N., and Bakry, N. M. (2006)

Bleiberg, Marvin J., Cefaratti, Michael, Klinman, Norman, and Kornblith, Paul (1962). Studies of choline acetylase inhibition by DDA (dichlorodiphenylacetic acid) and its possible relationship to DDT toxicity. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 4: 292-312.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: IN VITRO.

The effect of DDA, a metabolite of DDT, on rabbit intestinal motility in vitro, on the patellar reflex, and on a choline acetylase system was studied. Na-DDA was found to inhibit the pendular activity of rabbit small intestine at a minimal bath concentration of 10-4 M. Exposure to 10-3 M DDA completely blocked rhythmic activity and depressed intestinal tone. The activity could be restored by washing or by exposure to 10-8 acetylcholine, 5 x 10-8 physostigmine, or 2 x 10-8 TEPP. The induction of peristaltic activity by physostigmine or TEPP was partially inhibited or completely blocked by prior treatment with DDA.A method for the injection of drugs directly to the lumbar spinal cord via a lumbar artery is described. DDA injected by this route in a coconut oil emulsion in doses between 0.4 and 1.8 mg facilitated the patellar reflex response. Doses larger than 2 mg depressed the patellar reflex. When the patellar reflex was depressed, spontaneous activity could be momentarily restored by acetylcholine or acetylcholine + TEPP similarly injected. Pantothenyl alcohol by this route gave a weak restoration of the reflex response. Diphenylylethylacetic acid and diphenylylamylacetic acid, known choline acetylation inhibitors, produced effects similar to those of DDA.Acetylcholine synthesis by an in vitro system utilizing acetone-dried brain powder as a source of choline acetylase was depressed by Na-DDA. When Ac-CoA was used as a substitute for ATP + CoA in this system, the level of acetylcholine synthesis was diminished but there was little inhibition by Na-DDA. The results indicate that the acetate activating step is the principal site of the block.The effects of DDA on intestinal motility and the patellar reflex are interpreted on the basis of inhibition of the acetate-activating step. Other alternative possible hypotheses are discussed. The possible relationship of these findings to the problem of DDT intoxication is discussed.

Bleih, S., De Sagun, S. B., and Ramachandran, R. (1991). Comparative Observations on the Pest and Disease Incidence and Yield Losses of Japonica, Indica and Japonica x Indica Rices. Trop.Pest Manag. 37: 290-295.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ,CBF Rejection Code: MIXTURE.

Blickenstaff, C. C. and Skoog, F. E. (1974). Insecticides Tested Versus Grasshoppers: Correlations Between Results of Ground and Aerial Applications. J.Econ.Entomol. 67: 127-129.

EcoReference No.: 71348

Chemical of Concern: CPY,CBL,DZ; Habitat: T; Rejection Code: TARGET(DZ).

Blow, D. P. (1978). Laboratory Evaluation of Permethrin Against Cockroaches and the Rust-Red Flour Beetle. Int.Biodeterior.Bull. 14: 71-76.

EcoReference No.: 35048

Chemical of Concern: PMR,DZ,FNT,PPX; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR,BEH; Rejection Code: NO CONTROL(ALL CHEMS).

BOLLAG J-M and LIU S-Y (1990). BIOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION PROCESSES OF PESTICIDES. CHENG, H. H. (ED.). SSSA (SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA) BOOK SERIES, NO. 2. PESTICIDES IN THE SOIL ENVIRONMENT: PROCESSES, IMPACTS, AND MODELING. XXIII+530P. SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA, INC.: MADISON, WISCONSIN, USA. ILLUS. ISBN 0-89118-791-X.; 0 (0). 1990. 169-212.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: FATE.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM MICROBES POLLUTION CONTROL SOIL ECOLOGY Biochemistry/ Metabolism/ Microbiology/ Air Pollution/ Soil Pollutants/ Water Pollution/ Soil Microbiology/ Soil/ Fertilizers/ Soil/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides

Bondarenko, S. and Gan, J. *. (2004). Degradation and sorption of selected organophosphate and carbamate insecticides in urban stream sediments. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry [Environ. Toxicol. Chem.]. Vol. 23, no. 8, pp. 1809-1814. Aug 2004.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: FATE.

ISSN: 0730-7268

Descriptors: Pollutant persistence
Descriptors: Streams
Descriptors: Chlorpyrifos
Descriptors: Surface water
Descriptors: Pesticides
Descriptors: Sediment pollution
Descriptors: Biodegradation
Descriptors: Malathion
Descriptors: Sorption
Descriptors: Anaerobic conditions
Descriptors: Sediment Contamination
Descriptors: Insecticides
Descriptors: Degradation
Descriptors: Aerobic Conditions
Descriptors: Toxicity
Descriptors: Radioactive Half-life
Descriptors: Diazinon
Descriptors: Urban Areas
Descriptors: Monitoring
Descriptors: USA, California
Abstract: Monitoring studies show that urban surface streams in the United States are commonly contaminated with pesticides, and contamination by organophosphates and carbamates is of particular concern because of their aquatic toxicity. The degradation and sorption of four common organophosphate and carbamate insecticides were studied in urban creek sediments from southern California, USA. In sediment, malathion was quickly degraded under either aerobic or anaerobic conditions, with a half-life (t sub(1/2)) < 3 d. Diazinon and chlorpyrifos were moderately persistent under aerobic conditions (t sub(1/2) = 14-24 d). However, persistence of chlorpyrifos increased significantly under anaerobic conditions, and t sub(1/2) was prolonged to 58 to 223 d. The greatest effect of redox potential was found with carbaryl. Although rapid dissipation occurred under aerobic conditions (t sub(1/2) = 1.8-4.9 d), carbaryl became virtually nondegradable under anaerobic conditions (t sub(1/2) = 125-746 d). The sorption coefficient consistently increased with time for all pesticides, and chlorpyrifos displayed greater sorption potential than the other pesticides. This study indicates that pesticides in sediment may become less available with time because of increased sorption, and pesticide persistence in sediment may vary greatly among compounds and with redox conditions. Under anaerobic conditions, long persistence may occur even for nonpersistent compounds.
Language: English
English
Publication Type: Journal Article
Classification: P 2000 FRESHWATER POLLUTION
Classification: SW 3020 Sources and fate of pollution
Classification: AQ 00002 Water Quality
Classification: EE 40 Water Pollution: Monitoring, Control & Remediation
Subfile: ASFA 2: Ocean Technology Policy & Non-Living Resources; ASFA 3: Aquatic Pollution & Environmental Quality; Aqualine Abstracts; Water Resources Abstracts; Environmental Engineering Abstracts; Pollution Abstracts

Bondarenko, S., Gan, J., Haver, D. L., and Kabashima, J. N. (2004). Persistence of selected organophosphate and carbamate insecticides in waters from a coastal watershed. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry [Environ. Toxicol. Chem.]. Vol. 23, no. 11, pp. 2649-2654. Nov 2004.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: FATE.

ISSN: 0730-7268

Descriptors: Pesticides
Descriptors: Diazinon
Descriptors: Malathion
Descriptors: Watersheds
Descriptors: Degradation
Descriptors: Temperature
Descriptors: Downstream
Descriptors: Wetlands
Descriptors: Diversion
Descriptors: Toxicity
Descriptors: Surface Water
Descriptors: Streams
Descriptors: Microbial Degradation
Descriptors: Trophic Level
Descriptors: Contamination
Descriptors: Insecticides
Descriptors: Risk
Descriptors: Coastal zone
Descriptors: Trophic levels
Descriptors: Pollutant persistence
Descriptors: Organophosphates
Descriptors: USA, California
Abstract: Organophosphate and carbamate compounds are among the most widely used pesticides. Contamination of surface water by these compounds is of concern because of potential toxicity to aquatic organisms, especially those at lower trophic levels. In this study we evaluated the persistence of diazinon, chlorpyrifos, malathion, and carbaryl in waters from various sites in the Newport Bay-San Diego Creek watershed in southern California (USA). The persistence of diazinon and chlorpyrifos was much longer than that of malathion or carbaryl and was further prolonged in seawater. Microbial degradation contributed significantly to the dissipation of diazinon and chlorpyrifos in freshwater, but was inhibited in seawater, leading to increased persistence. In contrast, degradation of malathion and carbaryl was rapid and primarily abiotic. A greater temperature dependence was observed for carbaryl degradation in all waters and for diazinon degradation in freshwater. The interactions of pesticide persistence with water location, temperature, and type of pesticides suggest that site- and compound-specific information is needed when evaluating the overall ecotoxicological risks of pesticide pollution in a watershed. Because the persistence of diazinon and chlorpyrifos may increase significantly in seawater, mitigation should occur before the pesticides reach seawater. The relatively short persistence of these compounds in freshwater suggests that practices aimed at extending residence time (e.g., diversion to wetlands) may effectively reduce pesticide output to downstream water bodies.
Language: English
English
Publication Type: Journal Article
Classification: SW 3010 Identification of pollutants
Classification: AQ 00002 Water Quality
Classification: P 1000 MARINE POLLUTION
Classification: EE 40 Water Pollution: Monitoring, Control & Remediation
Subfile: Environmental Engineering Abstracts; ASFA 3: Aquatic Pollution & Environmental Quality; Pollution Abstracts; Aqualine Abstracts; Water Resources Abstracts

Bondeson, Jan and Sundler, Roger (1987). Phosphatidylethanol counteracts calcium-induced membrane fusion but promotes proton-induced fusion. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 899: 258-264.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

The susceptibility of phosphatidylethanol-containing lipid vesicles towards Ca2+- and proton-induced fusion has been investigated, using a system of interacting vesicles. The results show that phosphatidylethanol-rich vesicles are quite resistant to Ca2+-induced fusion while being highly sensitive to proton-induced fusion. Inclusion of phosphatidylethanol was also found to promote and inhibit, respectively, the proton-induced and Ca2+-induced fusion of bilayer vesicles containing also phosphatidylethanolamine and either phosphatidylserine or phosphatidic acid. Thus, phosphatidylethanol affected Ca2+- and proton-induced fusion in opposite directions, in contrast to the naturally occurring anionic phospholipids phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol, which affect the sensitivity to Ca2+- and H+-induced fusion in the same direction. However, the fusion competence of phosphatidylethanol vesicles in response to both Ca2+ and H+ was inversely related to the apparent thickness of the polar headgroup layer, determined by using lectin-glycolipid interaction as a steric probe, as previously found for vesicles containing naturally occurring anionic phospholipids. Polar headgroup/ Phospholipid vesicle/ Membrane fusion/ Lectin/ (R. communis, A. hypogaea)

Bondeson, Jan and Sundler, Roger (1990). Promotion of acid-induced membrane fusion by basic peptides. Amino acid and phospholipid specificities. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 1026: 186-194.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

The ability of oligo- and polymers of the basic amino acids -lysine, -arginine, -histidine and -ornithine to induce lipid intermixing and membrane fusion among vesicles containing various anionic phospholipids has been investigated. Among vesicles consisting of either phosphatidylinositol or mixtures of phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylethanolamine rapid and extensive lipid intermixing, but not complete fusion, was induced at neutral pH by poly--ornithine or -lysine peptides of five or more residues. When phosphatidylcholine was included in the vesicles, the lipid intermixing was severely inhibited. Such lipid intermixing was also much less pronounced among phosphatidylserine vesicles. Poly--arginine provoked considerable leakage from the various anionic vesicles and caused significantly less lipid intermixing than -lysine peptides at neutral pH. When the addition of basic amino acid polymer was followed by acidification to pH 5-6, vesicle fusion was induced. Fusion was more pronounced among vesicles containing phosphatidylserine or phosphatidic acid than among those containing phosphatidylinositol, and occurred also with vesicles whose composition resembles that of cellular membranes (i.e., phosphatidylcholine / phosphatidylethanolamine / phosphatidylserine, 50:30:20, by mol). Liposomes with this composition are resistant to fusion by Ca2+ or by acidification after lectin-mediated contact. The tight interaction among vesicles at neutral pH, resulting in lipid intermixing, does not seem to be necessary for the fusion occurring after acidification, but the basic peptides nevertheless appear to play a more active role in the fusion process than simply bringing the vesicles in contact. However, protonation of the polymer side chains and transformation of the polymer into a polycation does not explain the need for acidification, since the pH-dependence was quite similar for poly(-histidine)- and poly(-lysine)-mediated fusion. Phospholipid vesicle/ Liposome/ Lipid intermixing/ Membrane fusion/ Basic oligo(poly)amino acid

Bondeson, Jan, Wijkander, Jonny, and Sundler, Roger (1984). Proton-induced membrane fusion role of phospholipid composition and protein-mediated intermembrane contact. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 777: 21-27.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

Glycolipid-phospholipid vesicles containing phosphatidate and phosphatidylethanolamine were found to undergo proton-induced fusion upon acidification of the suspending medium from pH 7.4 to pH 6.5 or lower, as determined by an assay for lipid intermixing based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Lectinmediated contact between the vesicles was required for fusion. Incorporation of phosphatidylcholine in the vesicles inhibited proton-induced fusion. Vesicles in which phosphatidate was replaced by phosphatidylserine underwent fusion only when pH was reduced below 4.5, while no significant fusion occured (pH - 3.5) when the anionic phospholipid was phosphatidylinositol. It is suggested that partial protonation of the polar headgroup of phosphatidate and phosphatidylserine, respectively, causes a sufficient reduction in the polarity and hydration of the vesicle surface to trigger fusion at sites of intermembrane contact. pH dependence/ Membrane fusion/ Phospholipid composition/ Lectin-glycolipid interaction/ Fluorescence resonance energy transfer

Boni, L. T., Minchey, S. R., Perkins, W. R., Ahl, P. L., Slater, J. L., Tate, M. W., Gruner, S. M., and Janoff, A. S. (1993). Curvature dependent induction of the interdigitated gel phase in DPPC vesicles. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 1146: 247-257.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

Ethanol causes biphasic melting behavior in saturated lecithins (Rowe (1983) Biochemistry 22, 3299-3305), a consequence of the formation of the stable interdigitated phase (Simon, S.A. and McIntosh, T.J. (1984) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 773, 169-172). The membrane systems studied to date have been large vesicle systems in which the membrane surface can be assumed to be locally planar. An immediate question arises as to whether surfaces of higher curvature interdigitate. To address this question we have prepared DPPC vesicles of varying diameters which we employed to determine the limiting size at which interdigitation occurs using ethanol as the inducer. We find that with decreasing vesicle size the concentration of ethanol necessary for the onset of interdigitation increases. Small isolated vesicles, at inducing concentrations of ethanol, do not stably interdigitate but rupture and coalesce into a viscous gel comprised of interdigitated lipid sheets. As discussed elsewhere (Ahl et al. (1992) Biophys. J. 243a) these sheets can be used as precursors for producing liposomes of large size and high internal volumes useful in drug delivery or modeling applications. Phospholipid vesicle/ Liposome/ Captured volume/ Ethanol

Boumaiza, M., Ktari, M. H., and Vitiello, P. (1979). Toxicity of Several Pesticides Used in Tunisia, for Aphanius fasciatus Nardo, 1827 (Pisces, Cyprinodontidae). Arch.Inst.Pasteur Tunis 56: 307-342 (FRE).

EcoReference No.: 5365

Chemical of Concern: 24DXY,BT,CPY,DMT,DZ,MLN,PSM,PHMD,OMT; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: MOR; Rejection Code: NO FOREIGN.

Boxall, Alistair B. A., Fogg, Lindsay A., Kay, Paul, Blackwel1, Paul A., Pemberton, Emma J., and Croxford, Andy (2003). Prioritisation of veterinary medicines in the UK environment: Hot Spot Pollutants: Pharmaceuticals in the Environment. Toxicology Letters 142: 207-218.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: REVIEW,METHODS.

A wide range of veterinary medicines is used to treat animals in the UK. Whilst the environmental impact of selected substances (particulary the sheep dip chemicals, anthelmintics and fish farm chemicals) has been well studied, limited information is available in the public domain on the other groups of substances (e.g. antifungals, coccidiostats, antiprotozoals, hormones and growth promoters). There is therefore a need to identify other substances that may impact the environment in order to design national monitoring programmes, target experimental work and develop pollution prevention methodologies. In this study, a simple two-stage prioritisation scheme was developed and applied to veterinary medicines in use in the UK. In the first stage, those substances that have high potential to enter the environment in significant amounts were identified on the basis of amounts used in the UK, treatment type and metabolism. In stage 2, the hazard of the identified substances to terrestrial and aquatic organisms was assessed. Using the approach, a total of 56 substances or groups were assigned to a ‘high priority’ category. For eleven of these substances, sufficient data were available to characterise their risk, these were: oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, tetracycline, sulphadiazine, amoxicillin, diazinon, tylosin, dihydrostreptomycin, apramycin, cypermethrin and sarafloxicin. For the remaining 45 substances, full datasets were not available and it is recommended that in the first instance, attempts are made to fill these data gaps. Veterinary medicine/ Environmental risk/ Prioritisation/ Monitoring/ Pollution

Boyd, J. E. (1957). The Use of Daphnia magna in the Microbioassay of Insecticides. Ph.D.Thesis, Penn.State University, University Park, PA 194.

EcoReference No.: 14647

Chemical of Concern: PRN,MLN,AND,DZ,HCCH; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: MOR,PHY; Rejection Code: NO CONTROL(ALL CHEMS).

Brack, M. and Rothe, H. (1982). Organophosphate Poisoning in Marmosets. Lab.Anim. 16: 186-188.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ,CPY Rejection Code: INCIDENT/MONKEY.

Brady, J. A., Wallender, W. W., Werner, I., Fard, B. Mostafazadeh, Zalom, F. G., Oliver, M. N., Wilson, B. W., Mata, M. M., Henderson, J. D., Deanovic, L. A., and Upadhaya, S. (2006). Pesticide runoff from orchard floors in Davis, California, USA: A comparative analysis of diazinon and esfenvalerate. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 115: 56-68.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: FATE.

In the Central Valley of California off-site movement of pesticides in stormwater runoff, particularly by those belonging to the class of organophosphate (OP) pesticides, has significantly contributed to the contamination of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers. There is an increase in the use of pesticides belonging to the pyrethroid class throughout the Central Valley area because these pesticides are hydrophobic and believed to reduce off-site transport. The objectives of this study were to quantify mass runoff of two commonly used dormant-spray pesticides, the OP pesticide diazinon and the pyrethroid pesticide esfenvalerate, from orchard micro-plots (4.5 m2) and to compare the individual impact on water quality based on runoff patterns and runoff toxicity to three aquatic organisms. Two null hypotheses were tested: (1) no difference occurs between the mass transport of diazinon and esfenvalerate, and (2) pesticide type does not affect toxicity to three model aquatic organisms. A plot retention-tank technique was used in conjunction with artificial rain to establish runoff patterns and runoff concentrations of the two pesticides. Twelve 4.5 m2 plots were constructed in an orchard in Davis, California, on bare soil. Two separate 2-event rain treatments were applied. Each event consisted of an approximate 2.5-h rain application at a rate of 4.3 cm h-1. The only difference between the two treatments was that treatment 2 allowed the pesticide to soak into the soil (i.e., no runoff occurred) prior to runoff while treatment 1 allowed runoff during both events. Mass transport of esfenvalerate in the runoff was less than the mass transport of diazinon under similar conditions. The runoff containing esfenvalerate was substantially less toxic to the waterflea (Ceriodaphnia dubia), but slightly more toxic to the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) and the Sacramento splittail (Pogonichthys macrolepidotus). After soaking the pesticides into the soil, reductions occurred in the mass transport and toxicities of both pesticides. The results suggest that esfenvalerate may be a desirable alternative to diazinon in terms of mitigating aquatic toxicity. Additionally, soaking the pesticides into the soil after application may reduce the mass transport and toxicity occurring in runoff. Diazinon/ Esfenvalerate/ Orchard/ Organophosphate/ Pesticide runoff/ Plot retention tank/ Pyrethroid

Bratton, Donna L., Harris, R. Adron, Clay, Keith L., and Henson, Peter M. (1988). Effects of platelet activating factor on calcium-lipid interactions and lateral phase separations in phospholipid vesicles. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 943: 211-219.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

Recent studies localizing the inflammatory mediator, platelet activating factor (PAF, 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine), to the membranes of stimulated neutrophils, raise the possibility that PAF may, in addition to its activities as a mediator, alter the physical properties of membranes. This, and the increasing evidence that calcium-lipid interactions may have central importance in membrane organizational structure and in functions of cell homeostasis and stimulus-response coupling, prompted us to study the effects of PAF on calcium-lipid interactions in lipid vesicles. Using fluorescence polarization of dansylated probes located in the glycerol portion of the membrane bilayer, PAF (at a concentration as low as 1 mol%) was shown to reduce membrane rigidification significantly during calcium-induced lateral phase separations. This effect of PAF was structurally dependent on both the 1-position alkyl linkage and the 2-position acetyl group as shown by studies of related lipid analogs. Furthermore, using a self-quenching probe, it was shown that inhibition of lateral phase separation did not account for this reduction in the calcium-induced membrane rigidification attributed to PAF. Data suggest that PAF at low concentrations may alter phospholipid head packing and, thereby, change membrane surface features during calcium-lipid interactions, effects which may ultimately explain some of its biological actions. Platelet activating factor/ Lateral phase separation/ Calcium-lipid binding/ Phospholipid vesicle/ (Dansylated probe)