwmenis gaZlierebas. misma kvlevam aCvena, rom sazRvargareT yofnis periodSi adamianebi sxvanairad azrovnebas iwyeben, vidre es hqondaT aq yofnis periodSi. m. sayevariSvilis azriT, migracia cvlis adamianis msoflmxdevelobas.¹² am kvlevis Sedegebi sainteresoa, magram iqidan gamomdinare, rom mis mizans ar warmoadgenda migraciaSi individis gaZlirebis fenomenis Seswavla amitom is ar iZleva migraciaSi qalis gaZlirebis sakiTxis Zireul analizs.

iqidan gamomdinare, rom saqarTvelosa da saberZneTs Soris didi msgvsebaa, erTi religia da msgavsi kultura aqvT, sainteresoa 1999wels saberZneTSi Catarebuli kvleva, romlis mTavar mizansac warmoadgenda gamoevlina migraciis Sedegebi berZnul ojaxebSi, Secvlili genderuli rolebi da qcevebi, kulturuli cvlilebebis Tvalsazrisidan. kvlevis dros gamoiyo ori sakvlevi jgufi, erTi – germaniidan dabrunebuli migrantebisa, xolo meore aramigranti berZnuli ojaxebisa. depina sakasa da sxvaTa azriT (!999), migraciul procesebSi CarTul ojaxebSi rolTA gadanacvleba aris ojaxs gareT qalebis dasaqmebis Sedegi. dasaqmebis Sedegead qalebi moipoveben met Zalauflebas. amis Sedegead ki yalibdeba ojaxebSi qalebis aratradiciuli “mmarTvelobis” tendencia. aqedan gamomdinare, zogierTi mkvlevari askvnis, rom emigracia xels uwyobs qalTa emansipacias. kvlevis daskvnaSi naTqvamia, rom emigraciis da dabrunebis procesi, marTlac axdens zegavlenas ojaxSi qcevaTa da rolTa genderul gadanawilebaze.¹³

zemoT dasaxelebuli kvlevebis miRma mravali sakiTxia yuradRebis miRma darCenili, romlebic safuZvlian Seswavlas saWiroeben. kerZod es aris migraciaSi qalTa gaZlirebis fenomenis Seswavla, ojaxSi dabrunebis Semdeg am gaZlirebis asaxva qcevebSi da rolebSi da mravali sxva. swored am sakiTxebis Seswavlaa Cemi kvlevis mizani, romelic imedia SemdgomSi daexmarebaT ufro farTo kvlevis Catarebisas.

literaturis mimoxilva
sanam uSualod emigraciaSi qalis gaZlierebis da ojaxSi misi Sedegebis asaxvis mimoxilvaze gadaval, mimovixilav zogadad saerTaSoriso migraciis Teoriebs. Cemi azriT, erTaderTi nakli, rac am Teoriebs aqvs aris is, rom am Teoriebis farglebSi saerTaSoriso migraciiis, misi mizezebis ganxilva xdeba genderuli aspeqtebis gareSe, anu yvelaferi daiyvaneba ekonomikur faqtorebze. arc erTi Teoria yuradRebas ar amaxvilebs genderul faqtorebze. es ki xels uSlis saerTaSoriso migraciis srulyofil axsnas. erT-erT aseT Teorias, rogorc naSromis Sesaval nawilSic aRvniSne warmoadgens neoklasikuri ekonomikuri Teoria, romelic yuradRebas amaxvilebs muSaxelis miwodebasa da muSaxelze arsebul moTxovnas Soris gansxvavebaze. am Teoriis mixedviT, SromiTi emigracia warmogvidgeba, rogorc dadebiTi procesi, radgan mis Sedegad xdeba muSaxelis Semcireba. am Teoriis mixedviT, individebi gamgzavrebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas individualurad iReben da es gadawyvetileba racionalur gaTvlebzea damyarebuli. Tumca, rogorc sxvadasxva kvlevis Sedegebi aCvenebs, gamgzavrebis gadawyvetilebas iSviaTad Tu iReben damoukideblad. asevea saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSic, sadac emigraciaSi wasvlis gadawyvetilebas ZiriTadad ojaxi erToblivad iRebs. gansakuTrebiT es exeba qorwinebaSi myof pirTa gamgzavrebas. am mosazrebas amyarebs axali ekonomikuri Teoriac, romelic qarTuli SromiTi emigraciis Sesaswavlad ufro misaReb pozicias gvTavazobs. kerZod, am Teoriis mixedviT, emigraciaSi gamgzavrebis gadawyvetilebis miReba xdeba ara individualurad, aramed amas wyvets ojaxi. ojaxi erToblivad gansazRvravs, Tu vin wava emigraciaSi da vin darCeba ojaxSi. ase xdeba qarTul realobaSic. ojaxuri gadawyvetilebis Sedegad ojaxis im wevrs gzavnian emigraciSi samuSaod, romelic yvelaze metad motivirebulia da ucxo qveyanaSi cxovrebisaTvis aqvs, rogorc fizikuri, ise fsiqologiuri SesaZlebloba. aseve isic unda aRiniSnos, rom xSirad gamgzavrebas ganapirobebs ara ekonomikuri saWiroebebi, aramed sxva faqtorebic. sazRvargareT ojaxis wevrebis ekonomikuri saWiroebebis gamo ki ar agzavnian, aramed imis gamo, rom gaizardos maTi Semosavlebi sxva ojaxebTan SedarebiT, Seamciron sakuTari SefardebiTi deprivacia sxva ojaxebTan SedarebiT.¹⁴

Cemi azriT, did yuradRebas imsaxurebs migraciis feminizacia. qali migrantebis raodenoba dReisaTvis mTliani migrantebis naxevars warmoadgenen. Tumca, rogorc zemoT aRvniSne, migraciaze saubrisas SesaZlo migrantebad umravles SemTxvevaSi mamakacebs moiazreben. genderi is erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi faqtoria, romelic mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens qalTa emigraciaze, mis mizezebze da aseve Sedegebze. aseve genderuli faqtorebi qalis dabrunebis Semdeg mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens am Sedegebis asaxvaze qcevebSi da rolebSi. jolis mixedviT, mravali faqtoris kombinaciebi iwvevs, rogorc qalis, ise mamakacis emigracias. es aris genderuli rolebi, urTierTobebi da uTanasworoba. aseve jolis mixedviT, xSir SemTxvevaSi migracia uzrunvelyofs qalTa axal SesaZleblobebs da cvlis mCagvrel genderul urTierTobebs.¹⁵ igive azrs aviTarebs aseve suzan martini Tavis statiaSi, romlis mixedviTac genderuli xedva mniSvnelovania saerTaSoriso migraciis mizezebis da Sedegebis gasagebad. suzan martinis mixedviT, genderuli uTanasworoba SeiZleba iyos erT-erTi Zlieri faqtori, romelic gavlenas axdens qalTaA emigraciaze. genderuli uTanasworoba qalebisaTvis erT-erT mniSvnelovan bariers warmoadgens ekonomikuri, socialuri da politikuri ganviTarebisaTvis. aseT qalebs sakuTar ojaxSic ki ar SeuZliaT sakuTari uflebebis dacva da maTvis emigracia SeiZleba iyos Tavdacvis erTaderTi gza.¹⁶ magram xSirad genderuli faqtorebiT gamowveuli emigracia amofarebulia ekonomikur mizezebs. amis mizezi ki is aris, rom xSirad Tavad qalebsac uWirT an ar surT amis gacnobireba da aRiareba. ase iyo nawilobriv Cemi respondentebis SemTxvevaSi, romlebic intervius bolo nawilSi asaxelebdnen emigraciis namdvil mizezebs. amaze ufro vrclad monacemTa analizisas visaubreb. am mxriv aseve Zalian sainteresoa nana oiSis wigni “genderi da migracia", sadac aRwerilia emigraciis feminizaciis procesi aRmosavleT aziis qveynebis magaliTze.Aaseve aRwerilia is SesaZlo mizezebi, rac iwvevs qalTa migracias. qalTa emigracia yovelTvis ar aris gamowveuli mxolod da mxolod ekonomikuri faqtorebiT. qalTa emigracia SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos sakuTar ojaxSi mZime genderuli pirobebiT da surviliT, rom miiRon meti Tavisufleba da damoukidebloba. aseve oiSi aRniSnavs, rom qalTa migracia im regionebisTvis da im qveynebisaTvis ufro metad aris damaxasiaTebelia, sadac socialuri konteqsti da gamgzavni qveynis pozicia dadebiTi da loialuria emigranti qalebis mimarT. anu, qalebi eridebian iseTi regionebidan emigraciaSi wasvlas, sadac dabrunebuli emigranti qalebis mimarT garkveuli agresia da SezRudvebi arsebobs.¹⁷ socialuri normebi da pirobebi mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs qalTa emigraciaSi wasvlis SesaZleblobas. zogierT sazogadoebas sakmaod Zlieri kontroli aqvs qalTa emigraciaze. gamgzavn qveyanaSi genderuli urTierTobebis buneba mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs qalTa emigraciul gadinebebs. mesis da fisCeris Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom or patriarqalur sazogadoebaSi (meqsikasa da kosta rikaSi) qali emigrantebis wili mamakac emigrantebTan SedarebiT Zalian mcirea. aseve kvlevis Sedegad gamoCnda, rom qorwineba mniSvnelovnad zRudavs qalis emigraciaSi wasvlis SesaZleblobas. xolo nikaraguis da dominikis respublikis matrifoqalur¹⁸ sazogadoebebSi qali emigrantebis wili mamakac emigrantebTan SedarebiT maRali aRmoCnda. amis mizezi ki is iyo, rom am sazogadoebebSi qorwinebas an vinmesTan Tanacxovrebas araviTari gavlena ar hqonda qalTa emigraciul gadinebaze.¹⁹ SesaZlebelia patriarqaluri sazogadoeba garkveulwilad zRudavdes qalis emigraciaSi wasvlis SesaZleblobas, magram ar iqneba swori Tu ki sazogadoebis patriarqlurobas ganvsazRvravT, rogorc qalis emigraciaSi wasasvlis ZiriTadad Semakavebel Zalad. amas adasturebs qarTuli sinamdvilec. saqarTvelo patriarqaluri sazogadoebebs miekuTvneba, magram, rogorc kvlevebi gviCvenebs qalTa emigraciis done saqarTveloSi sakmaod maRalia da ar SegviZlia imis Tqma, rom patriarqaluri Sexedulebebi mniSvnelovnad zRudaven qalebs emigraciaSi gamgzavrebisas.

qalTa SromiT emigracias xSirad uaryofiT Sedegebs miaweren, rogoric aris eqsploatacia, Seuracxyofa da a.S. aseve xSirad qalis emigraciaSi wasvlas ganixilaven, rogorc ojaxuri problemebis gamomwvev mizezad, magaliTad qmrebis alkoholizmi, Svilebis swavlis donis gauareseba da a.S. magram ar iqneba marTebuli, Tu ki am uaryofiTi Sedegebis gverdiT yuradReba ra mieqceva im dadebiT Sedegebs, romlebic qalTa SromiT emigracias mohyveba. qalTa SromiT emigracias SeuZlia qalebis rogorc gaZliereba, ise dasusteba. qalTa SromiTi emigraciis mraval dadebiT mxares Soris, erT-erT dadebiT mxared swored qalTa gaZlierebas miiCneven. xSirad gaZlierebaSi mxolod ekonomikur gaZlierebas moiazreben, magram es araswori midgomaa. ekonomikur gaZlirebaze ara naklebi mniSvneloba eniWeba qalTa socialur, fsiqologiur da moralur gaZlirebas.²⁰ Tumca, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom qalis ekonomikuri gaZliereba mniSvnelovnad uwyobs xels mis socialur da fsiqologiur gaZlierebas. Cems mier gamokiTxuli qalebic garkveulwilad emigraciaSi ekonomikur gaZlierebas ukavSireben socialur da fsiqologiur gaZlierebas. aq SeiZleba daisvas kiTxva, Tu ratom ar moxda im qalebis gaZlireba, romlebic emigraciaSi wasvlamdec muSaobdnen da garkveuli ekonomikuri Semosavali gaaCndaT? mTavari gansxvaveba is aris, rom saqarTveloSo momuSave qalebi imden anazRaurebas ar iRebdnen, ramdensac emigraciaSi yofnisas iRebdnen. marTalia maTi samsaxuris statusi sakuTar qveyanaSi gacilebiT maRali iyo, vidre emigraciaSi, magram anazRaureba hqondaT mniSvnelovnad naklebi. meore mizezi ki, rac Cemi kvlevis Sedegebidanac gamoCnda, is aris, rom gamokiTxuli respondentebis umravlesoba da asve maTi ojaxebi saqarTveloSi yofnis periodSi sakuTar muSaobas saTanadod ar afasebdnen da nakleb mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen sakuTar Semosavals ojaxSi. es yvelaferi ki TavisTavad xels uSlis qalTa gaZlierebas. magaliTad, rogorc gamokiTxuli salvadoreli emigranti qalebi aRniSnaven, amerikaSi muSaobis periodSi maTi saqmianoba metad dafasebuli iyo da maT mier ojaxisaTvis gaweuli finansuri daxmareba ufro metad SesamCnevi iyo.²¹ am dros ki qalebs sakuTari Tavis TviTSefaseba da TviTmniSvneloba ezrdebaT, izrdeba aseve gadawyvetilebebis miRebis da ojaxis biujetze kontrolis SesaZlebloba. es ki TavisTavad kavSirSia qalis gaZlierebasTan.

emigraciaSi qalTa gaZliereba, rogorc Cemma kvlevamac aCvena, xSirad qalebisagan damoukideblad da maTgan gaucnobiereblad xdeba. umravles SemTxvevaSi ucxo qveyanaSi Casvlis Semdeg qali iZulebulia Tavad gaikvlios gza, damoukideblad iSovos samuSao da sacxovrebeli adgili. is ayalibebs axal kavSirebs adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan da sxva emigrantebTan, SeiZleba gaicnos Tavisi samSoblodan wasuli sxva emigrantebic. am procesSi is ecnoba mimReb qveyanaSi arsebul cxovrebis wess, xdeba sxvadasxva socialuri jgufis wevri, mkvidrdeba axal qveyanaSi. ar aris gasakviri, rom mimReb qveyanaSi ukve damkvidrebul qal emigrants SeuZlia mniSvnelovani daxmareba gauwios Tavis axloblebs, Tu maTac eqnebodaT emigraciaSi wasvlis survili. rogoric ar unda iyos migrantTa pirveladi ganzraxva, (ekonomikuri gaZliereba) SeZenili migraciuli gamocdilebis Semdeg maTi motivacia icvleba. migrirebis xangrZlivobis kvaldakval qalebs umaRldebaT moTxovnilebebi, Cndeba axali survilebi da miznebi, amasTanave, aRrmaveben mimReb qveyanaSi kulturul urTierTobebs.

minda aRvniSno, rom uSualod emigraciaSi qalis gaZlierebis sakiTxze Zalian cota literatura moipoveba. amis mizezi ki is aris, rom Zalian cota xania, rac genders da migracias erTmaneTTan kavSirSi ganixilaven. emigraciaSi qalis gaZlierebis fenomenze ZiriTadad statiebia gamoqveynebuli da es kvlevebic ZiriTadad mesame samyaros emigrant qalebs exeba, radgan miCniaT, rom sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT mesame samyaros qveynebi qalTa emigraciaze saubrisas yvelaze uyuradRebod aris darCenili. erT-erT aseT statias warmoadgens d. qonvis statia, sadac aRwerilia ara marto emigraciaSi qalTa gaZliereba, Tu ras gulisxmobs is, aramed aseve aRwerilia ojaxSi misi Sedegebi qalTa dabrunebis Semdeg, kerZod, Tu ra gavlena iqonia genderuli rolebis ganawilebaze da a.S. emigraciidan dabrunebuli salvadoreli qalebis statusi da mniSvneloba mniSvnelovnad gaizarda ojaxSi, gaizarda aseve maTi SesaZleblobebi gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas. Aaseve, aq yuradReba gamaxvilebulia imaze, rom migraciaSi qalis gaZlierebis fenomeni unda ganvixiloT ara rogorc izolirebuli procesi, aramed ojaxTan, sazogadoebasTan da ufro farTo socialur konteqstTan kavSirSi. Aanu, swored ucxo garemoSi da ucxo sazogadoebaSi yofna uwyobs xels qalis gaZlirebas. rogorc statiis avtori aRniSnavs, amerikidan dabrunebuli salvadoreli qalebi Tavs ufro gaZlierebulad grZnoben. sxvadasxva literaturaSi qalis gaZlierebas gansxvavebulad ganmartaven. Tavad es qalebi ki gaZlirebaSi gulisxmobdnen met avtonomiurobas, damoukideblobas da TviTdajerebulobas.²² statiaSi qalis gaZlierebis fenomenis garda aRwerilia, Tu rogor icvleba ojaxSi darCenili qmrebis genderuli qcevebi da movaleobebi qalis aryofnis dros. erT-erT statiaSi qalTa emigraciis uaryofiTi Sedegebis garda aRwerilia qalTa gaZliereba, rogorc emigraciis dadebiTi Sedegi. qalTa gaZliereba dakavSirebulia maTi rolebis da statusis cvlilebasTan, icvleba maTi urTierTobebi SvilebTan da qmrebTan, aseve mniSvnelovnad izrdeba maTi roli da Zalaufleba gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas. SesaZlebelia Seicvalos genderuli rolebi da saojaxo Sromis dayofa.

emigraciis erT-erT mniSvnelovan etaps warmoadgens ojaxSi dabruneba. emigraciidan dabruneba SeiZleba iyos rogorc iZulebiTi, ise nebayoflobiTi. magaram ra formis dabrunebac ar unda iyos, mainc SesamCnevia is cvlilebebi, rac emigraciaSi qalTa yofnas axlda Tan. samSobloSi dabrunebul qal migrantebs da ara marto qal migrantebs, sxva kulturaSi SeZenili Rirebulebebi da Cvevebi CamoaqvT. axali codnis SeZenisa da samSobloSi Camotanili fulis gamo maT ufro met pativs scemen. Tumca, SesaZlebelia, rom tradiciul ojaxSi amis gamo daZabulobac warmoiqmnas. nana oiSis azriT (2005, Women in Motion), marTalia emigraciidan dabrunebuli qalebi Tavs ufro gaZlierebulad grZnoben, magram ojaxSi dabrunebis Semdeg cdiloben isev iseTi morCilebi iyvnen, rogorc wasvlamde iyvnen, radgan ojaxis wevrebis mxridan eridebian uaryofiT reaqciebs.²³ swored amitom aris, rom sakuTar ojaxSi dabrunebuli qalebi eridebian migraciaSi SeZenili damoukideblobis, meti Tavdajerebulobis gamomJRavnebas. marTalia, aseTi daskvnebi aziis qveynebis magaliTzea gakeTebuli, magram SesaZlebelia igive mgomareoba iyos saqarTveloSic. emigraciaSi qalTa gaZlierebis asaxva qcevebSi yvela kulturisaTvis da qveynisaTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli. dabrunebis Semdeg qalebi ver axerxeben iq miRebuli gamocdilebis gamoyenebas sxvadasxva mizezis gamo. amitom, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo imis gageba, saqarTvelos konteqstSi gardaisaxeba Tu ara emigracia qalis gaZlierebaSi da genderuli rolebis cvlilebaSi. rogorc Cemi kvlevis Sedegad gamoCnda, qalebi nawilobriv Tu axerxeben emigraciaSi SeZenili gamocdilebis da gaZlierebis asaxavs qcevebSi. maT ZiriTadad ojaxis patriarqaluri struqtura uSliT xels.

qalis emigraciaSi wasvlas da mis iq gaZlirebas garkveulwilad Tan sdevs ojaxSi masa da mis qmars Soris genderuli rolebis cvlileba. genderuli rolebis cvlileba jer kidev qalis emigraciaSi wasvlis periodidan iwyeba, rodesac kaci rCeba SvilebTan da ojaxis sxva wevrebTan marto. rogorc kvlevebma aCvena, umravles SemTxvevaSi mamakacebi nebiT, Tu iZulebiT qalis ar yofnis periodSi asruleben egreTwodebul ”qalur saqmes”, izrdeba maTi pasuximgebloba Svilebis mimarT. xolo maT mier aRniSnuli saqmianobebis Sesrulebis kompensireba xdeba colebis mier gamogzavnili fuliT.²⁴ rogorc, aleqs volkeri aRniSnavs, ojaxSi mamakacis movaleobebis gazrdas mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebs ojaxSi qalis aryofna. mamakacebis rolebi ojaxSi izrdeba aseve maSin, rodesac mis cols meti Semosavali aqvs.²⁵ Tumca, aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac qmars araviTari pasuxismgebloba ar ezrdeba ojaxis wevrebis mimarT, gansakuTrebiT es exeba iseT ojaxebs, sadac saojaxo saqmis Sesasruleblad daqiravebuli damxmare, bebia an sxva vinme qali aris. rogorc vvaraudobdi, gamokiTxuli qalebis ojaxebis umravles SemTxvevaSic aseTi mdgomareoba aRmoCnda. qalebis ar yofnis periodSi mamakacebi arc ise xSirad asruleben im saqmes, rasac qalebi asrulebdnen ojaxSi yofnis periodSi, Tumca, aris aseve gamonaklisi SemTxvevebi, rodesac mamakaci Tavis Tavze iRebs qalis saqmes. rogorc kvlevebma aCvena, emigraciidan qalebis dabrunebis Semdeg, xSirad ise rolebi, rasac qalis ar yofnis dros mamakaci asrulebda, isev qalebze gadadis da mamakacebi Tavisufldebian im valdebulebebisagan, rac qalebis aryofnis dros hqondaT. sainteresoa imis garkveva, Tu ratom ver axerxeben dabrunebuli qalebi im mdgomareobis SenarCunebas, rac maTi aryofnis dros iyo. es exeba ojaxis mimarT mamakacebis met pasuxismgeblobas.. Tumca es Yyvela SemTxvevaze ar iTqmis.

sayovelTaod aris aRiarebuli, rom genderuli rolebi kulturis produqtia. qarTul, iseve, rogorc sxva nebismier tradiciul sazogadoebaSi, qalisa da mamakacis funqciebi diferencirebuli da dakanonebulia. saqarTveloSi ojaxuri cxovrebis principi myar patriarqalur warmodgenebs emyareba: qali deda, qali diasaxlisi, romelsac mkafiod Camoyalibebuli ojaxuri valdebulebebi akisria. kaci ki am valdebulebebisagan gamijnulia. Samagierod, ojaxSi gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas mniSvnelovan figuras mamakaci warmoadgens da qali ZiriTadad masze damokidebulad ganixileba.²⁶ qarTul ojaxSi qali moklebulia im Zalauflebas, rasac mamakaci flobs. sainteresoa, Tu rogor icvleba qarTul patriarqalur ojaxSi qalis emigraciaSi gamgzavrebis Semdeg mamakacis rolebi da pasuxismgebloba Svilebis mimarT. Cemi kvlevis erT-erT mizans swored amis garkvevac warmoadgenda.