N., and Bakry, N. M. (2006)

Graves, David E., Yielding, Lerena W., Watkins, Charles L., and Yielding, K. Lemone (1977). Synthesis, separation and characterization of the mono- and diazide analogs of ethidium bromide. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis 479: 98-104.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

Ethidium bromide is used to characterize nucleic acid secondary and tertiary structural properties and the biological consequences of drug interactions. The mono- and diazido analogs of ethidium have proven valuable as photoaffinity probes in chemical and biological studies on nucleic acids, since they render the ethidium-nucleic acid interaction covalent. Although both of these compounds have been synthesized previously, the published synthesis procedure for the monoazide is inadequate since a major portion of the product has been identified as the diazide analog. This lack of purity severely limits the usefulness for nucleic acid research. The procedure presented here for the synthesis, separation, purification and crystallization of these analogs should provide the quantities and quality of these important reagents needed to perform a variety of chemical and biological experiments.

Gray, R. A., Gauger, G. W., Dulaney, E. L., Kaczka, E. A., and Woodruff, H. B. (1964). Hadacidin, A New Plant Growth Inhibitor Produced by Fermentation. Plant Physl 39: 204-207.

EcoReference No.: 42125

Chemical of Concern: DZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: GRO; Rejection Code: NO COC(DZ),NO ENDPOINT(ALL CHEMS).

Grechishnikova, Irina V., Bergstrom, Fredric, Johansson, Lennart B. A., Brown, Rhoderick E., and Molotkovsky, Julian G. (1999). New fluorescent cholesterol analogs as membrane probes. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 1420: 189-202.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

New fluorescent cholesterol analogs, (22E,20R)-3[beta]-hydroxy-23-(9-anthryl)-24-norchola-5,22-diene (R-AV-Ch), and the 20S-isomer (S-AV-Ch) were synthesized, their spectral and membrane properties were characterized. The probes bear a 9-anthrylvinyl (AV) group instead of C22-C27 segment of the cholesterol alkyl chain. Computer simulations show that both of the probes have bulkier tail regions than cholesterol and predict some perturbation in the packing of membranes, particularly for R-AV-Ch. In monolayer experiments, the force-area behavior of the probes was compared with that of cholesterol, pure and in mixtures with palmitoyloleoyl phosphatidylcholine (POPC) and N-stearoyl sphingomyelin (SSM). The results show that pure R-AV-Ch occupies 35-40% more cross-sectional area than cholesterol at surface pressures below film collapse (0-22 mN/m); whereas S-AV-Ch occupies nearly the same molecular area as cholesterol. Isotherms of POPC or SSM mixed with 0.1 mol fraction of either probe are similar to isotherms of the corresponding mixtures of POPC or SSM with cholesterol. The probes show typical AV absorption ([lambda] 386, 368, 350 and 256 nm) and fluorescence ([lambda] 412-435 nm) spectra. Steady-state anisotropies of R-AV-Ch and S-AV-Ch in isotropic medium or liquid-crystalline bilayers are higher than the values obtained for other AV probes reflecting hindered intramolecular mobility of the fluorophore and decreased overall rotational rate of the rigid cholesterol derivatives. This suggestion is confirmed by time-resolved fluorescence experiments which show also, in accordance with monolayer data, that S-AV-Ch is better accommodated in POPC-cholesterol bilayers than R-AV-Ch. Model and natural membranes can be labeled by either injecting the probes via a water-soluble organic solvent or by co-lyophilizing probe and phospholipid prior to vesicle production. Detergent-solubilization studies involving ‘raft’ lipids showed that S-AV-Ch almost identically mimicked the behavior of cholesterol and that of R-AV-Ch was only slightly inferior. Overall, the data suggest that the AV-labeled cholesterol analogs mimic cholesterol behavior in membrane systems and will be useful in related studies. Sterol analog/ Fluorescence parameter/ Anthrylvinyl/ Monolayer/ Model bilayer/ Detergent-insolubility

GREEN, D. E. II, BURPEE LL, and STEVENSON KL (1999). Integrated effects of host resistance and fungicide concentration on the progress of Rhizoctonia blight in tall fescue turf. CROP PROTECTION; 18 131-138.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: NO COC.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Efficacy of the fungicide flutolanil was assessed for control of Rhizoctonia blight, caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuehn, on monostands and blends of two tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) cultivars. The cultivars Kentucky 31 (moderately resistant to R. solani) and Mojave (susceptible) were seeded in six treatments of ratios between 100:0 and 0:100 of each cultivar, respectively. The monostands and blends were raised to maturity and treated with six rates of flutolanil ranging from 3.4 to into tall fescue cultivars before host resistance can be used to limit fungicide applications. Plants/Cytology/ Plants/Genetics/ Plants/Growth & Development/ Fungi/ Plant Diseases/ Immunity, Natural/ Plant Diseases/ Plant Diseases/ Preventive Medicine/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Mitosporic Fungi/ Grasses

Greve, P. A., Freudenthal, J., and Wit, S. L. ( Potentially hazardous substances in surface waters. 2. Cholinesterase inhibitors in Dutch surface waters. Science of the Total Environment [Sci. Total Environ.]. Vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 253-265. 1972.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DMT Rejection Code: NO SPECIES.

Several analytical methods were employed to determine the concs of cholinesterase inhibitors in several Dutch surface waters. An auto-analyzer method was used for screening purposes; TLC and GLC-mass spectrometry were used for identification and quantitation of Malathion, parathion, dimethoate, diazinon and carbaryl in extracts of the river Rhine. AFSA Input Center Number: 1974

Classification: Q5 01503 Characteristics, behavior and fate

Greve, P. A., Freudenthal, J., and Wit, S. L. (1972). Potentially hazardous substances in surface waters. 2. Cholinesterase inhibitors in Dutch surface waters. Science of the Total Environment [Sci. Total Environ.]. Vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 253-265. 1972.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: SURVEY.

Descriptors: Indexing in process

Abstract: Several analytical methods were employed to determine the concs of cholinesterase inhibitors in several Dutch surface waters. An auto-analyzer method was used for screening purposes; TLC and GLC-mass spectrometry were used for identification and quantitation of Malathion, parathion, dimethoate, diazinon and carbaryl in extracts of the river Rhine.
records keyed from 1974 ASFA printed journals
Language: English
English
Publication Type: Journal Article
Environmental Regime: Freshwater
Classification: Q5 01503 Characteristics, behavior and fate
Subfile: ASFA 3: Aquatic Pollution & Environmental Quality

Grewal, P. S., Richardson, P. N., COLLINS, G., and Edmondson, R. N. (1992). Comparative Effects of Steinernema feltiae (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) and Insecticides on Yield and Cropping of the Mushroom Agaricus bisporus. Ann.Appl.Biol. 121: 511-520.

EcoReference No.: 85030

Chemical of Concern: DZ,DFZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: GRO,POP; Rejection Code: NO MIXTURE(DZ),OK(DFZ).

Griffiths, John and Lockwood, Martin (1975). Photochemical ring contraction reactions of some 9,10-anthraquinone ortho - quinone diazides. Tetrahedron Letters 16: 683-686.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

Grosch, D. S. (1973). Reproduction Tests: The Toxicity for Artemia of Derivatives From Non-Persistent Pesticides. Biol.Bull. 145: 340-351.

EcoReference No.: 8852

Chemical of Concern: DZ,NP; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: REP,MOR,POP; Rejection Code: NO ENDPOINT(DZ).

Gruber, Hermann J. and Schindler, Hansgeorg (1994). External surface and lamellarity of lipid vesicles: a practice-oriented set of assay methods. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 1189: 212-224.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

Three methods are presented for the determination of external surface of large lipid vesicles of different lamellarity with 2% absolute accuracy. These methods (referred to as EPR, NBD and TNBS assays) use different marker lipids which provide signals (electron paramagnetic resonance, fluorescence of N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl) residues, and UV absorption increase of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid after reaction with aminolipids, respectively). The signals change upon addition of different membrane-impermeant reagents due to reaction with marker lipids at the external vesicle surface. They were applied to the same vesicle samples, including unilamellar and multilamellar vesicles, both at two different lipid compositions. External surface data matched for the three assays within 2%, but only after appropriate redesign or adaptation of so far published procedures. Main improvements related to slow influx of reagents (TNBS and NBD assays) or to redistribution of marker lipids (EPR assay), obscuring determination of outer vesicle surface from fast reaction between reagent and readily accessible marker lipids. Furthermore, suitable stategies were found to obtain accurate 100% values (reaction of all marker lipids present), required to relate external vesicle surface total surface. This included corrections for light scattering (NBD assay) and for turbidity (TNBS assay). These three methods appear to close a gap in the methodology to determine external surface of vesicles for typical practical needs. In particular, the reliability range of the NBD assay could be extended to marker lipid densities as low as 1 marker lipid per 3000 lipids. Ascorbate/ Lipid vesicle/ External surface/ CAT-16/ NBD-PE/ TNBS/ EPR

Gruber, S. J. and Munn, M. D. (1998). Organophosphate and Carbamate Insecticides in Agricultural Waters and Cholinesterase (ChE) Inhibition in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio). Arch.Environ.Contam.Toxicol. 35: 391-396.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ,CPY,AZ,DS,CBL,MLN,EP Rejection Code: MIXTURE.

Grunwald, Jacob, Segall, Yoffi, Shirin, Ezra, Waysbort, Daniel, Steinberg, Nitza, Silman, Israel, and Ashani, Yacov (1989). Aged and non-aged pyrenebutyl-containing organophosphoryl conjugates of chymotrypsin : Preparation and comparison by 31P-NMR spectroscopy. Biochemical Pharmacology 38: 3157-3168.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

Homologous pairs of non-aged and aged pyrene-containing phosphoryl conjugates of chymotrypsin were prepared in order to characterize by NMR and optical spectroscopy putative differences in the conformation of non-aged and aged organophosphoryl conjugates of serine hydrolases. Pyrenebutyl-O-P(O)(OC2H5)F and pyrenebutyl-O-P(O)(OC2H5)Cl were used to obtain the non-aged form pyrenebutyl-O-P(O)(OC2H5)-Cht, whereas pyrenebutyl-O-P(O)Cl2, pyrenebutyl-O-P(O)(p-nitrophenoxy) Cl, and pyrenebutyl-O-P(O)(p-nitrophenoxy)2 were used to produce the aged conjugate pyrenebutyl-O-P(O)(O-)-Cht. These ligands bind covalently to the active site of serine hydrolases. The absorption spectra of both the non-aged and aged conjugates fitted approximately a 1:1 stoichiometry of bound organophosphate and enzyme in the non-aged and aged conjugates. Pyrenebutyl-O-P (O)(OC2H5)-Cht could be reactivated by pyridine-3-aldoxime methiodide, whereas no reactivation was observed for the similarly treated pyrenebutyl-O-P(O)(O-)-Cht. The 31P-NMR and reactivation data taken together strongly support the hypothesis that the aged form of the OP-Cht conjugate contains a P-O- bond. These results provide a partial interpretation for the known resistance of the aged conjugates of serine hydrolases to reactivation.

Guddewar, Madhukar B. and Dauterman, Walter C. (1979). Purification and properties of a glutathione-S-transferase from corn which conjugates s-triazine herbicides. Phytochemistry 18: 735-740.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SZ Rejection Code: NO TOX DATA.

A glutathione-S-transferase involved in atrazine conjugation was purified 43-fold from corn with a total yield of 36%. The purified enzyme has a MW of 45 000 as determined by gel filtration. The estimated activation energy of the enzyme is 6.4 kcal/mol and the optimum pH for activity between 8 and 8.5. Substrate specificity studies with s-triazines indicated that atrazine was the best substrate followed by simazine and propazine. The ---Cl group at the 2-position was essential for enzyme activity, and replacement by a ---SCH3 group resulted in a total loss of activity. The absence of an alkyl group resulted in a reduction of conjugation and 2-chloro-4,6-bis-amino-s-triazine was the poorest substrate. With insecticidal substrates (organophosphates), conjugating activity was observed only with diazinon and little or no activity was observed with ethyl parathion, malathion and etrimfos. No activity was found using methyl iodide as a substrate. The purified enzyme has properties similar to those of an aryl-S-transferase. Quinones were inhibitors of this enzyme. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6TH7-42K6G0C-NH/2/887ffde4ea07935d2af78f2add052974

Guddewar, Madhukar B. and Dauterman, Walter C. (1979). Purification and properties of a glutathione-S-transferase from corn which conjugates s-triazine herbicides. Phytochemistry 18: 735-740.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: IN VITRO.

A glutathione-S-transferase involved in atrazine conjugation was purified 43-fold from corn with a total yield of 36%. The purified enzyme has a MW of 45 000 as determined by gel filtration. The estimated activation energy of the enzyme is 6.4 kcal/mol and the optimum pH for activity between 8 and 8.5. Substrate specificity studies with s-triazines indicated that atrazine was the best substrate followed by simazine and propazine. The ---Cl group at the 2-position was essential for enzyme activity, and replacement by a ---SCH3 group resulted in a total loss of activity. The absence of an alkyl group resulted in a reduction of conjugation and 2-chloro-4,6-bis-amino-s-triazine was the poorest substrate. With insecticidal substrates (organophosphates), conjugating activity was observed only with diazinon and little or no activity was observed with ethyl parathion, malathion and etrimfos. No activity was found using methyl iodide as a substrate. The purified enzyme has properties similar to those of an aryl-S-transferase. Quinones were inhibitors of this enzyme. Zea mays/ Gramineae/ corn/ glutathione-S-transferase/ s-triazine herbicides/ conjugation.

Guerrero, F. D., Alison, M. W. Jr., Kammlah, D. M., and Foil, L. D. (2002). Use of the Polymerase Chain Reaction to Investigate the Dynamics of Pyrethroid Resistance in Haematobia irritans irritans (Diptera: Muscidae). J.Med.Entomol. 39: 747-754 .

EcoReference No.: 69411

Chemical of Concern: DZ,CYH; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR; Rejection Code: NO CONTROL(ALL CHEMS,TARGET-DZ).

Guerrero, F. D., Pruett, J. H., Kunz, S. E., and Kammlah, D. M. (1999). Esterase Profiles of Diazinon-Susceptible and -Resistant Horn Flies (Diptera: Muscidae). J.Econ.Entomol. 92: 286-292.

EcoReference No.: 64557

Chemical of Concern: DZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR,BCM; Rejection Code: OK TARGET(DZ).

Guerrero, Felix D. (2000 ). Cloning of a horn fly cDNA, Hi[alpha]E7, encoding an esterase whose transcript concentration is elevated in diazinon-resistant flies. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 30: 1107-1115.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: NO TOX DATA.

Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to clone two esterase cDNAs from a diazinon-resistant field population of horn flies that expresses qualitative and quantitative differences in esterases compared with a susceptible population. The open reading frame from one of the esterase cDNAs, Hi[alpha]E7, exhibits substantial amino-acid identity to an esterase associated with diazinon resistance in Lucilia cuprina. RNA Northern blots showed that Hi[alpha]E7 mRNA was more abundant in the diazinon-resistant population than the susceptible population. DNA copy number analysis did not reveal major differences in Hi[alpha]E7 gene copy number between the two populations. The full-length cDNA to Hi[alpha]E7 was cloned and sequenced, and found to contain all of the highly conserved sequence elements associated with carboxyl/cholinesterases. The Hi[alpha]E7 homologs in diazinon-resistant strains of L. cuprina and Musca domestica have been shown to possess an amino-acid substitution conferring diazinon hydrolytic activity to the esterase enzyme. This amino-acid substitution was not found in diazinon-resistant horn flies examined by allele-specific PCR. Individual flies from the resistant field population were phenotyped as diazinon-resistant or diazinon-susceptible by topical diazinon application bioassays and total RNA isolated and hybridized to Hi[alpha]E7 probe in ribonuclease protection assays. Hi[alpha]E7 transcript was expressed at a five-fold higher level in resistant female individual flies than in susceptible female individuals. Diazinon resistance/ Ribonuclease protection assays/ Sequence/ Esterases

Guerrero-Rodriguez, E., Davalos-Luna, S., and Corrales-Reynaga, J. (1995). RESPONSE OF MEXICAN CORN ROOTWORM TO INSECTICIDES 1991. Burditt, A. K. Jr. (Ed.). Arthropod Management Tests, Vol. 20. Iii+399p. Entomological Society of America: Lanham, Maryland, Usa. Isbn 0-938522-53-1. 0 : 329.
Chem Codes: CBF Rejection Code: BOOK ORDERED - BURDITT VOL 2O.

ABSTRACT: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM BOOK CHAPTER ZEA-MAYS DIABROTICA-VIRGIFERA-ZEAE CHLORPYRIFOS DIAZINON FONOFOS ISAZOFOS PROTHIOFOS TERBUFOS CARBOFURAN LINDANE TEFLUTHRIN INSECTICIDE PESTICIDE EVALUATION ARTHROPOD MANAGEMENT TEST LABORATORY BIOASSAY

KEYWORDS: Agronomy-Grain Crops
KEYWORDS: Agronomy-Forage Crops and Fodder
KEYWORDS: Agronomy-Oil Crops
KEYWORDS: Horticulture-Vegetables
KEYWORDS: Pest Control
KEYWORDS: Economic Entomology-Field
KEYWORDS: Economic Entomology-Chemical and Physical Control
KEYWORDS: Gramineae
KEYWORDS: Coleoptera

GUERRERO-RODRIGUEZ, E., PAXTIAN-HERNANDEZ, J., and AGUIRRE-URIBE LA (1993). RESIDUAL FILM BIOASSAY 1989. BURDITT, A. K. JR. (ED.). INSECTICIDE & ACARICIDE TESTS, VOL. 18. II+405P. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA: LANHAM, MARYLAND, USA.; 0 (0). 1993. 374.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: ABSTRACT,MIXTURE.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM ABSTRACT POULTRY FOWL TICK CHLORFENVINPHOS DIAZINON COUMAPHOS TRICHLORFON LINDANE INSECTICIDE Congresses/ Biology/ Biochemistry/ Poisoning/ Animals, Laboratory/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Animals/ Arachnida/ Entomology/Economics/ Pest Control/ Arachnida/ Entomology/Economics/ Insecticides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Anatomy, Comparative/ Animal/ Arthropods/Physiology/ Physiology, Comparative/ Pathology/ Arthropods/ Birds

Guglielmone, A. A., Castelli, M. E., Volpogni, M. M., Medus, P. D., Martins, J. R., Suarez, V. H., Anziani, O. S., and Mangold, A. J. (2001). Toxicity of Cypermethrin and Diazinon to Haematobia irritans (Diptera: Muscidae) in Its American Southern Range. Vet.Parasitol. 101: 67-73.

EcoReference No.: 66592

Chemical of Concern: CYP,DZ; Habitat: T; Rejection Code: TARGET(CYP,DZ).

Guinn, R., Coulter, J., and Dickson, K. (1995). Use of a Constructed Wetland to Reduce Diazinon Toxicity in a Municipal Wastewater Effluent. Proc.24th Water for Texas Conf., Texas Water Resour.Inst.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: EFFLUENT.

Guinn, R., Dickson, K., and Waller, T. (1998). Use of Constructed Wetlands to Treat Diazinon. Abstract-1.html at twri.tamu.edu 3.

Chem Codes: EcoReference No.: 45847
Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: NO DURATION.

Gunner, H. B. and Zuckerman, B. M. (1968). Degradation of `Diazinon' by Synergistic Microbial Action. Nature 217: 1183-1184.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: BACTERIA.

Guo, L., Nordmark, C. E., Spurlock, F. C., Johnson, B. R., Li, L., Lee, J. M., and Goh, K. S. (2004). Characterizing Dependence of Pesticide Load in Surface Water on Precipitation and Pesticide Use for the Sacramento River Watershed. Environmental Science & Technology [Environ. Sci. Technol.]. Vol. 38, no. 14, pp. 3842-3852. 15 Jul 2004.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: FATE.

ISSN: 0013-936X

Descriptors: Pesticide content of precipitation
Descriptors: Pesticides in water
Descriptors: Rainfall-runoff relationships
Descriptors: Regression techniques
Descriptors: Watershed pollution
Descriptors: Time series analysis
Descriptors: Pesticides
Descriptors: Rivers
Descriptors: Watersheds
Descriptors: Precipitation
Descriptors: Surface Water
Descriptors: Model Studies
Descriptors: Surface Runoff
Descriptors: Diazinon
Descriptors: Contamination
Descriptors: Technology
Descriptors: Assessments
Descriptors: Diuron
Descriptors: Storms
Descriptors: Nonpoint Pollution Sources
Descriptors: Statistical Models
Descriptors: Rainfall
Descriptors: Simazine
Descriptors: Nonpoint pollution
Descriptors: Stormwater runoff
Descriptors: Pollution dispersion
Descriptors: Transport processes
Descriptors: Atmospheric precipitations
Descriptors: Water pollution
Descriptors: Runoff
Descriptors: Environmental factors
Descriptors: USA, California, Sacramento R.
Abstract: Transport of pesticides by surface runoff during rainfall events is a major process contributing to pesticide contamination in rivers. This study presents an empirical regression model that relates pesticide loading over time in the Sacramento River with the precipitation and pesticide use in the Sacramento River watershed. The model closely simulated loading dynamics of diazinon, simazine, and diuron during 1991--1994 and 1997--2000 winter storm seasons. The coefficients of determination for regression ranged from 0.168 to 0.907, all were significant at <0.001. The results of this study provide strong evidence that precipitation and pesticide use are the two major environmental variables dictating the dynamics of pesticide transport into surface water in a watershed. The capability of the statistical model to provide time-series estimates on pesticide loading in rivers is unique and may be useful for total maximum daily load (TMDL) assessments.
DOI: 10.1021/es0351241
Language: English
English
Publication Type: Journal Article
Environmental Regime: Freshwater
Classification: M2 551.577.13 Chemical properties of precipitation. Acid precipitation (551.577.13)
Classification: SW 3020 Sources and fate of pollution
Classification: P 2000 FRESHWATER POLLUTION
Classification: AQ 00002 Water Quality
Classification: Q5 01503 Characteristics, behavior and fate
Classification: EE 40 Water Pollution: Monitoring, Control & Remediation
Classification: M2 556.16 Runoff (556.16)
Classification: M2 556.51 Drainage Areas (556.51)
Subfile: ASFA 3: Aquatic Pollution & Environmental Quality; Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts; Environmental Engineering Abstracts; Pollution Abstracts; Aqualine Abstracts; Water Resources Abstracts

Guo, Lei, Nordmark, Craig E, Spurlock, Frank C, Johnson, Bruce R, Li, Linying, Lee, J Marshall , and Goh, Kean S (2004). Characterizing dependence of pesticide load in surface water on precipitation and pesticide use for the Sacramento River watershed. Environmental Science & Technology 38: 3842-3852.