N., and Bakry, N. M. (2006)

Environmental Regime: Freshwater
Classification: P 5000 LAND POLLUTION
Classification: Q5 01503 Characteristics, behavior and fate
Subfile: Pollution Abstracts; ASFA 3: Aquatic Pollution & Environmental Quality

Evans, J. R., Edwards, D. R., Workman, S. R., and Williams, R. M. (1998). Response of Runoff Diazinon Concentration to Formulation and Post-Application Irrigation. Trans.ASAE (Am.Soc.Agric.Eng.) 41: 1323-1329.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: NO TOX DATA.

Evtugyn, G. A., Ivanov, A. N., Gogol, E. V., Marty, J. L., and Budnikov, H. C. (1999). Amperometric flow-through biosensor for the determination of cholinesterase inhibitors. Analytica Chimica Acta 385: 13-21.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

An amperometric flow-through biosensor based on epoxy-carbon electrode and butyrylcholinesterase immobilised on nylon, cellulose nitrate or white tracing paper has been developed and examined for the determination of reversible and irreversible inhibitors. The analytical characteristics of inhibitor determination depend on the hydrophobicity of the membrane material. Flow-through biosensor with various enzymatic membranes makes it possible to determine fluoride in the concentration range 1 x 10-4-25 x 10-4 mol l-1 and 3.5 x 10-5-1 x 10-2 mol l-1 when cholinesterase solution is used. The analytical characteristics of fluoride determination do not differ significantly from those obtained in batch conditions. For diazinon the immobilisation of cholinesterase results in the decrease of detection limits from 5 x 10-9 mol l-1 (native enzyme) to 4 x 10-9 mol l-1 (nylon membrane) and 1.5 x 10-9 mol l-1 (cellulose nitrate membrane). The influence of membrane material on analytical characteristics of FIA determination of inhibitors is due to the non-stationary distribution of reagents (fluoride) or sorptional preconcentration of the inhibitor (diazinon) in membrane. Amperometry/ Flow injection/ Cholinesterase/ Inhibitor detection

Evtugyn, G. A., Rizaeva, E. P., Stoikova, E. E., Latipova, V. Z., and Budnikov, H. C. (1997). The Application of Cholinesterase Potentiometric Biosensor for Preliminary Screening of the Toxicity of Waste Waters. Electroanalysis 9: 1124-1128.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: EFFLUENT.

Eytan, Gera D., Broza, Rachel, and Shalitin, Yechiel (1988). Gramicidin S and dodecylamine induce leakage and fusion of membranes at micromolar concentrations. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 937: 387-397.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

The effect of the antibiotic gramicidin S and the synthetic cationic amphipath dodecylamine on membranes was studied with large unilamellar vesicles containing phosphatidylcholine and varying concentrations of cardiolipin. Fusion of vesicles composed of equal amounts of the two phospholipids occurred with both drugs at concentrations lower than 10 [mu]M. Fusion was accompanied by leakage of the contents, while higher drug concentrations caused complete loss of vesicle contents. Drug concentrations at least one order of magnitude lower were needed to induce leakage from vesicles containing only phosphatidylcholine. Under these conditions, contents leakage occurred with no measurable aggregation or membrane intermixing. On the other hand, much higher concentrations of both drugs were required to induce leakage from vesicles containing predominantly cardiolipin. Release of contents occurred upon aggregation of the vesicles and collapse of the vesicular organization, as well as formation of paracrystalline structure when dodecylamine was employed or amorphous material when gramicidin A was used. In contradistinction to other model systems, phosphatidylcholine was needed for fusion induced by the cationic amphipaths, and its presence reduced the threshold concentration of the drugs needed to induce leakage of the contents. The similar effects of the two drugs on membranes imply that, at least in these model membranes, the relevant feature of both drugs is only their amphiphatic nature. Gramicidin S/ Liposome/ Membrane fusion/ Dodecylamine/ Cationic amphipath

Ezz El Arab, Abla, Attar, Abdulrahman, Ballhorn, Lothar, Freitag, Dieter, and Korte, Friedhelm (1990). Behavior of diazinon in a perch species. Chemosphere 21: 193-199.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METABOLISM.

Accumulation, depletion and metabolism of 14C-labeled diazinon (100 mg/L) an organo phosphoric insecticide and acaricide was studied in a perch. Bioaccumulation factors of diazinon were found to be low. Depletion of diazinon and/or its metabolites in fresh water was fast. The substance was readily metabolized mainly by cleavage of the phosphoric acid moiety of the molecule. Highest concentrations of diazinon and/or its metabolites were found in the vertebral cord, lowest concentrations in the muscle. 14C-radiolabeled compound was synthesized in our institute. The synthesis is described.

Fahrig, R. (1974). Comparative Mutagenicity Studies with Pesticides. IARC Sci.Publ. 10: 161-181.
Chem Codes: EcoReference No.: 76858
Chemical of Concern: MCPB,CBL,SZ,DQT,MP,Ziram,DMT,PCP,Folpt,Captan,MCPA,MLN,DZ,AND,EN,ES Rejection Code: REVIEW.

Farnham, A. W. (1971). Changes in Cross-Resistance Patterns of Houseflies Selected with Natural Pyrethrins or Resmethrin (5-Benyl-3-Furymethyl (+ -)-cis-trans-Chrysanthemate). Pest Sci. 2: 138-143.

EcoReference No.: 72331

Chemical of Concern: RSM,DDT,DLD,DZ,PYN,BRSM; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR; Rejection Code: NO CONTROL(ALL CHEMS,TARGET-DZ,RSM).

FARNSWORTH WR, COLLETT MG, and RIDLEY IS (1997). Field survey of insecticide resistance in Haematobia irritans exigua de Meijere (Diptera: Muscidae).

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: PPB Rejection Code: SURVEY.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. A survey of farms in northern New South Wales and southeastern, central, western and northern Queensland was conducted to determine levels of insecticide resistance in populations of buffalo fly Haematobia irritans exigua. A field bioassay using discriminating concentrations of 10 insecticides commonly used for buffalo fly control was used. Resistance to all synthetic pyrethroids tested (cypermethrin, deltamethrin, cyhalothrin, flumethrin and cyfluthrin) was common and widespread in coastal zones, but was lower in inland zones. In contrast, there was no resistance to the organophosphate diazinon and only low levels of resistance to ethion and chlorfenvinfos. Synergism between piperonyl butoxide and cypermethrin was demonstrated. Biochemistry/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Arachnida/ Entomology/Economics/ Insecticides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Animal/ Disease/ Insects/Parasitology/ Diptera

FARRIS GA, CABRAS, P., and SPANEDDA, L. (1992). PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN FOOD PROCESSING. ITAL J FOOD SCI; 4 149-169.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: HUMAN HEALTH.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM REVIEW OLIVE OIL TABLE OLIVES WINE MAKING BEER PESTICIDE REDUCTION FOOD PROCESSING DIAZINON METHIDATHION INSECTICIDE Biochemistry/ Food Technology/ Fruit/ Nuts/ Vegetables/ Fermentation/ Food Technology/ Fats/ Food Technology/ Oils/ Food Analysis/ Food Technology/ Food-Processing Industry/ Food Technology/ Food Additives/Poisoning/ Food Additives/Toxicity/ Food Contamination/ Food Poisoning/ Food Preservatives/Poisoning/ Food Preservatives/Toxicity/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Grasses/ Plants/ Plants

Faust, S. D. and Gomaa, H. M. (1972). Chemical Hydrolysis of Some Organic Phosphorus and Carbamate Pesticides in Aquatic Environments. Environ.Lett. 3: 171-201.
Chem Codes: EcoReference No.: 61709
Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: REVIEW.

Feigenbrugel, Valerie, Le Calve, Stephane, and Mirabel, Philippe (2004). Temperature dependence of Henry's law constants of metolachlor and diazinon. Chemosphere 57: 319-327.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

A dynamic system based on the water/air equilibrium at the interface within the length of a microporous tube has been used to determine experimentally the Henry's law constants (HLC) of two pesticides: metolachlor and diazinon. The measurements were conducted over the temperature range 283-301 K. At 293 K, HLCs values are (42.6 +/- 2.8) x 103 (in units of M atm-1) for metolachlor and (3.0 +/- 0.3) x 103 for diazinon. The obtained data were used to derive the following Arrhenius expressions: HLC=(3.0 +/- 0.4) x 10-11 exp((10 200+/-1000)/T) for metolachlor and (7.2 +/- 0.5) x 10-15 exp((11 900+/-700)/T) for diazinon.At a cumulus cloud temperature of 283 K, the fractions of metolachlor and diazinon in the atmospheric aqueous phase are about 57% and 11% respectively. In order to evaluate the impact of a cloud on the atmospheric chemistry of both studied pesticides, we compare also their atmospheric lifetimes under clear sky ([tau]gas), and cloudy conditions ([tau]multiphase). The calculated multiphase lifetimes (in units of hours) are significantly lower than those in gas phase at a cumulus temperature of 283 K (in parentheses): metolachlor, 0.4 (2.9); diazinon, 1.9 (5.0). Pesticides/ Metolachlor/ Diazinon/ Henry's law constants

Fellers, G. M., McConnell, L. L., Pratt, D., and Datta, S. (2004). Pesticides in mountain yellow-legged frogs (Rana muscosa) from the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California, USA. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry [Environ. Toxicol. Chem.]. Vol. 23, no. 9, pp. 2170-2177. Sep 2004.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: SURVEY.

ISSN: 0730-7268

Descriptors: Pesticides
Descriptors: Water pollution
Descriptors: Pollution effects
Descriptors: Tissues
Descriptors: Surface water
Descriptors: Diazinon
Descriptors: Frogs
Descriptors: Mountains
Descriptors: Lakes
Descriptors: National Parks
Descriptors: Insecticides
Descriptors: Lake Basins
Descriptors: DDE
Descriptors: Water Pollution Effects
Descriptors: Bioaccumulation
Descriptors: Rana muscosa
Descriptors: USA, California, Sierra Nevada Mts.
Abstract: In 1997, pesticide concentrations were measured in mountain yellow-legged frogs (Rana muscosa) from two areas in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California, USA. One area (Sixty Lakes Basin, Kings Canyon National Park) had large, apparently healthy populations of frogs. A second area (Tablelands, Sequoia National Park) once had large populations, but the species had been extirpated from this area by the early 1980s. The Tablelands is exposed directly to prevailing winds from agricultural regions to the west. When an experimental reintroduction of R. muscosa in 1994 to 1995 was deemed unsuccessful in 1997, the last 20 (reintroduced) frogs that could be found were collected from the Tablelands, and pesticide concentrations in both frog tissue and the water were measured at both the Tablelands and at reference sites at Sixty Lakes. In frog tissues, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) concentration was one to two orders of magnitude higher than the other organochlorines (46 plus or minus 20 ng/g wet wt at Tablelands and 17 plus or minus 8 Sixty Lakes). Both gamma -chlordane and trans-nonachlor were found in significantly greater concentrations in Tablelands frog tissues compared with Sixty Lakes. Organophosphate insecticides, chlorpyrifos, and diazinon were observed primarily in surface water with higher concentrations at the Tablelands sites. No contaminants were significantly higher in our Sixty Lakes samples.
Language: English
English
Publication Type: Journal Article
Classification: P 2000 FRESHWATER POLLUTION
Classification: SW 3030 Effects of pollution
Classification: AQ 00008 Effects of Pollution
Classification: X 24136 Environmental impact
Classification: EE 40 Water Pollution: Monitoring, Control & Remediation
Subfile: Environmental Engineering Abstracts; Toxicology Abstracts; Aqualine Abstracts; Water Resources Abstracts; Pollution Abstracts

Fernandez-Alba, A. R., Guil, L. H., Lopez, G. D., and Chisti, Y. (2001). Toxicity of Pesticides in Wastewater: A Comparative Assessment of Rapid Bioassays. Anal.Chim.Acta 426: 289-301.

User 1 Abbreviation: www.sciencedirect.com (1995-Present)

EcoReference No.: 74540
Chemical of Concern: DZ,DDT,CBL,CBF,MLN,CYR,FMP,FTT,PPM,PAQT; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: MOR; Rejection Code: LITE EVAL CODED(CBF),OK(ALL CHEMS),NO REVIEW(DZ).

Fernando, J. C., Rogers, K. R., Anis, N. A., Valdes, J. J., Thompson, R. G., Eldefrawi, A. T., and Eldefrawi, M. E. *. (1993). Rapid detection of anticholinesterase insecticides by a reusable light addressable potentiometric biosensor. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry [j. Agric. Food chem.] 41: 511-516.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: MOM,CBF,ADC Rejection Code: IN VITRO.

Abstract: A light addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS) was used to detect organophosphate and carbamate anticholinesterases (anti-ChEs), using eel acetylcholinesterase (AChE) as the biological sensing element. Biotinylated AChE was preincubated with inhibitor or buffer alone and then captured on biotinylated nitrocellulose membrane via streptavidin cross-linking, or AChE was preimmobilized on the capture membrane and then a sample containing the anti-ChE was filtered through the capture membrane. Hydrolysis of acetylcholine (ACh) by the captured AChE resulted in a strong potentiometric signal, and the immobilized AChE retained its affinity for ACh and anti-ChEs. IC sub(50) values for inhibition of captured AChE obtained by the LAPS agreed with those obtained by a spectrophotometric method or a fiber optic evanescent fluorosensor. Paraoxon and bendiocarb were detected at 10 nM, while higher concentrations were required for monocrotophos, dicrotophos, dichlorvos, phosdrin, diazinon, tetraethyl pyrophosphate, aldicarb, and methomyl. Important features of the LAPS for detection of anti-ChEs are speed (eight samples assayed simultaneously in minutes), precision, and reusability.

Ferrari, M. J., Ator, S. W., Blomquist, J. D., and Dysart, J. E. (1997 ). Pesticides in surface water of the Mid-Atlantic region.
Chem Codes : SZ Rejection Code: NO SPECIES.

Water-quality data from 463 surface-water sites were compiled and analyzed to document the occurrence and distribution of pesticides in surface water of the Mid-Atlantic region as part of the Mid-Atlantic Integrated Assessment program of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Those data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey from October 1973 through March 1997 were used in the analyses. Data are available for a large part of the Mid-Atlantic region, but large spatial gaps in the data do exist. USGS data bases contained analyses of surface-water samples for 127 pesticide compounds, including 12 degradates, but only 16 of the compounds were commonly detected. Atrazine, metolachlor, simazine, prometon, alachlor, tebuthiuron, cyanazine, diazinon, carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, pendimethalin, 2,4-D, dieldrin, DCPA, metribuzin, and desethylatrazine (an atrazine degradate) were detected in more than 100 of the samples analyzed. At least one pesticide was detected in about 75 percent of the samples collected and at more than 90 percent of the sites sampled. Concentrations greater than the Federal Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) for drinking water of 3 micrograms per liter ( mu g/L) for atrazine were found in 67 of 2,076 samples analyzed; concentrations greater than the MCL of 2 mu g/L for alachlor were found in 13 of 1,693 samples analyzed, and concentrations greater than the MCL of 4 mu g/L for simazine were found in 17 of 1,995 samples analyzed. Concentrations of four pesticides were greater than Federal Health Advisory levels for drinking water, and concentrations of nine pesticides were greater than Federal Ambient Water-Quality Criteria for the Protection of Aquatic Organisms. Streams draining basins with different land uses tend to have different pesticide detection frequencies and median concentrations. Median concentrations of herbicides tend to be highest in streams draining basins in which the major land use is agriculture, whereas median concentrations of insecticides tend to he highest in streams draining extensively urbanized basins. Concentrations of both herbicides and insecticides are usually highest during the spring and summer, although many pesticides are present at low concentrations in surface water throughout the year. Pesticide concentrations vary greatly seasonally and over different hydrologic conditions, with overall variation sometimes exceeding four orders of magnitude. During periods of pesticide application (typically spring and summer), the occurrence of selected pesticides in some streams in the Mid-Atlantic region is related to streamflow. Correlations between concentrations of selected pesticides and streamflow are statistically significant during spring and summer for small (draining less than 55 square miles) streams. Concentrations of selected pesticides in small streams increase during high flows in the growing season, up to 30 times the concentrations present during low-flow conditions in the growing season. In small streams draining urban areas, concentrations of atrazine decrease during high-flow events but concentrations of the insecticides diazinon and chlorpyrifos increase. This may be due to the differences in the pesticides used in agricultural and urban areas and the amounts applied U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, BOX 25286, DENVER FEDERAL CENTER, DENVER, CO 80225 (USA). 12 pp. 1997
English
English
Report
SW 3020 Sources and fate of pollution; P 2000 FRESHWATER POLLUTION
Water Resources Abstracts; Pollution Abstracts
4381575 A1: Alert Info 20030131

FINIZIO, A., VIGHI, M., and SANDRONI, D. (1997). Determination of N-octanol/water partition coefficient (Kow) of pesticide critical review and comparison of methods. CHEMOSPHERE; 34 131-161.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS, REVIEW.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Octanol/water partition coefficients (log Kow) for 87 chemicals representing the main classes of pesticides have been determined by means of three different estimation methods (RP-HPLC, ClogP, calculation from water solubility), and the results have been compared with experimental values (measured mainly with Slow Stirring or Shake Flask methods), collected through a survey of the literature. On the basis of a critical evaluation of all available data, a selected value for each pesticide has been proposed. Values and limitations of the three estimation methods has been discussed. Biochemistry/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides

FISCHER AB, BIGALKE, B., HERR, C., and EIKMANN, T. (1999). Pest control in public institutions. TOXICOLOGY LETTERS (SHANNON); 107 (1-3). 1999. 75-80.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: NO TOX DATA.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. After the spraying of insecticides against cockroaches in a kindergarten insecticide residues were detected over several months in spite of extensive decontamination. This prompted measurements in a home for asylum seekers, where insect pests had been controlled regularly by a commercial firm; here the presence of various biocides was demonstrated. As the insecticides could not be sufficiently decontaminated, the further administration was discontinued and instead cockroach traps and baits were Environmental Health/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides

Fischer, Reiner, Erdelen, Christoph, and Bretschneider, Thomas (20011004). Synergistic insecticidal and acaricidal compositions containing dihydrofuranone derivatives. 49 pp.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SPM Rejection Code: CHEM METHODS.

The title compns. comprise a dihydrofuranone deriv. I [X = halo, (halo)alkyl or alkoxy; Y = H or X; Z = halo, alkyl or alkoxy;n = 0, 1-3; A = H, (halo)alkyl, (halo)alkenyl, (halo)alkynyl, etc.; B = H, alkyl or alkoxyalkyl; ACB = (un)substituted ring; G = H, COR1, CO2R2, etc.; R1 = (halo)alkyl, (halo)alkenyl, (un)substituted Ph, etc.; R2 = (halo)alkyl, (halo)alkenyl, (un)substituted Ph or benzyl, etc.] and any of 43 known insecticides. [on SciFinder (R)] synergism/ insecticide/ acaricide/ compn/ dihydrofuranone/ deriv Copyright: Copyright 2004 ACS on SciFinder (R))

Database: CAPLUS
Accession Number: AN 2001:730499
Chemical Abstracts Number: CAN 135:268768
Section Code: 5-4
Section Title: Agrochemical Bioregulators
Coden: PIXXD2
Index Terms: Acaricides; Insecticides (synergistic; compns. contg. dihydrofuranone derivs.)
CAS Registry Numbers: 362599-84-6 Role: AGR (Agricultural use), BIOL (Biological study), USES (Uses) (synergistic insecticidal and acaricidal compn.); 52-68-6D (Trichlorfon); 55-38-9D (Fenthion); 56-38-2D (Parathion); 60-51-5D (Dimethoate); 62-73-7D; 63-25-2D (Carbaryl); 86-50-0D (Azinphosmethyl); 114-26-1D (Propoxur); 121-75-5D (Malathion); 122-14-5D (Fenitrothion); 141-66-2D (Dicrotophos); 298-00-0D (Parathionmethyl); 298-02-2D (Phorate); 298-04-4D (Disulfoton); 301-12-2D (Oxydemetonmethyl); 333-41-5D (Diazinon); 470-90-6D (Chlorfenvinphos); 563-12-2D (Ethion); 732-11-6D (Phosmet); 950-37-8D (Methidathion); 2032-65-7D (Methiocarb); 2310-17-0D (Phosalone); 2597-03-7D (Phenthoate); 2921-88-2D (Chlorpyrifos); 6923-22-4D (Monocrotophos); 7786-34-7D (Mevinphos); 10265-92-6D (Methamidophos); 13171-21-6D (Phosphamidon); 14816-18-3D (Phoxim); 16752-77-5D (Methomyl); 18854-01-8D (Isoxathion); 22259-30-9D (Formetanat); 23103-98-2D (Pirimicarb); 23135-22-0D (Oxamyl); 23422-53-9D (Formetanate Hydrochloride); 24017-47-8D (Triazophos); 29232-93-7D (Pirimiphosmethyl); 30560-19-1D (Acephate); 34643-46-4D (Prothiophos); 41198-08-7D (Profenofos); 59669-26-0D (Thiodicarb); 72490-01-8D (Fenoxycarb); 96182-53-5D (Tebupirimphos); 283594-90-1D Role: AGR (Agricultural use), BIOL (Biological study), USES (Uses) (synergistic insecticidal and acaricidal compns.)
PCT Designated States: Designated States W: AE, AG, AL, AM, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BR, BY, BZ, CA, CH, CN, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, DZ, EE, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IS, JP, KE, KG, KP, KR, KZ, LC, LK, LR, LS, LT, LU, LV, MA, MD, MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, MZ, NO, NZ, PL, PT, RO, RU, SD, SE, SG, SI, SK, SL, TJ, TM, TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VN, YU, ZA, ZW, AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, MD, RU, TJ, TM.
PCT Reg. Des. States: Designated States RW: AT, BE, CH, CY, DE, DK, ES, FI, FR, GB, GR, IE, IT, LU, MC, NL, PT, SE, TR, BF, BJ, CF, CG, CI, CM, GA, ML, MR, NE, SN, TD, TG.

Written in German.

Fix, Marina and Melchior, Donald L. (2002). The Fluorosome(TM) technique for investigating membrane on- and off-loading of drugs by [beta]-CD and sonicated SUV. FEBS Letters 516: 109-112.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

The application of the Fluorosome technique to test drug delivery systems is described. Fluorosomes, egg phosphatidylcholine liposomes with bilayer embedded fluorophores, were employed to investigate the ability of sonicated small unilamellar vesicles (sSUV) and [beta]-cyclodextrins ([beta]-CD) to deliver drugs into or extract drugs from the fluorosome’s phospholipid bilayer. The addition of phloretin to a fluorosome suspension resulted in fluorescence reduction reflecting phloretin entering the bilayer and quenching fluorophore fluorescence. Subsequent addition of sSUV to phloretin pretreated fluorosomes showed an increase in fluorescence reflecting phloretin extraction from the fluorosome membrane. Sequential additions of [beta]-estradiol loaded [beta]-CD to fluorosomes as well as the addition of [beta]-estradiol alone resulted in fluorescence reduction due to [beta]-estradiol insertion into the membrane. Further addition of pure [beta]-CD resulted in a fluorescence increase indicating [beta]-estradiol extraction from the fluorosome membrane. Fluorosome/ Nitrobenzoxa-1,3-diazolyl fluorophore/ Diphenylhexatrienyl propanoyl fluorophore/ Drug delivery system/ Cyclodextrin/ Sonicated small unilamellar vesicle