N., and Bakry, N. M. (2006)

Database: CAPLUS
Accession Number: AN 1998:45753
Chemical Abstracts Number: CAN 128:137344
Section Code: 4-4
Section Title: Toxicology
Document Type: Journal
Language: written in English.
Index Terms: Anas platyrhynchos; Bacillus thuringiensis; Bee; Bird; Colinus virginianus; Creosote; Ecotoxicity; Environmental pollution; Fish; Insecticides; Lepomis macrochirus; Metarhizium anisopliae; Oncorhynchus mykiss; Tar oils; Toxicity (impact of insecticides on wild fauna: a proposed toxicity index); Petroleum; Pyrethrins Role: ADV (Adverse effect, including toxicity), POL (Pollutant), BIOL (Biological study), OCCU (Occurrence) (impact of insecticides on wild fauna: a proposed toxicity index); Animal (wild; impact of insecticides on wild fauna: a proposed toxicity index)
CAS Registry Numbers: 50-29-3 (DDT); 52-68-6 (Trichlorfon); 55-38-9 (Fenthion); 56-38-2 (Parathion); 56-72-4 (Coumaphos); 58-89-9 (Lindane); 60-51-5 (Dimethoate); 60-57-1 (Dieldrin); 62-73-7 (Dichlorvos); 63-25-2 (Carbaryl); 72-43-5 (Methoxychlor); 74-90-8 (Hydrogen cyanide); 76-06-2 (Chloropicrin); 76-44-8 (Heptachlor); 78-34-2 (Dioxathion); 83-79-4 (Rotenone); 86-50-0 (Azinphos-methyl); 87-86-5 (Pentachlorophenol); 97-17-6 (Dichlofenthion); 115-29-7 (Endosulfan); 115-90-2 (Fensulfothion); 116-06-3 (Aldicarb); 119-12-0 (Pyridaphenthion); 121-75-5 (Malathion); 122-14-5 (Fenitrothion); 141-66-2 (Dicrotophos); 144-54-7 (Metam); 298-00-0 (Parathion methyl); 298-02-2 (Phorate); 298-04-4 (Disulfoton); 300-76-5 (Naled); 301-12-2 (Oxydemeton methyl); 309-00-2 (Aldrin); 333-41-5 (Diazinon); 470-90-6 (Chlorfenvinphos); 533-74-4 (Dazomet); 534-52-1 (DNOC); 556-61-6 (MIT); 563-12-2 (Ethion); 584-79-2 (Allethrin); 640-15-3 (Thiometon); 732-11-6 (Phosmet); 786-19-6 (Carbophenothion); 919-86-8 (Demeton S-methyl); 944-22-9 (Fonofos); 947-02-4 (Phosfolan); 950-10-7 (Mephosfolan); 950-37-8 (Methidathion); 1113-02-6 (Omethoate); 1129-41-5 (Metolcarb); 1563-66-2 (Carbofuran); 1646-88-4 (Aldoxycarb); 2032-65-7 (Mercaptodimethur); 2104-64-5 (EPN); 2104-96-3 (Bromophos); 2275-18-5 (Prothoate); 2275-23-2 (Vamidothion); 2310-17-0 (Phosalone); 2425-10-7 (Xylylcarb); 2439-01-2 (Chinomethionat); 2540-82-1 (Formothion); 2595-54-2 (Mecarbam); 2597-03-7 (Phenthoate); 2631-40-5 (Isoprocarb); 2636-26-2 (Cyanophos); 2642-71-9 (Azinphos-ethyl); 2921-88-2 (Chlorpyrifos); 3383-96-8 (Temephos); 3689-24-5 (Sulfotep); 3766-81-2 (Fenobucarb); 4824-78-6 (Bromophos-ethyl); 5598-13-0 (Chlorpyrifos-methyl); 6923-22-4 (Monocrotophos); 6988-21-2 (Dioxacarb); 7696-12-0 (Tetramethrin); 7704-34-9 (Sulfur); 7786-34-7 (Mevinphos); 8003-19-8; 10112-91-1 (Mercurous chloride); 10265-92-6 (Methamidophos); 10311-84-9 (Dialifos); 12789-03-6 (Chlordane); 13071-79-9 (Terbufos); 13171-21-6 (Phosphamidon); 13194-48-4 (Ethoprophos); 13593-03-8 (Quinalphos); 14816-18-3 (Phoxim); 15263-52-2 (Cartap hydrochloride); 16752-77-5 (Methomyl); 17040-19-6; 18854-01-8 (Isoxathion); 22248-79-9 (Tetrachlorvinphos); 22781-23-3 (Bendiocarb); 23103-98-2 (Pirimicarb); 23135-22-0 (Oxamyl); 23422-53-9 (Formetanate hydrochloride); 23505-41-1 (Pirimiphos ethyl); 23560-59-0 (Heptenophos); 24017-47-8 (Triazophos); 25311-71-1 (Isofenphos); 26002-80-2 (Phenothrin); 28434-01-7 (Bioresmethrin); 29232-93-7 (Pirimiphos methyl); 30560-19-1 (Acephate); 30864-28-9 (Methacrifos); 31895-22-4; 33089-61-1 (Amitraz); 34681-23-7 (Butoxycarboxim); 35367-38-5 (Diflubenzuron); 35575-96-3 (Azamethiphos); 35597-43-4 (Bialaphos); 38260-54-7 (Etrimfos); 39196-18-4 (Thiofanox); 39515-40-7 (Cyphenothrin); 39515-41-8 (Fenpropathrin); 40596-69-8 (Methoprene); 41198-08-7 (Profenofos); 42509-80-8 (Isazofos); 50512-35-1 (Isoprothiolane); 51487-69-5 (Cloethocarb); 51630-58-1 (Fenvalerate); 52315-07-8 (Cypermethrin); 52645-53-1 (Permethrin); 52918-63-5 (Deltamethrin); 55285-14-8 (Carbosulfan); 59669-26-0 (Thiodicarb); 63935-38-6 (Cycloprothrin); 64628-44-0 (Triflumuron); 65907-30-4 (Furathiocarb); 66215-27-8 (Cyromazine); 66230-04-4 (Esfenvalerate); 66841-25-6 (Tralomethrin); 67375-30-8; 68085-85-8 (Cyhalothrin); 68359-37-5 (BetaCyfluthrin); 69327-76-0 (Buprofezin); 69409-94-5 (Fluvalinate); 70124-77-5 (Flucythrinate); 71422-67-8 (Chlorfluazuron); 71751-41-2 (Abamectin); 72490-01-8 (Fenoxycarb); 79538-32-2 (Tefluthrin); 80844-07-1 (Etofenprox); 82560-54-1 (Benfuracarb); 82657-04-3 (Bifenthrin); 83121-18-0 (Teflubenzuron); 83733-82-8 (Fosmethilan); 86479-06-3 (Hexaflumuron); 89784-60-1 (Pyraclofos); 91465-08-6; 95465-99-9; 96489-71-3 (Pyridaben); 101463-69-8 (Flufenoxuron); 113036-88-7 (Flucycloxuron); 120068-37-3 (Fipronil); 138261-41-3 (Imidacloprid) Role: ADV (Adverse effect, including toxicity), POL (Pollutant), BIOL (Biological study), OCCU (Occurrence) (impact of insecticides on wild fauna: a proposed toxicity index); 7439-97-6 (Mercury) Role: ADV (Adverse effect, including toxicity), BIOL (Biological study) (toxicity; impact of insecticides on wild fauna: a proposed toxicity index)
Citations: Anon; Farm Chemicals Handbook 1994
Citations: Harden, J; Peskem Products The Australian directory of registered pesticides and their uses, 13 th Edition 1993
Citations: Anon; The Agrochemicals Handbook, Third Edition 1992
Citations: Anon; Shibuya Index (Index of Pesticides), Fifth Edition 1991
Citations: Anon; EPA Datasheets 1994
Citations: Anon; WHO/FAO Datasheets on Pesticides 1994
Citations: Anon; WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and the Guidelines to Classification 1994-1995 insecticide/ wild/ fauna/ toxicity/ index;/ Anas/ Colinus/ Apis/ insecticide/ toxicity;/ rainbow/ trout/ bluegill/ sunfish/ insecticide/ toxicity;/ bee/ insecticide/ toxicity/ index;/ Salmo/ insecticide/ toxicity/ index

Cope, O. B. (1966). Contamination of the Freshwater Ecosystem by Pesticides. J.Appl.Ecol. 3: 33-44 (Publ in Part As 6797).

EcoReference No.: 10337

Chemical of Concern: 24DXY,CBL,DBN,DU,DZ,HCCH,MLN,MLT,PAQT,PYN,TFN,CuS,DDT,DLD,As; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: MOR,ACC,REP; Rejection Code: NO CONTROL(ALL CHEMS).

Cope, O. B. (1965). Sport Fishery Investigations. In: Fish and Wildl.Serv.Cicr.226, Effects of Pesticides on Fish and Wildlife - 1964 Research Findings of the Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C. 51-63 (Publ in Part As 6797).

EcoReference No.: 2871

Chemical of Concern: MLN,DBN,24DXY,BS,CBL,DBN,DMT,DU,DZ,HCCH,MLT,Naled,SZ,TFN,ADC,CHD,TXP,TCF,CuS,PAQT,MCB,AND,PYN,HPT,DLD,EN,EPRNDDT,FNTH,FNF,MVP,BTY,NSM,RTN,AMSV,VNT,Cu,ATN,MXC,DDVP,DBM,DBAC,As; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: MOR,BCM; Rejection Code: NO CONTROL(ALL CHEMS).

Copeland, C. A., Raebel, M. A., and Wagner, S. L. (1989). Pesticide residue in lanolin. Journal of the American Medical Association [J. AM. MED. ASSOC.]. Vol. 261, no. 2, 242 p. 1989.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

ISSN: 0098-7484

Descriptors: pesticides
Descriptors: residues
Descriptors: cosmetics
Abstract: Two lots (numbers 5922 and 6441) of United States Pharmacopeia anhydrous lanolin from a single manufacturer were analyzed by the Division of Colors and Cosmetics, Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The analysis (Table) by the FDA indicated that pesticide contamination varied significantly between lots and that dimpylate (Diazinon), DDE (a metabolite of chlorophenothane (DDT)), lindane (benzene hexachloride (BHC), gamma), and alpha- and beta-BHC (isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane) were found in one or both samples. The two additional lanolin lots (numbers 5631 and 6467) shown in the Table were analyzed through the Environmental Protection Agency's National Pesticide Hazard Assessment Program. Chlorpyrifos, dieldrin, lindane, DDE, and dimpylate were found. The control, fluocinolone acetonide ointment, contained none of the above pesticides but did show a trace of heptachlor.
Language: English
Publication Type: Journal Article
Classification: X 24140 Cosmetics, toiletries & household products
Classification: X 24136 Environmental impact
Subfile: Toxicology Abstracts

Corbett, J. R., Wright, K., and Baillie, A. C. (1984). Insecticides Inhibiting Acetylcholinesterase. In: The Biochemical Mode of Action of Pesticides, Second Edition, Acad.Press, London 99-140.

Chem Codes: EcoReference No.: 72145
Chemical of Concern: AZ,CPY,DZ,DMT,MLN,PRN,PSM,CBL,CBF Rejection Code: REVIEW.

CORDLE MK (1988). USDA REGULATION OF RESIDUES IN MEAT AND POULTRY PRODUCTS. J ANIM SCI; 66 413-433.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: NO TOX DATA.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM SWINE CATTLE BROILER USA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOOD SAFETY AND INSPECTION SERVICE PESTICIDES DRUGS ANTIBIOTICS CHEMICAL CONTAMINANT FOOD INDUSTRY MEAT PACKING INDUSTRY TESTING FOOD RESIDUE Legislation/ Organization and Administration/ Biology/ Food Technology/ Meat/ Meat Products/ Eggs/ Food Technology/ Poultry/ Food Analysis/ Food Technology/ Food Additives/Poisoning/ Food Additives/Toxicity/ Food Contamination/ Food Poisoning/ Food Preservatives/Poisoning/ Food Preservatives/Toxicity/ Animal Husbandry/ Animal Husbandry/ Poultry/ Antibiotics/Administration & Dosage/ Antibiotics/Analysis/ Antibiotics/Chemical Synthesis/ Antibiotics/Metabolism/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides

Costa, L. G., Richter, R. J., Li, W. F., Cole, T., Guizzetti, M., and Furlong, C. E. (2003). Paraoxonase (PON 1) as a biomarker of susceptibility for organophosphate toxicity. Biomarkers [Biomarkers]. Vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1-12. Jan 2003.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: NO TOX DATA.

ISSN: 1354-750X

Descriptors: Toxicity
Descriptors: biomarkers
Descriptors: paraoxonase
Descriptors: Chlorpyrifos
Descriptors: Insecticides
Descriptors: Diazinon
Descriptors: Hydrolysis
Descriptors: Liver
Descriptors: organophosphates
Descriptors: Metabolites
Descriptors: Parathion
Descriptors: Paraoxon
Descriptors: Promoters
Abstract: Paraoxonase (PON1) is an A-esterase capable of hydrolysing the active metabolites (oxons) of a number of organophosphorus (OP) insecticides such as parathion, diazinon and chlorpyrifos. PON1 activity is highest in liver and plasma, and among animal species significant differences exist, with birds and rabbits displaying very low and high activity, respectively. Human PON1 has two polymorphisms in the coding region (Q192R and L55M) and five polymorphisms in the promoter region. The Q192R polymorphism imparts different catalytic activity toward some OP substrates, while the polymorphism at position -108 (C/T) is the major contributor to differences in the level of PON1 expression. Animal studies have shown that PON1 is an important determinant of OP toxicity, with animal species with a low PON1 activity having an increased sensitivity to OPs. Administration of exogenous PON1 to rats or mice protects them from the toxicity of OPs. PON1 knockout mice display a high sensitivity to the toxicity of diazoxon and chlorpyrifos oxon, but not paraoxon. In vitro assayed catalytic efficiencies of purified PON sub(192) isoforms for hydrolysis of specific oxon substrates accurately predict the degree of in vivo protection afforded by each isoform. Low PON1 activity may also contribute to the higher sensitivity of newborns to OP toxicity.
Publisher: Taylor & Francis Ltd., 11 New Fetter Lane London EC4P 4EE UK, [mailto:[e-mail]], [URL:http://www.tandf.co.uk]
Language: English
English
Publication Type: Journal Article
Classification: X 24135 Biochemistry
Subfile: Toxicology Abstracts

COSTA LG (1998). Biochemical and molecular neurotoxicology: Relevance to biomarker development, neurotoxicity testing and risk assessment. TOXICOLOGY LETTERS (SHANNON); 102-103 (0). 1998. 417-421.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: REVIEW.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Biochemical and molecular approaches are most useful to define potential mechanisms of neurotoxicity. Information on the mechanisms of action of neurotoxicants can play a key role in neurotoxicology by allowing, among others, the development of potential biomarkers of effect, the refinement of in vitro testing procedures, and the improvement of the risk assessment process. An important class of insecticides, the organophosphates, are discussed as an example of how knowledge of molecular mechanisms is useful in various aspects of neurotoxicology. The utilization of such information in the area of biomarkers of exposure and effects, and of in vitro testing is presented. Additionally, mechanistic issues related to genetic polymorphisms and risk assessment are discussed. Biochemistry/ Diagnosis/ Nervous System/ Poisoning/ Animals, Laboratory

Costa, Lucio G., Shao, McNama, Basker, Kurt, and Murphy, Sheldon D. (1984). Chronic administration of an organophosphorus insecticide to rats alters cholinergic muscarinic receptors in the pancreas. Chemico-Biological Interactions 48: 261-269.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: NO COC.

Male rats were treated for 10 days with the organophosphorus insecticide, acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, O,O-diethyl S-[2-(ethylthio)ethyl]phosphorodithioate (disulfoton, 2 mg/kg/day by gavage). At the end of the treatment, binding of [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]QNB) to cholinergic muscarinic receptors and cholinesterase (ChE) activity were assayed in the pancreas. Functional activity of pancreatic muscarinic receptor was investigated by determining carbachol-stimulated secretion of [alpha]-amylase in vitro. ChE activity and [3H]QNB binding were significantly decreased in the pancreas from disulfoton-treated rats. The alteration of [3H]QNB binding was due to a decrease in muscarinic receptor density with no change in the affinity. Basal secretion of amylase from pancreas in vitro was not altered, but carbachol-stimulated secretion was decreased. The effect appeared to be specific since pancreozymin was able to induce the same amylase release from pancreases of control and treated rats. The results suggest that repeated exposures to sublethal doses of an organophosphorus insecticide lead to a biochemical and functional alteration of cholinergic muscarinic receptors in the pancreas. Organophosphorus insecticide/ Muscarinic receptors/ Pancreas/ Chronic organophosphate exposure

Coste, Virginie, Puff, Nicolas, Lockau, Daniel, Quinn, Peter J., and Angelova, Miglena I. ( Raft-like domain formation in large unilamellar vesicles probed by the fluorescent phospholipid analogue, C12NBD-PC. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes In Press, Corrected Proof.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

The liquid-ordered/disordered-phase domain co-existence in large unilamellar vesicle membranes consisting of phosphatidylcholine:sphingomyelin (2:1) with different amounts of cholesterol has been examined using a concentration-dependent self-quenching of a single reporter molecule, C12NBD-PC. A temperature-dependent decrease of fluorescence intensity was associated with the expected formation and increase of lo-phase membrane fraction in the vesicles. The result is consistent with exclusion of the fluorescent probe from the liquid-ordered phase which partitions preferentially into the liquid-disordered phase membrane domains. This leads to an increase of the local concentration of fluorophore in the liquid-disordered phase and a decrease of the quantum yield. This effect was used to obtain a quantitative estimation of the fraction of the vesicle membrane occupied by the liquid-ordered phase, [Phi]o, as a function of temperature and cholesterol content between 0 and 45 mol%. The value of [Phi]o was related to the assumed partition coefficient kp of probe between liquid-ordered/disordered phases. For large unilamellar vesicles containing 20 and 4 mol% cholesterol and probe, respectively, with kp = 0 (probe completely excluded from liquid-ordered phase), [Phi]o = 0.16 and with kp = 0.2, [Phi]o = 0.2. The results are relevant to the action of detergent in the fractionation of detergent-resistant membrane from living cells. Membrane phase co-existence/ Liquid-ordered domains/ C12NBD-PC/ Cholesterol/ Unilamellar vesicles

Coupe, R. H., Manning, M. A., Foreman, W. T., Goolsby, D. A., and Majewski, M. S. (2000). Occurrence of pesticides in rain and air in urban and agricultural areas of Mississippi, April-September 1995. The Science of The Total Environment 248: 227-240.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: SURVEY.

In April 1995, the US Geological Survey began a study to determine the occurrence and temporal distribution of 49 pesticides and pesticide metabolites in air and rain samples from an urban and an agricultural sampling site in Mississippi. The study was a joint effort between the National Water-Quality Assessment and the Toxic Substances Programs and was part of a larger study examining the occurrence and temporal distribution of pesticides in air and rain in the Mississippi River basin. Concurrent high-volume air and wet-only deposition samples were collected weekly. The air samplers consisted of a glass-fiber filter to collect particles and tandem polyurethane foam plugs to collect gas-phase pesticides. Every rain and air sample collected from the urban and agricultural sites had detectable levels of multiple pesticides. The magnitude of the total concentration was 5-10 times higher at the agricultural site as compared to the urban site. The pesticide with the highest concentration in rain at both sites was methyl parathion. The pesticide with the highest concentration in the air samples from the agricultural site was also methyl parathion, but from the urban site the highest concentration was diazinon followed closely by chlorpyrifos. More than two decades since p,p′-DDT was banned from use in the United States, p,p′-DDE, a metabolite of p,p′-DDT, was detected in every air sample collected from the agricultural site and in more than half of the air samples from the urban site. Pesticides/ Insecticides/ Herbicides/ Air/ Rain/ Mississippi/ Methyl Parathion/ DDE/ Chlorpyrifos

Cowley, Alan H., Gabbai, Francois P., Olbrich, Falk, Corbelin, Siegfried, and Lagow, Richard J. (1995). Surprising stability of a monomeric bis azide of gallium(III). Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 487: C5-C7.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

The intramolecularly base-stabilized arylgallium diazide [2,6-(Me2NCH2)2C6H3]Ga(N3)2 (1) has been prepared by a metathetical reaction of the corresponding arylgallium dichloride with NaN3. Compound 1 was found not only to be air stable, but also to survive vapor phase heating at 400[deg]C or UV irradiation at 254 nm. The X-ray crystal structure of 1 has been determined; triclinic, and Z = 2. Compound 1 is monomeric in the solid state. Gallium/ Azides/ Aryls/ X-ray crystal structure

Cox, C. (2000). Diazinon: Ecological Effects and Environmental Contamination. J.Pestic.Reform 20: 14-20.
Chem Codes: EcoReference No.: 65195
Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: REVIEW.

Cox, L., Hermosin, M. C., Celis, R., and Cornejo, J. (1997). Sorption of two polar herbicides in soils and soil clays suspensions. Water Research 31: 1309-1316.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: FATE.

Adsorption of the polar herbicides thiazafluron (1,3-dimethyl-1-(5-trifluromethyl-1,3,4-thia-diazol-2-yl)urea) and metamitron (4-amino-4,5-dihydro-3-methyl-6-phenyl-1,2,4-triazin-5-one) in the aqueous suspension of five soils of southern Spain, their respective clay fractions (with diverse organic carbon content and clay mineralogy) and model pure clay minerals has been monitored as an integrated study to assess the role of the diverse colloidal soil components and their solid/solution ratio, as relevant to the transport of contaminants by particulate matter in water. Adsorption isotherms obtained were analysed and fitted to the logarithmic form of the Freundlich equation and adsorption coefficients Kf calculated. Thiazafluron adsorbs on soils, soil clays and model mineral sorbents to a higher extent than the herbicide metamitron due to their different molecular structure. The sorption of both herbicides in clay fractions increases with decreasing solid/solution ratio. The highest Kf value at high solid/solution ratio for both herbicides is found in a saline soil with its clay fraction predominantly composed of an altered illite mineral which behaves as a montmorillonite. Thiazafluron and metamitron also show the highest adsorption capacity (at low solid/solution ratio) on a predominantly montmorillonitic clay fraction of low cation exchange capacity (CEC), whereas low adsorption is found on a montmorillonitic clay fraction of high CEC. The negative influence of the clay CEC is confirmed in adsorption studies on pure clay minerals suspensions. The sorption of both herbicides by soil clays after removing organic matter (OM), shows that contribution of the colloidal OM is very low for thiazafluon, although rather important for metamitron. The influence of the different nature of the OM associated to the clay fractions of diverse soils is suggested. The mineral components of the soil clays, especially expandable layer silicates such as montmorillonite and a type of altered illite, are revealed to be responsible for the adsorption and hence the transport of these polar herbicides by waters in contact with soils or fine-size soil separates. Not only the relative amounts of the organic and inorganic components are important, but also the surface properties and the accessibility of the functional active groups of the herbicide molecule to those surfaces. adsorption/ herbicides/ metamitron/ montmorillonite/ illite/ organic matter/ smectites/ soil/ soil clay fraction/ soil colloids/ thiazafluron

Crawford, C. G. (2001). Factors affecting pesticide occurrence and transport in a large midwestern river basin. Journal of the American Water Resources Association [J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc.]. Vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 1-16. Feb 2001.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: FATE.

ISSN: 1093-474X

Descriptors: Pesticides
Descriptors: Path of Pollutants
Descriptors: Rivers
Descriptors: Surface Water
Descriptors: Water Pollution Sources
Descriptors: Water Quality
Descriptors: Seasonal Variations
Descriptors: Diazinon
Descriptors: Atrazine
Descriptors: Pesticides (see also Bactericides, Weedkillers)
Descriptors: Streams (in natural channels)
Descriptors: Surface water (see also Lakes, Ponds, Streams)
Descriptors: Pollution (Water)
Descriptors: Water quality (Natural waters)
Descriptors: Seasons
Descriptors: Hydrology
Descriptors: Basins
Descriptors: Freshwater pollution
Descriptors: Agricultural runoff
Descriptors: Urban areas
Descriptors: Pollution detection
Descriptors: Herbicides
Descriptors: Insecticides
Descriptors: Agricultural pollution
Descriptors: Pollution dispersion
Descriptors: Watersheds
Descriptors: River basins
Descriptors: USA, Midwest
Descriptors: USA, Indiana, White R.
Descriptors: USA, Indiana
Descriptors: USA, Illinois
Descriptors: USA, Midwest, White R.
Abstract: Several factors affect the occurrence and transport of pesticides in surface waters of the 29,400 km super(2) White River Basin in Indiana. A relationship was found between pesticide use and the average annual concentration of that pesticide in the White River, although this relationship varies for different classes of pesticides. About one percent of the mass applied of each of the commonly used agricultural herbicides was transported from the basin via the White River. Peak pesticide concentrations were typically highest in late spring or early summer and were associated with periods of runoff following application. Concentrations of diazinon were higher in an urban basin than in two agricultural basins, corresponding to the common use of this insecticide on lawns and gardens in urban areas. Concentrations of atrazine, a corn herbicide widely used in the White River Basin, were higher in an agricultural basin with permeable, well-drained soils, than in an agricultural basin with less permeable, more poorly drained soils. Although use of butylate and cyanazine was comparable in the White River Basin between 1992 and 1994, concentrations in the White River of butylate, which is incorporated into soil, were substantially less than for cyanazine, which is typically applied to the soil surface.