N., and Bakry, N. M. (2006)

Chiu, Y. C. and O'Brien, R. D. (1971). Separate binding sites on acetylcholinesterase for indophenyl and other esters. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 1: 434-444.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: NO TOX DATA.

Acetylcholine, phenyl acetate, 1-naphthyl acetate, tetraethylammonium and decamethonium are noncompetitive inhibitors for indophenyl acetate hydrolysis but competitive inhibitors for acetylthiocholine hydrolysis. This confirms that there is a binding site on the enzyme for indophenyl acetate, which is distinct from the common binding site shared by acetylthiocholine and the other ligands. Additional evidence that indophenyl compounds in general can bind to this special site, is that enzyme diazotized by p-(trimethylammonium) benzenediazonium fluoroborate, has sharply reduced activity for substrates and inhibitors except for indophenyl acylates, indophenyl dimethylcarbamate and indophenyl diethyl phosphate.

Cho, J. H., Jeong, S. H., and Yun, H. I. (2003). Changes of Urinary and Blood Porphyrin Profiles by Exposure to PCBs, Lead or Diazinon in Rats. Vet.Hum.Toxicol. 45: 193-198.

EcoReference No.: 76671

Chemical of Concern: PCB,PG,DZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: BCM; Rejection Code: NO ENDPOINT(ALL CHEMS).

Chow, Edward, Seiber, James N., and Wilson, Barry W. (1986). Isofenphos and an in vitro activation assay for delayed neuropathic potential. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 83: 178-183.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: IN VITRO.

Organophosphorus compounds (OPs) that cause organophosphorus ester-induced delayed neuropathy (OPIDN) generally inhibit neurotoxic esterase (NTE). However, the assay itself, when conducted in vitro, misses OPs that are activated into OPIDN-causing agents in the body. A preparation of liver mixed-function oxidases and brain NTE was used to rapidly detect activations of OPs. The compounds (0.1 m or less) to be tested were incubated with microsomes isolated from livers of phenobarbital-treated chick embryos (P-450 content averaged 1.81 +/- 0.27 nmol/mg protein, ) and NTE (average of 13.8 nmol/min/mg protein) from untreated chick embryo brains. The NTE was separated by calcium precipitation and its activity assayed as usual. The low inhibitions of NTE of compounds that were not neurotoxic (parathion, Diazinon) did not increase in the presence of NADPH; inhibitions of NTE of compounds that required activation (leptophos, S,S,S-tri-n-butyl phosphorotrithioate, and tri-o-cresyl phosphate) greatly increased with NADPH. Both the recently indentified neuropathic OP isofenphos (IFP) and its oxon required activation to inhibit NTE (inhibitions of 20 and 80%, respectively). Evidence is presented that the possible neuropathic metabolite is des-N-isopropyl IFP oxon.

Christensen, G. M. and Tucker, J. H. (1976). Effects of Selected Water Toxicants on the In Vitro Activity of Fish Carbonic Anhydrase. Chem.Biol.Interact. 13: 181-192.
Chem Codes: EcoReference No.: 45278
Chemical of Concern: Cr,As,Se,Ag,DZ Rejection Code: IN VITRO.

CHUNG, K., STARRETT, S., CHUNG, Y., and RO KS (1998). PESTICIDES AND HERBICIDES. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH; 70 693-697.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: REVIEW, FATE.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM LITERATURE REVIEW PESTICIDES LEACHING HERBICIDES BIODEGRADATION ENVIRONMENTAL FATE CONTAMINANT TRANSPORT SOIL SORPTION ANALYTICAL METHODS POLLUTION GROUNDWATER Biochemistry/ Air Pollution/ Soil Pollutants/ Water Pollution/ Soil Microbiology/ Soil/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides

Ci, Weimin, Li, Wenyu, Ke, Ya, Qian, Zhong-Ming, and Shen, Xun (2003). Intracellular Ca2+ regulates the cellular iron uptake in K562 cells. Cell Calcium 33: 257-266.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: IN VITRO.

Fluorescence quenching was used to study the kinetics of the transferrin receptor (TfR)-mediated iron uptake in the calcein-loaded K562 cells. It was found that elevation of intracellular free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) by thapsigargin (TG) speeds up the initial rate of iron uptake and increases the overall capacity of the cells in taking up iron. Depletion of intracellular Ca2+ or complete chelation of extracellular Ca2+ results in complete inhibition of the iron uptake in cells. To gain insight into molecular mechanism, IANBD-labeled transferrin (Tf) and microscopic fluorescence imaging were used to observe the endocytosis and recycling of the Tf-TfR complex in single live cells. The study showed that the preincubation of cells with TG or phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), the direct activator of protein kinase C (PKC), accelerated the endocytosis and recycling of the complex in a dose-dependent manner. W-7, the calmodulin antagonist, and GF109203X, a selected cell-permeant inhibitor of PKC, can reverse the acceleration. Analysis of actin polymerization in controlled, [Ca2+]i-elevated and W-7-treated cells revealed that the actin polymerization is enhanced as [Ca2+]i is raised, but reduced by W-7. The results suggest that the regulation of actin polymerization by intracellular Ca2+ may play a central role in Ca2+-dependent iron uptake. Iron uptake/ Transferrin receptor/ Intracellular calcium/ Endocytosis/ Recycling/ Actin polymerization

Ciba-Geigy, Corp (1976). Reports of Investigations Made with Respect to Fish and Wildlife Requirements for Diazinon and its Formulated Products. U.S.EPA-OPP Registration Standard.

EcoReference No.: 13001

Chemical of Concern: DZ; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: MOR; Rejection Code: NO CONTROL(DZ).

Civen, M. and Brown, C. B. (1974). The Effect of Organophosphate Insecticides on Adrenal Corticosterone Formation. Pestic.Biochem.Physiol. 4: 254-259.

EcoReference No.: 85650

Chemical of Concern: DZ,DDVP; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: BCM; Rejection Code: NO IN VITRO(DZ),OK(DDVP).

Civen, Morton, Lifrak, Eric, and Brown, Charlesta B. (1977). Studies on the mechanism of inhibition of adrenal steroidogenesis by organophosphate and carbamate compounds. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 7: 169-182.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: IN VITRO.

The observation was made that adrenal steroidogenesis in rat adrenal cells is inhibited in vitro by organophosphate and phosphorothioate esters and carbamates. The order of inhibitory potency is organophosphate >> phosphorothioate > carbamate. The inhibition of steroidogenesis by dichlorvos is accompanied by a parallel inhibition of [1-14C]oleic acid incorporation into the esterified cholesterol fraction of the adrenal cell. At a lower concentration of the inhibitor, adrenocorticotrophic hormone reverses the inhibition of cholesterol esterification. There is no correlation between changes in adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate levels and inhibition of steroidogenesis. One insecticide, diazinon, produced a lowering of the cyclic nucleotide levels at concentrations of the compound which produced steroidogenic inhibition. Subinhibitory levels of this insecticide produced a significant elevation of cellular adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate levels and yet inhibited steroidogenesis. Both of these insecticides inhibited adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate binding to rat adrenal adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate-binding protein. Dichlorvos inhibited the diurnal increase in plasma corticosteroid by 49.2% when administered to rats at a dose of 2 mg/100 g body weight/24 hr for a 2-week period.

Clack, D. W. and Smith, W. (1974). A Tanabe-Sugano type diagran from potential energy curves for the hexafluoroferrate (III) ion, FeF63-. Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry Letters 10: 601-604.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

Clark, J. R., DeVault, D., Bowden, R. J., and Weishaar, J. A. (1984). Contaminant Analysis of Fillets from Great Lakes Coho Salmon, 1980. J.Gt.Lakes Res. 10: 38-47.

Chem Codes: EcoReference No.: 45280
Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: NO CONC/SURVEY.

Clarke, Harvey, and Humphreys (1981). Organic Compounds, 2. Pesticides; In: Clarke et Al (Eds) Veterinary Toxicology. Bailliere Tindal, London 129-187.

Chem Codes: EcoReference No.: 36191
Chemical of Concern: PCB,THM,Hg,DDT,MXC,AND,DLD,CHD,ES,HPT,TXP,AZ,CMPH,DZ,DDVP,EPN,FNT,MCN,PRN,MVP,PRNM,TMP,MCB,MAL,WFN,PAH,CN Rejection Code: REVIEW.

CLARKE ED, GREENHOW DT, and ADAMS, D. (1998). Metabolism-related assays and their application to agrochemical research: Reactivity of pesticides with glutathione and glutathione transferases. PESTICIDE SCIENCE; 54 385-393.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. An HPLC-based assay system has been developed to measure the reactivity of agrochemicals with glutathione (GSH) with and without catalysis by glutathione transferases (GSTs). Metabolism-related parameters based on second-order related rate constants from non-enzymatic GSH and enzymatic GSH + GST assays have been derived for use in structure-activity and structure-reactivity relationship studies of exploratory agrochemicals. The versatility and sensitivity of the assay system has been established using a diverse range of agrochemicals and model compounds, e.g. 4-nitrobenzyl chloride, 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, atrazine, acetochlor, fluorodifen, fluazifop-butyl, tridiphane, fluazinam, chlorothalonil and diazinon. For the enzymatic GSH + GST assay, second-order related rate constants, ratioed to the assay standard, 4-nitrobenzyl chloride to provide a parameter independent of assay conditions, spanned five orders of magnitude, fluazinam being the most reactive and atrazin Biochemistry/ Amino Acids/ Peptides/ Proteins/ Biophysics/ Macromolecular Systems/ Molecular Biology/ Coenzymes/ Comparative Study/ Enzymes/ Metabolism/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides

Clegg, T. J. and Koevenig, J. L. (1974). The Effect of Four Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Pesticides and One Organophosphate Pesticide on ATP Levels in Three Species of Photosynthesizing Freshwater Algae. Bot.Gaz. 135: 368-372.

EcoReference No.: 17261

Chemical of Concern: DZ,DLD,ALD,DDT,CDN; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: BCM,POP; Rejection Code: NO ENDPOINT(ALL CHEMS).

Clemens, H. P. and Sneed, K. E. (1959). Lethal Doses of Several Commercial Chemicals for Fingerling Channel Catfish. U.S.Fish and Wildl., Spec.Serv.Sci.Rep.- Fish.No.316, U.S.D.I., Washington, D.C. 10 p.

EcoReference No.: 934

Chemical of Concern: HCCH,MBZ,MLN,DMM,RTN,As,TXP,PL,HPT,DDT,DLD,CHD,FML,NaPCP,Fe,Zn,NH,DZ; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: MOR; Rejection Code: NO CONTROL(ALL CHEMS).

Cleophax, J., Olesker, A., Rolland, A., Gero, S. D., and Forchioni, A. (1977). Synthese de derives de la purpurosamine C,composant de la gentamicine C1a. Tetrahedron 33: 1303-1308.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

ResumeLa synthese de derives de la purpurosamine C et de l'epipurpurosamine C ete realisee a partir des methyl 2,3,4,6 tetra-O-methylsulfonyl-[alpha]--galacto et gluco-pyranosides 2 et 3, une substitution selective avec l'ion azide conduit aux derives 4-6-diazido 4 et 5 et ceux-ci ont ete transformes en epoxydes 6 et 7 puis en olefines correspondantes 16 et 17. Le rearrangement thermique de ces composes a donne le melange des diazides 16,17,18, 19. Les 2,6-diazides 18 et 19 ont ete transformes par une suite de reactions et la mercaptolyse suivie de la N-acetylation en 2,6-diacetamido 2,3,4,6-tetradesoxy--erythro-hexose diethyl dithioacetal 30 identifie au produit authentique provenant de la mercaptolyse de la gentamicine C1a,et en 2,6 diacetamido 2,3,4,6 tetradesoxy--threohexose diethyl dithioacetal 31 enantiomere du produit provenant de la mercaptolyse de la dihydrosisomicine.

Clinging, R., Dean, F. M., and Mitchell, G. H. (1974). 1,4-dioxa-2,3-benzofulvalene from thermolysis of 1,2-benzoquinone 2-diazide. Tetrahedron 30: 4065-4067.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

Heated in benzene, 1,2-benzoquinone 2-diazide gives 2-hydroxybiphenyl and 1,4-dioxa-2,3-benzofulvalene (3). Heated in xylene, it gives 3 in 36% yield. Though the PMR spectrum gives no indication of it, the 13C NMR spectrum and the dipole moment both reveal considerable dipolar character in 3.

Cobb, G. P., Mellott, R., Brewer, L. W., Bens, C. M., and Kendall, R. J. (2000). Diazinon Dissipation from Vegetation, Occurrence in Earthworms, and Presence in Avian Gastrointestinal Tracts Collected from Apple Orchards Following D-Z-N 50W Application. Environ.Toxicol.Chem. 19: 1360-1367.

EcoReference No.: 48301

Chemical of Concern: DZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: ACC; Rejection Code: NO ENDPOINT(DZ).

Cobb, G. P., Mellott, R., Brewer, L. W., Bens, C. M., and Kendall, R. J. (2000). Diazinon dissipation from vegetation, occurrence in earthworms, and presence in avian gastrointestinal tracts collected from apple orchards following D-Z-N registered 50W application. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry [Environ. Toxicol. Chem.]. Vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 1360-1367. May 2000.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: FATE.

ISSN: 0730-7268

Descriptors: Vegetation
Descriptors: Diazinon
Descriptors: Aves
Descriptors: Biota
Descriptors: Agriculture
Descriptors: Ingestion
Descriptors: Risk assessment
Descriptors: Toxicity testing
Descriptors: Insecticides
Descriptors: Bioaccumulation
Descriptors: Gastrointestinal tract
Descriptors: Orchards
Descriptors: Pesticide residues
Descriptors: Oligochaeta
Descriptors: Aves
Abstract: Comprehensive residue determinations were made in biota inhabiting orchards receiving diazinon application as part of ecotoxicology studies in the United States. The states of Washington and Pennsylvania served as study areas representing different climatic and agricultural practices. Mean diazinon application was 3.0 to 3.1 kg a.i./ha in the orchards, and a subsequent exponential reduction in concentrations occurred on vegetation. Diazinon was present in earthworms following application, and 23 of 25 avian species evaluated in treatment orchards contained diazinon in their gastrointestinal (GI) tracts. Diazinon residues were present in 18 of the 20 avian species that were represented by more than one sample. Quantifiable residues were present in 17 of the bird species. Earthworms from Pennsylvania orchards contained more frequent and higher diazinon concentrations than did earthworms from Washington orchards (p < 0.005). Passerine exposure to diazinon was not different when comparing diazinon concentrations in individual species between the two geographic regions (0.23 < p < 0.06). Exposures were different for American robins and European starlings (p = 0.03) in Washington and for Northern cardinals and European starlings (p = 0.03) in Pennsylvania. Residues in GI tracts suggest that lethal exposures were limited to the day of application and the 4 d following application. Data indicate that, under conditions of repeated diazinon application, ingestion of earthworms poses risks to passerines.
Language: English
English
Publication Type: Journal Article
Classification: P 6000 TOXICOLOGY AND HEALTH
Classification: X 24136 Environmental impact
Classification: P 5000 LAND POLLUTION
Subfile: Toxicology Abstracts; Pollution Abstracts; HP

COCHRAN DG (1989). MONITORING FOR INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE IN FIELD-COLLECTED STRAINS OF THE GERMAN COCKROACH DICTYOPTERA BLATTELLIDAE. J ECON ENTOMOL; 82 336-341.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: SURVEY .

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM BLATTELLA-GERMANICA DIAZINON CHLOROPYRIFOS ACEPHATE MALATHION PROPOXUR BENDICARB PYRETHROIDS PEST CONTROL PESTS CHEMICAL CONTROL Biochemistry/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Animals/ Arachnida/ Entomology/Economics/ Pest Control/ Arachnida/ Entomology/Economics/ Insecticides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Animal/ Disease/ Insects/Parasitology/ Orthoptera

COHEN ML and STEINMETZ WD (1986). Foliar washoff of pesticides by rainfall. ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL; 20 521-523.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: FATE.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Several insecticides were subjected to simulated rainfall after application on octadecylsilanized/trimethylsilanized glass or foliar surfaces. Flucythrinate (cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl 4-(difluoromethoxy)-alpha-(1-methylethyl)-benzeneacetate), fenvalerate ((RS)-cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl (RS)-4-chloro-alpha-(1-methylethyl)benzeneacetate), and azinphosmethyl (O,O-dimethyl S-((4-oxo-1,2,3-benzotriazin-3(4H)-yl)-methyl) phosphorodithioate) showed 35-61% washoff by 25 mm of simulated rainfall, w methyl parathion (O,O-dimethyl O-4-nitrophenyl phosphorothioate) loss was over 90% of that applied. Washoff was initially rapid, but reached a secondary slower phase. Chlordimeform (N'-(4-chloro-2-methylphenyl)-N,N-dimethylmethanimidamide) and diazinon (O,O-diethyl O-(6-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-4-pyrimidinyl) phosphorothioate), in addition to exhibiting rapid volatilization, suffered nearly complete washoff by 25 mm of simulated rainfall. The use of octadecylsilanized/trimethylsi

COHEN, S., SVRJCEK, A., DURBOROW, T., and BARNES NL (1999). Water quality impacts by golf courses. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY; 28 798-809.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: REVIEW, SURVEY.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Interest in water quality impacts by golf courses has grown significantly since the late 1980s due mostly to the local permitting process. Results from permit-driven studies are frequently not published. Seventeen studies (36 golf courses) passed our review criteria and were incorporated into a detailed data review. A total of 16 587 data points from pesticide, metabolite, solvent, and NO3 analyses of surface water and ground water were reviewed. There were approximately 90 organics analyzed in ies that exceeded HALss for ground water and surface water were 0.07 and 0.29%, respectively. The percentages would be somewhat higher if they could be expressed in terms of samples collected rather than chemicals analyzed. The MCL (10 mg/L) for nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) in surface water was not exceeded, and only 31/849 (3.6%) of the samples exceeded the MCL in ground water; however, most of the NO3 MCL exceedances were apparently due to prior agricultural land use. There was a s Anthropology, Physical/ Ethnology/ Air Pollution/ Soil Pollutants/ Water Pollution/ Methods/ Plants/ Soil/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides

COLES GC and STAFFORD KA (1999). The in vitro response of sheep scab mites to pyrethroid insecticides. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY; 83 327-330.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: IN VITRO.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The response of sheep scab mites to pyrethroid insecticides and organophosphate compounds was studied in vitro with the objective of finding a simple test for detecting insecticide resistance in scab mites. Psoroptes cuniculi from rabbits or P. ovis from sheep were enclosed in small 'tea bags' made from heat sealable paper prior to dipping in insecticide. Mites failed to die 24 h after a 1 min dip in working concentrations of insecticidal sheep dips. With flumethrin a variety of different condit Biochemistry/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Animal/ Animals, Laboratory/ Animals, Wild/ Parasitic Diseases/Veterinary/ Anatomy, Comparative/ Animal/ Insects/Physiology/ Physiology, Comparative/ Pathology/ Arthropods/ Artiodactyla/ Lagomorpha

Collins, A. G., Nichol, A. W., and Elsbury, S. ( 1982). Porphyria cutanea tarda and agricultural pesticides. AUST. J. DERMATOL. Vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 70-75. 1982.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: INCIDENT, HUMAN HEALTH.

ISSN: 0365-3609

Descriptors: porphyria
Abstract: Some cases of porphyria cutanea tarda have been associated with the use of the organochlorine insecticide lindane and the organophosphorus insecticide diazinon.
Language: English
English
Publication Type: Journal Article
Classification: X 24132 Chronic exposure
Subfile: Toxicology Abstracts

Collins, David, Maxfield, Frederick, and Huang, Leaf (1989). Immunoliposomes with different acid sensitivities as probes for the cellular endocytic pathway. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 987: 47-55.

Chem Codes : Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

By combining dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) with oleic acid (OA), palmitoylhomocysteine (PHC) or dipalmitoylsuccinylglycerol (DPSG) we have prepared pH-sensitive liposomes with different acid sensitivities. DOPE/OA liposomes are the most acid sensitive, while DOPE/DPSG liposomes are the least acid sensitive. Incubation of DOPE/OA liposomes with mouse L929 cells reduces the pH-sensitivity of these liposomes by altering the lipid composition. Using diphtheria toxin fragment A as a marker for cytoplasmic delivery, we find that the delivery kinetics of pH-sensitive immunoliposomes closely correlates with the modified acid sensitivities of the liposomes. Immunoliposomes encounter pH 6-6.2 with a of 5-15 min after internalization. By contrast, acidification of the endosomes to pH 5.0 takes longer (). We also used a whole cell null point technique (Yamishiro and Maxfield (1987) J. Cell Biol. 105, 2713-2721) to directly determine the average pH encountered by the endocytosed immunoliposomes. We find that acidification determined by the null point method proceeds less rapidly than that estimated from DTA delivery data. This is likely due to the fact that the measured DTA delivery is done by those liposomes which first arrive at the endosomes with sufficient acidity. Our data suggests that DOPE/PHC immunoliposomes deliver at the early endosome while DOPE/DPSG immunoliposomes deliver at the late endosomes. The DOPE/OA immunoliposomes, with the altered composition and acid sensitivity, deliver with a kinetics intermediate between the other two immunoliposomes. Thus, pH-sensitive liposomes represent useful probes for studying the kinetics of endosome acidification. Immunoliposome/ Acid sensitivity/ Endosome/ Endocytosis/ Diphtheria toxin

Collins, W. J. (1976). German Cockroach Resistance: Propoxur Selection Induces the Same Resistance Spectrum as Diazinon Selection. Pestic.Sci. 7: 171-174.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: NO DURATION.

Connolly, J. P. (1985). Predicting Single-Species Toxicity in Natural Water Systems. Environ.Toxicol.Chem. 4: 573-582.

Chem Codes: EcoReference No.: 48346
Chemical of Concern: Zn,DZ Rejection Code: REFS CHECKED/REVIEW.

Cooper, J. F., Wynn, N. R., Deuse, J. P. L., Coste, C. M., Zheng, S. Q., and Schiffers, B. C ( 1997). Impact of insecticides on wild fauna: a proposed toxicity index. Mededelingen - Faculteit Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen (Universiteit Gent) 62: 599-606.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZM Rejection Code: NO TOX DATA.

The risk to fauna assocd. with the use of pesticides are generally known for individual pesticides. There exists, however, a lack of published material providing comparative coverage of all pesticides, although some partial complications have been published. In an attempt to redress this situation, the authors propose here index covering fish, birds, and bees for 169 currently available insecticides. [on SciFinder (R)] Copyright: Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R))