N., and Bakry, N. M. (2006)

Brunetto, Rosario, Burguera, M., and Burguera, J. L. (1992). Organophosphorus pesticide residues in some watercourses from Merida, Venezuela. The Science of The Total Environment 114: 195-204.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: FATE.

The concentration of organophosphorus residues were determined in some Andean Highland watercourses from the Merida Provide of Venezuela. Level from -1 ofdimethoate, diazinon, methyl parathion and methamidophos were found. The pesticides most frequently detected were dimethoate and diazinon (89% of samples), followed by methamidophos (39%) and methyl parathion (33%). In general, waters contained pesticide concentrations reflecting local usage derived from agricultural activities. organophosporus pesticides/ water analysis/ environmental contamination

Brunner, H. and Schellerer, K. M. (2003). New porphyrin platinum conjugates for the cytostatic and photodynamic tumor therapy: Protagonists in Chemistry: Pierre Braunstein. Inorganica Chimica Acta 350: 39-48.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

The combination of a porphyrin system and a platinum fragment in the same molecule should not only result in the additivity of the photodynamic activity of the porphyrin and the cytostatic activity of the platinum, but also in the enrichment of the porphyrin platinum conjugate in tumors, which platinum compounds alone do not show. New porphyrin platinum conjugates were obtained from the platinum complexes of a series of 1,2-diamines and hematoporphyrin or 13,17-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-3,8-bis[1-(ethyleneglycolmonoethylether)oxyethyl]-2,7,12,18-tetramethylporphin. The 1,2-diamines were synthesized starting from the corresponding stilbenes via 1,2-diazides. The new platinum porphyrin conjugates showed promising antitumor activity in tests with the mammary carcinoma cell line MDA-MB-231. Porphyrin platinum conjugates/ Cytostatic tumor therapy/ Photodynamic tumor therapy/ MDA-MB-231 cell line

Brust, G. E. and Foster, R. E. (1994). CONTROL OF STRIPED CUCUMBER BEETLE ON CANTALOUPE IN VINCENNES INDIANA 1993 AU - BUHLER WG. Burditt, A. K. Jr. (Ed.). Arthropod Management Tests, Vol. 19. Iii+403p. Entomological Society of America: Lanham, Maryland, Usa. 0 : 77-78.
Chem Codes: CBF Rejection Code: BOOK ORDERED - BURDITT.

ABSTRACT: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM BOOK CHAPTER CUCUMIS-MELO ACALYMMA-VITTATUM CAPTURE ASANA AMBUSH MARLATE SEVIN POUNCE ADMIRE THIODAN FURADAN DIAZINON FOSTHIAZATE INSECTICIDE

KEYWORDS: Biochemical Studies-General
KEYWORDS: Toxicology-General
KEYWORDS: Horticulture-Vegetables
KEYWORDS: Pest Control
KEYWORDS: Economic Entomology-Fruits and Nuts
KEYWORDS: Economic Entomology-Chemical and Physical Control
KEYWORDS: Invertebrata
KEYWORDS: Cucurbitaceae
KEYWORDS: Lepidoptera

Buboltz, Jeffrey T. and Feigenson, Gerald W. (1999). A novel strategy for the preparation of liposomes: rapid solvent exchange. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 1417: 232-245.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

During the preparation of multi-component model membranes, a primary consideration is that compositional homogeneity should prevail throughout the suspension. Some conventional sample preparation methods pass the lipid mixture through an intermediary, solvent-free state. This is an ordered, solid state and may favor the demixing of membrane components. A new preparative method has been developed which is specifically designed to avoid this intermediary state. This novel strategy is called rapid solvent exchange (RSE) and entails the direct transfer of lipid mixtures between organic solvent and aqueous buffer. RSE liposomes require no more than a minute to prepare and manifest considerable entrapment volumes with a high fraction of external surface area. In phospholipid/cholesterol mixtures of high cholesterol content, suspensions prepared by more conventional methods reveal evidence of artifactual demixing, whereas samples prepared by rapid solvent exchange do not. The principles which may lead to artifactual demixing during conventional sample preparation are discussed. Cholesterol/ Demixing/ Homogeneity/ Lipid mixture/ Liposome preparation/ Phase behavior

Buratti, F. M., Volpe, M. T., Fabrizi, L., Meneguz, A., Vittozzi, L., and Testai, E. *. (2002). Kinetic parameters of OPT pesticide desulfuration by c-DNA expressed human CYPs. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology [Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol.]. Vol. 11, no. 3-4, pp. 181-190. Jul 2002.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: HUMAN HEALTH.

ISSN: 1382-6689

Descriptors: Pesticides (organophosphorus)
Descriptors: Chlorpyrifos
Descriptors: Parathion
Descriptors: Diazinon
Descriptors: Cytochrome P450
Abstract: The role of different cytochrome P450 isoforms (CYPs) in the desulfuration of four organophosphorothionate pesticides (OPTs), namely diazinon (DIA), azinphos-methyl (AZ), chlorpyrifos (CPF) and parathion (PARA), at OPT levels representative of actual human exposure has been investigated. For this purpose c-DNA expressed human CYPs and a method, based on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition, able to detect nM levels of oxon have been used. Our results indicate that the four tested OPTs at low concentration were mainly desulfurated by CYP2B6, 2C19 and 1A2, showing K sub(m) values in the range 0.8-5 mu M and the highest efficiency (intrinsic clearance (ICL)) values. CYP3A4 was generally endowed with high K sub(m) and resulted linear up to 25-100 mu M OPT, concentrations saturating the most efficient CYPs. The tentative extrapolation of the relative contribution of single CYPs, taking into account the average content of different isoforms in the human liver, indicate that CYP1A2 is the major responsible for oxon formation. Indeed this CYP catalyses the 50-90% of desulfuration reaction, depending on the OPT. As CYP3A4 activity is not completely saturated up to 100 mu M OPT, and due to the high hepatic content, its contribution to oxon formation may result relevant in poisoning episodes, when individuals are exposed at high doses of OPTs.
Language: English
English
Publication Type: Journal Article
Classification: X 24133 Metabolism
Subfile: Toxicology Abstracts

Buratti, F. M., Volpe, M. T., Meneguz, A., Vittozzi, L., and Testai, E. *. (2003). CYP-specific bioactivation of four organophosphorothioate pesticides by human liver microsomes. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology [Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.]. Vol. 186, no. 3, pp. 143-154. 1 Feb 2003.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: HUMAN HEALTH.

ISSN: 0041-008X

Descriptors: Pesticides
Descriptors: Liver
Descriptors: Microsomes
Descriptors: Chlorpyrifos
Descriptors: Parathion
Descriptors: Diazinon
Descriptors: Azinphos-methyl
Descriptors: Cytochrome P450
Abstract: The bioactivation of azinphos-methyl (AZIN), chlorpyrifos (CPF), diazinon (DIA), and parathion (PAR), four widely used organophosphorothioate (OPT) pesticides has been investigated in human liver microsomes (HLM). In addition, the role of human cytochrome P450 (CYPs) in OPT desulfuration at pesticide levels representative of human exposure have been defined by means of correlation and immunoinhibition studies. CYP-mediated oxon formation from the four OPTs is efficiently catalyzed by HLM, although showing a high variability (>40-fold) among samples. Two distinct phases were involved in the desulfuration of AZIN, DIA, and PAR, characterized by different affinity constants (Kmapp1 = 0.13-9 mu M and Kmapp2 = 5- 269 mu M). Within the range of CPF concentrations tested, only the high-affinity component was evidenced (Kmapp1 = 0.27-0.94 mu M). Oxon formation in phenotyped individual HLM showed a significant correlation with CYP1A2-, 3A4-, and 2B6-related activities, at different levels depending on the OPT concentration. Anti-human CYP1A2, 2B6, and 3A4 antibodies significantly inhibited oxon formation, showing the same OPT concentration dependence. Our data indicated that CYP1A2 is mainly involved in OPT desulfuration at low pesticide concentrations, while the role of CYP3A4 is more significant to the low-affinity component of OPT bioactivation. The contribution of CYP2B6 to total hepatic oxon formation was relevant in a wide range of pesticide concentrations, being a very efficient catalyst of both the high- and low-affinity phase. These results suggest CYP1A2 and 2B6 as possible metabolic biomarkers of susceptibility to OPT toxic effect at the actual human exposure levels.
Publisher: Elsevier Science (USA)
DOI: 10.1016/S0041-008X(02)00027-3
Language: English
English
Publication Type: Journal Article
Classification: X 24133 Metabolism
Subfile: Toxicology Abstracts

Buratti Franca M, D'aniello Alessandra, Volpe Maria Teresa, Meneguz Annarita, and Testai Emanuela (2005). Malathion bioactivation in the human liver: The contribution of different cytochrome P450 isoforms. Drug Metabolism and Disposition [Drug Metab. Disposition]. Vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 295-302. Mar 2005.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: HUMAN HEALTH.

ISSN: 0090-9556

Descriptors: Malathion
Descriptors: Carboxylesterase
Descriptors: Liver
Descriptors: Cytochrome P450
Descriptors: Chlorpyrifos
Descriptors: Sulfur
Descriptors: Diazinon
Descriptors: Metabolites
Descriptors: Acetylcholinesterase
Descriptors: biomarkers
Descriptors: Drug metabolism
Descriptors: thioethers
Descriptors: Microsomes
Descriptors: Parathion
Descriptors: Pesticides
Descriptors: Disposition
Descriptors: Impurities
Abstract: Among organophosphorothioate (OPT) pesticides, malathion is considered relatively safe for use in mammals. Its rapid degradation by carboxylesterases competes with the cytochrome P450 (P450)-catalyzed formation of malaoxon, the toxic metabolite. However, impurities in commercial formulations are potent inhibitors of carboxylesterase, allowing a dramatic increase in malaoxon formation. Malathion desulfuration has been characterized in human liver microsomes (HLMs) with a method based on acetylcholinesterase inhibition that is able to detect nanomolar levels of oxon. The active P450 isoforms have been identified by means of a multifaceted strategy, including the use of cDNA- expressed human P450s and correlation, immunoinhibition, and chemical inhibition studies in a panel of phenotyped HLMs. HLMs catalyzed malaoxon formation with a high level of variability (>200-fold). One or two components (K sub(mapp1) = 53-67 mu M; K sub(mapp2) = 427-1721 mu M) were evidenced, depending on the relative specific P450 content. Results from different approaches indicated that, at low malathion concentration, malaoxon formation is catalyzed by CYP1A2 and, to a lesser extent, 2B6, whereas the role of 3A4 is relevant only at high malathion levels. These results are in line with those found with chlorpyrifos, diazinon, azynphos-methyl, and parathion, characterized by the presence of an aromatic ring in the molecule. Since malathion has linear chains as substituents at the thioether sulfur, it can be hypothesized that, independently from the chemical structure, OPTs are bioactivated by the same P450s. These results also suggest that CYP1A2 and 2B6 can be considered as possible metabolic biomarkers of susceptibility to OPT-induced toxic effects at actual human exposure levels.
Publisher: Williams & Wilkins, 351 W. Camden St. Baltimore MD 21201 USA, [URL:http://www.lww.com/]
Language: English
English
Publication Type: Journal Article
Classification: X 24133 Metabolism
Subfile: Toxicology Abstracts

BURCHAT CS, RIPLEY BD, LEISHMAN PD, RITCEY GM, KAKUDA, Y., and STEPHENSON GR (1998). The distribution of nine pesticides between the juice and pulp of carrots and tomatoes after home processing. FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS; 15 61-71.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: FATE.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The distribution of nine pesticides between the juice and pulp of carrots and tomatoes during home culinary practices was investigated. Tomato and carrot pulp contained a higher percentage of all pesticide residues, except for mancozeb in tomatoes. Although there was a difference in the relative distribution of the pesticides between the commodities with greater amounts present in the pulp of tomatoes, the pesticides followed a similar trend in both. A relationship between the pulp/juice distribution and water solubility of the pesticide was apparent. Pesticides with the highest water solubility were present to a greater extent in the juice. An exception was noted in the case of diazinon and parathion, which were present in higher amounts in the pulp than their water solubility would suggest. The percent residue in the pulp ranged from 56.4 to 75.2% for carrots, and 49.7 to 95.4% for tomatoes. Residues in the juice prepared from washed commodities ranged from not detect Biochemistry/ Food Technology/ Poisoning/ Animals, Laboratory/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides

Burchfield, H. P. and Storrs, E. E. (1954). Kinetics of Insecticidal Action Based on the Photomigration of Larvae of Aedes aegypti (L.). Contrib.Boyce Thompson Inst. 17: 439-452.

EcoReference No.: 2929

Chemical of Concern: DZ,HCCH,PPB,CuS,RTN,DDT,NaCN,AND,ATN,TXP,As; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: PHY; Rejection Code: NO CONTROL(ALL CHEMS).

Burgess, Helen and Donnelly, John A. (1991). The reactions of halogenated phenylnitromethanes with triethyl phosphite. Tetrahedron 47: 111-120.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

Dibromo and dichloro phenylnitromethanes reacted with triethyl phosphite to yield mainly benzonitrile, ethyl halide, and triethyl phosphate. In addition, the products of molecular rearrangement, N,N-diphenylurea, N-phenylbenzamide, and aniline, were isolated. It is proposed that they arise from the rearrangement of an intermediate, benzonitrile oxide, to phenyl isocyanate. A seventh type of product, chlorobenzalimino diethyl phosphate (9), was obtained from dichlorophenylnitromethane. No rearranged product was isolated from the reaction of triethyl phosphite with the monohalogenated phenylnitromethanes which gave the same main products as their dihalogenated analogues.

Burkhard, L. P. and Jenson, J. J. (1993). Identification of Ammonia, Chlorine, and Diazinon as Toxicants in a Municipal Effluent. Arch.Enivron.Contam.Toxicol. 25: 506-515.
Chem Codes: EcoReference No.: 45844
Chemical of Concern: DZ,NH Rejection Code: EFFLUENT.

Buscher, Hans-Peter, Gerok, Wolfgang, Kollinger, Michael, Kurz, Gerhart, Muller, Michael, Nolte, Achim, and Schneider, Stephan (1988). Transport systems for amphipathic compounds in normal and neoplastic hepatocytes. Advances in Enzyme Regulation 27: 153-158.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: IN VITRO.

Photoaffinity labeling of plasma membrane subfractions from liver and of intact liver tissue with a photolabile bile salt derivative, the sodium salt of (7,7-azo-3[alpha],12[alpha]-dihydroxy-5[beta]-cholan-24-oyl)-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid, revealed that the hepatobiliary transport of bile salts is accomplished by transport systems different for sinusoidal uptake and canalicular secretion. Polypeptides with apparent Mr values 54,000 and 48,000 interact with bile salts at sinusoidal membrane, whereas a polypeptide with an apparent Mr of 100,000 is involved in bile salt secretion through the canalicular membrane. Photoaffinity labeling with photolabile derivatives of uncharged and cationic compounds provided evidence that the sinusoidal membrane polypeptides exhibit a broad binding specificity. Photoaffinity labeling studies and kinetic studies suggest that hepatic uptake of different amphipathic anions, uncharged compounds and even of cations is mediated by the sinusoidal transport systems which are involved in the uptake of bile salts. Relatively little is known about the specificity of the canalicular bile salt transport system. The fluorescent bile salt derivative, the sodium salt of {N-[7-(4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazol)]-3[beta]-amino-7[alpha],12[alpha]-dihydroxy-5[beta]-cholan-24-oyl}-2- aminoethanesulfonic acid, is readily taken up into the hepatocytes of all acinar zones and may be used for the evaluation of the functional state of bile salt transport by fluorescence microscopy.Fluorescent microscopic studies with the fluorescent bile salt derivative showed that ascites hepatoma AS 30D cells do not have the ability to take up bile salts and demonstrated the absence of hepatobiliary bile salt transport in the solid Morris hepatoma 7777. Photoaffinity labeling studies revealed that in both tumor cell models, in hepatoma AS 30D and in Morris hepatoma 7777, the plasma membranes were devoid of the polypeptides having affinities to bile salts and amphipathic cations. A slight labeling of bile salt binding membrane polypeptides in plasma membranes from Morris hepatomas 9618A and TC 5123 opens the possibility to study transport in neoplastic hepatocytes.

Bushway, R. J. and Fan, Z. (1998). Complementation of GC-AED and ELISA for the determination of Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos in fruits and vegetables. Journal of Food Protection, 61 (6) pp. 708-711, 1998.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

ISSN: 0362-028X

Abstract: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was employed to screen produce samples for diazinon and chlorpyrifos levels. All positive samples were analyzed for these organophosphate insecticides with a newly developed gas chromatographic atomic emission detection (GC-AED) method. Produce was extracted in methanol by Polytron homogenization and cleaned up and concentrated using Sep-Pak C inferior 1 inferior 8 cartridges. Fortification and reproducibility studies were performed using apples, blueberries, green beans, lettuce, and tomatoes that were free of detectable levels diazinon and chlorpyrifos. Percent coefficient of variation (%CV) from the reproducibility studies ranged from 1.9 to 17 for chlorpyrifos and 1.9 to 11 for diazinon. Spiking studies demonstrated percent recoveries of 78 to 114% (%CV 3.1 to 13%) for diazinon and 82 to 123 (%CV 1.5 to 12) for chlorpyrifos. Of the 278 fruit and vegetable samples screened for both organophosphate insecticides, 59 were found to have detectable levels of diazinon and 35 samples were found to contain detectable amounts of chlorpyrifos. A correlation study between ELISA and GC-AED demonstrated that the correlation coefficient was 0.987 for diazinon and 0.967 for chlorpyrifos.
8 refs.
Language: English
English
Publication Type: Journal
Publication Type: Article
Country of Publication: United States
Classification: 92.10.1.5 CROP SCIENCE: Crop Physiology: Fertilizer effects
Classification: 92.10.4.9 CROP SCIENCE: Crop Protection: Chemical residues
Subfile: Plant Science

Butler, G. L., Deason, T. R., and O'Kelley, J. C. (1975). The Effect of Atrazine, 2,4-D, Methoxychlor, Carbaryl and Diazinon on the Growth of Planktonic Algae. Br.Phycol.J. 10: 371-376.

EcoReference No.: 7429

Chemical of Concern: 24DXY,ATZ,CBL,DZ; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: POP; Rejection Code: NO ENDPOINT(ALL CHEMS).

Butler, G. L., Deason, T. R., and O'Kelley, J. C. (1975). Loss of Five Pesticides from Cultures of Twenty-One Planktonic Algae. Bull.Environ.Contam.Toxicol. 13: 149-152 .

EcoReference No.: 60703

Chemical of Concern: DZ,ATZ,MXL,24DXY; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: ACC; Rejection Code: NO ENDPOINT(ALL CHEMS).

Butler, P. A. (1963). Commercial Fisheries Investigations. Circ.No.167, Fish Wildl.Serv., Washington, D.C. 11-25.

EcoReference No.: 2188

Chemical of Concern: AZ,CBL,DZ,HCCH,MLN,Naled,PSM,24DXY,DS,DU,PEB,Folpet,RTN,FBM,CHD,DEM,TXP,MRX,ETN,DZ,AND,MCPA,HPT,DDT,DDVP,EN,CBL,MXC; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: NOC,GRO,MOR,BEH,PHY; Rejection Code: NO CONTROL(ALL CHEMS).

Byford, R. L., Craig, M. E., DeRouen, S. M., Kimball, M. D., Morrison, D. G., Wyatt, W. E., and Foil, L. D. (1999). Influence of Permethrin, Diazinon and Ivermectin Treatments on Insecticide Resistance in the Horn Fly (Diptera: Muscidae). Int.J.Parasitol. 29: 125-135.

EcoReference No.: 72912

Chemical of Concern: PMR,DZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP,MOR; Rejection Code: OK(ALL CHEMS),OK TARGET(DZ).

Byrne, Dennis H. and Kitos, Paul A. (1983). Teratogenic effects of cholinergic insecticides in chick embryos--IV : The role of tryptophan in protecting against limb deformities. Biochemical Pharmacology 32: 2881-2890.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: IN VITRO.

The mechanism by which organophosphate (OP) insecticides cause micromelia in embryonic chick limbs was examined using a tissue culture approach. Limb bud cells in micromass culture were assayed for their proliferative and chondrogenic activities, [3H]thymidine and 35SO4= incorporation, respectively, into the trichloroacetic acid-insoluble constituents of the cell masses and/or the accumulation of 35S-labeled soluble macromolecular products in the culture medium. There was no obvious correlation between either the teratogenicity or toxicity of the insecticide in ovo and the inhibition of proliferation and chondrogenesis in vitro. In addition, nicotinamide, which prevents insecticide-induced micromelia in ovo, did not improve the proliferative and chondrogenic performance of insecticide-treated cells in culture. On the other hand, 2-pyridinealdoxime methochloride, which offers little or no protection against micromelia in ovo, did protect both the proliferative and chondrogenic activities of the limb bud cells in micromass culture. These observations suggest that the actions of the insecticides on the cells in culture are not the same as those that produce micromelia in ovo. -Tryptophan antagonized OP insecticide-induced micromelia in the embryo. In micromass culture, a much greater concentration of tryptophan was needed to support the chondrogenic than the proliferative activities of the limb bud cells. Moreover, a greater concentration of tryptophan was needed to support the chondrogenic activities of the leg bud than the wing bud cells. These in vitro responses of the limb bud cells to tryptophan deprivation are analogous to the in ovo response of the limbs to the teratogenic OP insecticides. A possible explanation of the roles of tryptophan and nicotinamide in preventing the limb deformities is offered.

CABRAS, P., ANGIONI, A., GARAU VL, MELIS, M., PIRISI FM, CABITZA, F., and CUBEDDU, M. (1998). Pesticide residues on field-sprayed apricots and in apricot drying processes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY; 46 2306-2308.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: FATE.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The disappearance of bitertanol, diazinon, iprodione, phosalone, and procymidone on field-sprayed apricots and their fate during sunlight- and oven-drying processes were studied. After treatments in the field, diazinon disappeared completely after a week, whereas the other pesticides at preharvest time showed residues 50% below MRLs. The pesticides decreased with pseudo-first-order kinetics and half-lives ranging from 9.1 to 24.4 days. The sunlight- and oven-drying processes caused the fruit to concentrate by a factor of 6 times. Nevertheless, the pesticide residues present in the dried fruit were lower than in the fresh fruit. The residue decreases were higher in the sunlight process than in the oven process. In the former, on average, the residues on the dried fruits were about half those on the fresh fruits, whereas in the latter they were about equal. Biochemistry/ Food Technology