N., and Bakry, N. M. (2006)

Fujii, Y. and Asaka, S. (1982). Metabolism of Diazinon and Diazoxon in Fish Liver Preparations. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology [BULL. ENVIRON. CONTAM. TOXICOL.]. Vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 455-460. 1982.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: IN VITRO.

ISSN: 0007-4861

Descriptors: metabolism
Descriptors: liver
Abstract: Although the metabolism of diazinon and diazoxon in mammals has been reported, little is known about the in vitro metabolism of diazinon and diazoxon in fish liver preparations. Other researches have reported the intake and excretion of diazinon and its in vivo metabolism by fresh-water fishes, and found some metabolites. The present study was undertaken to investigate the in vitro metabolism of diazinon and diazoxon in fish liver preparations, and to identify the metabolites.
Language: English
English
Publication Type: Journal Article
Classification: X 24133 Metabolism
Subfile: Toxicology Abstracts

Fujii, Y. and Asaka, S. (1982). Metabolism of Diazinon in Fish Liver Preparations. Bull.Environ.Contam.Toxicol. 29: 455-460.

Chem Codes: EcoReference No.: 61736
Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: IN VITRO/METABOLISM.

Fukushima, M., Yamaguchi, Y., and Yamada, A. (1995). Temporal trend of pesticide pollution in river water as a source of potable water. Selected papers from the iwsa international specialized conference on advanced treatment and integrated water system management into the 21st century., 1995, pp. 107-112, water supply [water supply], vol. 13, no. 3-4.

Chem Codes: MLT Rejection Code: NO SPECIES.

Conference: IWSA International Specialized Conference on Advanced Treatment and Integrated Water System Management into the 21st Century, Osaka (Japan), 15-17 May 1995

Abstract: A long time monitoring survey of various pesticides has conducted in the Lake Biwa and Yodo River basin. During Apr.1990 and Aug.1994, 30 pesticides were identified and it was clear that the basin was contaminated with various pesticides released from the paddy fields, residential and urban areas. Of those, 18 pesticides were frequently detected. The highest in concentration was 20 mu g /l with isoprothiolane, diazinon, dichlorvos, iprofenfos, molinate, simetryn and thiobencarb exceeded 1 mu g/l. The concentration profiles in main stream differed from those in tributaries. Though the concentrations of some pesticides including diazinon, iprofenfos etc. were higher in summer than in winter, no such seasonal variation was noticed with fenitrothion, dichlorvos etc. All observed data were less than the allowable drinking water limits.

Fukushima, M., Yamaguchi, Y., and Yamada, A. (1995). Temporal trend of pesticide pollution in river water as a source of potable water.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: SURVEY.

ISSN: 0735-1917

Descriptors: Japan, Biwa L.
Descriptors: monitoring
Descriptors: pesticides
Descriptors: water pollution
Descriptors: drinking water
Descriptors: water supply
Descriptors: water pollution sources
Descriptors: seasonal variations
Descriptors: temporal distribution
Descriptors: freshwater pollution
Descriptors: Japan, Yodo R.
Abstract: A long time monitoring survey of various pesticides has conducted in the Lake Biwa and Yodo River basin. During Apr.1990 and Aug.1994, 30 pesticides were identified and it was clear that the basin was contaminated with various pesticides released from the paddy fields, residential and urban areas. Of those, 18 pesticides were frequently detected. The highest in concentration was 20 mu g/l with isoprothiolane, diazinon, dichlorvos, iprofenfos, molinate, simetryn and thiobencarb exceeded 1 mu g/l. The concentration profiles in main stream differed from those in tributaries. Though the concentrations of some pesticides including diazinon, iprofenfos etc. were higher in summer than in winter, no such seasonal variation was noticed with fenitrothion, dichlorvos etc. All observed data were less than the allowable drinking water limits.
Conference: IWSA International Specialized Conference on Advanced Treatment and Integrated Water System Management into the 21st Century, Osaka (Japan), 15-17 May 1995
Language: English
English
Publication Type: Book Monograph
Publication Type: Conference
Classification: SW 3020 Sources and fate of pollution
Classification: P 2000 FRESHWATER POLLUTION
Classification: X 24120 Food, additives & contaminants
Classification: X 24136 Environmental impact
Subfile: Toxicology Abstracts; Pollution Abstracts; Water Resources Abstracts

Funaki, E. and Motoyama, N. (1986). Cross Resistance to Various Insecticides of the Housefly Selected with a Pyrethroid. J.Pestic.Sci. 11: 219-222.

EcoReference No.: 71457

Chemical of Concern: PYN,ATN,FVL,EFX,TMT,PTR,FNV,PRM,PPX,TMP,DDVP,HCCH,RSM,DDT,DZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR; Rejection Code: NO CONTROL(ALL CHEMS,TARGET-DZ),OK TARGET(RSM).

Furlong, C. E., Li, W. F., Brophy, V. H., Jarvik, G. P., Richter, R. J., Shih, D. M., Lusis, A. J., and Costa, L. G. (2000). The PON1 Gene and Detoxication. Neurotoxicology [Neurotoxicology]. Vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 581-588. Aug 2000.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: HUMAN HEALTH.

ISSN: 0161-813X

Descriptors: Aryldialkylphosphatase
Descriptors: Detoxification
Descriptors: Paraoxon
Descriptors: Chlorpyrifos
Descriptors: Organophosphorus compounds
Abstract: It has been assumed since its discovery that serum paraoxonase (PON1) plays a major role in the detoxication of specific organophosphorus compounds. It was also assumed that individuals with low PON1 activity would be more susceptible to paraoxon/parathion poisoning than individuals with higher PON1 activity. Evidence supporting this hypothesis was provided by injection of rabbit PON1 into rodents. Injected PON1 protected against paraoxon toxicity in rats and chlorpyrifos oxon toxicity in mice. The recent availability of PON1 knockout mice has provided an in vivo system with which one can more closely examine the role of PON1 in detoxication. PON1 knockout mice demonstrated dramatically increased sensitivity to chlorpyrifos oxon and diazoxon and moderately increased sensitivity to the respective parent compounds. The PON1 knockout mutation also resulted in the elimination of liver PON1 activity, accounting for the dramatic increase in sensitivity to chlorpyrifos oxon and diazoxon. Totally unexpected was our finding that the PON1 knockout mice were not more sensitive to paraoxon. This was particularly surprising in light of the earlier enzyme injection experiments. Differences in the relative catalytic efficiencies of rabbit vs. mouse PON1 for the specific oxon forms explain these observations. Mouse PON1 has good catalytic efficiency for the hydrolysis of diazoxon and chlorpyrifos oxon, but a poor efficiency for paraoxon hydrolysis relative to rabbit PON1. The human PON1Q192 isoform has a catalytic efficiency similar to that of mice, whereas the human PON1R192 isoform has a much better catalytic efficiency, predicting that individuals expressing high levels of the PON1R192 isoform may have increased resistance to paraoxon toxicity.
Language: English
English
Publication Type: Journal Article
Classification: N3 11104 Mammals (except primates)
Classification: X 24135 Biochemistry
Subfile: CSA Neurosciences Abstracts; Toxicology Abstracts

Furlong, C. E., Li, W. F., Costa, L. G., Richter, R. J., Shih, D. M., and Lusis, A. J. (1998). Genetically determined susceptibility to organophosphorus insecticides and nerve agents: Developing a mouse model for the human PON1 polymorphism. Neurotoxicology [Neurotoxicology]. Vol. 19, no. 4-5, pp. 645-650. Aug-Oct 1998.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: HUMAN HEALTH.

ISSN: 0161-813X

Descriptors: Insecticides
Descriptors: Pesticides (organophosphorus)
Descriptors: Chlorpyrifos
Descriptors: Animal models
Abstract: Several organophosphorus insecticides and nerve agents are detoxified through the cytochrome P450/paraoxonase (PON1) pathway. PON1 is an HDL-associated enzyme encoded as a 355 amino acid protein in humans. The PON1 Arg sub(192) isoform hydrolyzes paraoxon rapidly while the Gln sub(192) isoform hydrolyzes this compound slowly. Both isoforms hydrolyze phenylacetate and chlorpyrifos oxon at approximately the same rate. We recently found that the effect of this polymorphism is dramatically reversed for sarin hydrolysis. The PON1 Arg sub(192) isoform has virtually no sarinase activity while the Gln sub(192) isoform has substantial activity. The Gln sub(192) isoform also hydrolyzes diazoxon and soman faster than the Arg sub(192) isoform. In addition to the large differences in rates of hydrolysis observed for some OP substrates by the two PON1 isoforms, there is also a large variability in serum PON1 concentrations that is stable over time between individuals. Thus, two factors govern the PON1 status of a given individual, the PON1 genotype as well as the amount of protein expressed from each allele. A two-dimensional enzyme analysis provides an excellent assessment of an individual's PON1 status, i.e. the position 192 genotype as well as phenotype, or level of serum PON1. Do these interindividual differences in rates of substrate hydrolysis by PON1 reflect an individual's sensitivity or resistance to OP compounds processed through the P450/PON1 pathway? Injection of purified PON1 into mice clearly demonstrates the protective effect of having high serum levels of PON1 against toxicity by chlorpyrifos oxon or chlorpyrifos. Preliminary experiments with PON1 knockout mice, on the other hand, clearly demonstrate that low PON1 levels result in dramatically increased sensitivity to chlorpyrifos oxon. Attempts to express human PON1 in mice from constructs containing either of the human PON1 cDNA sequences were unsuccessful, despite the generation of the respective transgenic mice.
Conference: 6. Meeting of the Int. Neurotoxicol. Assoc., Szeged (Spain), 29 Jun - 4 Jul 1997
Publisher: Intox Press
Language: English
English
Publication Type: Journal Article
Publication Type: Conference
Classification: N3 11104 Mammals (except primates)
Classification: X 24135 Biochemistry
Subfile: CSA Neurosciences Abstracts; Toxicology Abstracts

Furlong, C. E., Li, W. F., Richter, R. J., Shih, D. M., Lusis, A. J., Alleva, E., and Costa, L. G. (2000). Genetic and temporal determinants of pesticide sensitivity: Role of paraoxonase (PON1). Neurotoxicology [Neurotoxicology]. Vol. 21, no. 1-2, pp. 91-100. Feb-Apr 2000.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: HUMAN HEALTH.

ISSN: 0161-813X

Descriptors: Pesticides (organophosphorus)
Descriptors: Insecticides
Descriptors: Cytochrome P450
Descriptors: Paraoxon
Descriptors: Chemical warfare agents
Descriptors: Organophosphorus compounds
Descriptors: Genetics
Descriptors: Cholinesterase
Descriptors: Chlorpyrifos
Descriptors: Aryldialkylphosphatase
Descriptors: Susceptibility
Descriptors: Genetic factors
Descriptors: Age
Descriptors: Reviews
Abstract: Susceptibility to organophosphorus (OP) insecticides and nerve agents is strongly influenced by genetic and developmental factors. A number of organophosphorothioate insecticides are detoxified in part via a two-step pathway involving bioactivation of the parent compound by the cytochrome P450 systems, then hydrolysis of the resulting oxygenated metabolite (oxon) by serum and liver paraoxonases (PON1). Serum PON1 has been shown to be polymorphic in human populations. The Arg sub(192) isoform (PON1 sub(R192)) of this HDL-associated protein hydrolyzes paraoxon (POX) at a high rate, while the Gln sub(192) isoform (PON1 sub(Q192)) hydrolyzes paraoxon at a low rate. The effect of the polymorphism is reversed for the hydrolysis of diazoxon (DZO), soman and particularly satin. Phenylacetate is hydrolyzed at approximately the same rate by both PON1 isoforms and chlorpyrifos oxon (CPO) slightly faster by the PON1R sub(192) isoform. In addition to the effect of the amino acid substitution on rates of toxicant hydrolysis, two other factors influence these rates. The expression of PON1 is developmentally regulated. Newborns have very low levels of PON1. Adult levels in rats and mice are reached at 3 weeks of age and in humans, sometime after 6 months of age. In addition, among individuals of a given genotype, there is at least a 13-fold difference in expression of PON1 that is stable over time. Dose/response experiments with normal mice injected with purified PON1 and with PON1 knockout mice have clearly demonstrated that the observed differences of in vitro rates of hydrolysis are significant in determining differential sensitivities to specific insecticides processed through the P450/PON1 pathway. Injection of purified rabbit PON1 protects mice from cholinesterase inhibition by chlorpyrifos (CPS) and CPO. Knockout mice are much more sensitive to CPO and DZO than are their PON1+/+ littermates or wild-type mice. A number of recent reports have also indicated that the PON1R sub(192) isoform may be a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Studies with PON1 knockout mice are also consistent with a role of PON1 in preventing vascular disease.
Conference: 16. Int. Neurotoxicol. Conf., Little Rock, AR (USA), 13-16 Sep 1998
Publisher: Intox Press
Language: English
English
Publication Type: Journal Article
Publication Type: Conference
Classification: X 24135 Biochemistry
Classification: N3 11104 Mammals (except primates)
Subfile: CSA Neurosciences Abstracts; Toxicology Abstracts

FUTAGAWA, H. and TAKAHASHI, H. (1996). INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF ORGANOPHOSPHORUS INSECTICIDE DIAZINON ON THE ISOLATED VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTION. 23RD ANNUAL MEETING OF THE JAPANESE SOCIETY OF TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES, FUKUOKA, JAPAN, JULY 24-26, 1996. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES; 21 399.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: ABSTRACT.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM MEETING POSTER RAT VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE DIAZINON ORGANOPHOSPHORUS INSECTICIDE HEART AORTA DIAZINON OXON POTASSIUM INDUCED CONTRACTIONS CALCIUM CONCENTRATION BAY K 8644 TOXICOLOGY MUSCULAR SYSTEM CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM CIRCULATORY SYSTEM CONTRACTION MUSCULAR SYSTEM Congresses/ Biology/ Biochemistry/ Cardiovascular System/ Muscles/ Poisoning/ Animals, Laboratory/ Muridae

Gadella, Jr. Theodorus W. J. and Wirtz, Karel W. A. (1991). The low-affinity lipid binding site of the non-specific lipid transfer protein. Implications for its mode of action. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 1070: 237-245.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

The non-specific lipid transfer protein (nsL-TP) from bovine liver was studied using the following fluorescent lipid analogs: phosphatidylcholine species with a sn-2-pyrenylacyl-chain of different length [Pyr(x)PC], sn-2-pyrenyldecanoyl-labelled phosphatidylinositol [Pyr(10)PI],-phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate [Pyr(10)PIP], -phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [Pyr(10)PIP2] and dehydroergosterol. These analogs provided information on the effect of hydrophobicity and charge on lipid binding and transfer by nsL-TP. Binding of the Pyr(x)PC species decreased with increasing sn-2 acyl-chain length. Under equilibrium conditions, the fraction of nsL-TP that carried a PC molecule did not exceed 8%, which is consistent with a low affinity binding site. Also nsL-TP-mediated transfer of the Pyr(x)PC species decreased with increasing sn-2 acyl-chain length and was highly correlated with spontaneous transfer. Binding of the phosphoinositides increased in the order Pyr(10)PI 2, indicating that an increase in lipid negative charge stimulates binding. The transfer of the phosphoinositides, however, decreased in the same order, which suggests that a high negative charge impairs the dissociation of the phospholipid from nsL-TP. Cholesterol, at concentrations up to 50 mol% in the donor membrane, hardly affected binding and transfer of Pyr(6)PC, strongly suggesting that nsL-TP has no high binding affinity for cholesterol. In agreement with this, binding of dehydroergosterol to nsL-TP was not detectable. Despite this apparently negligible affinity, nsL-TP-mediated transfer of dehydroergosterol was in the same order as that of Pyr(6)PC. The results are interpreted to indicate that transfer of lipids by nsL-TP involves the formation of a putative low-affinity lipid-protein complex. This formation is enhanced when lipid hydrophobicity decreases or lipid negative charge increases. Based on the binding and transfer data, the mode of action of nsL-TP is discussed in terms of change in free energy. Lipid transfer protein, non-specific/ Sterol carrier protein 2/ Intermembrane transfer/ Lipid transfer/ Membrane

Gaines, T. B. (1969). Acute Toxicity of Pesticides. Toxicol.Appl.Pharmacol. 14: 515-534 .

EcoReference No.: 36729

Chemical of Concern: AND,CHD,DDT,DLD,ES,EN,HPT,HCCH,TXP,DZ,PRN,As,Cu,CBL,NAPH,PAH,PCP,CN,PQT,PPB,PPHD,Zineb,MRX,ABT,DMT,DS,EMT,FNT,PSM,Naled,OXD,THM,HCCH,MLN,MP; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR; Rejection Code: NO CONTROL(ALL CHEMS).

Galindo-Reyes, J. G., Dalla Venezia, L., Lazcano-Alvarez, G., and Rivas-Mendoza, H. (2000). Enzymatic and Osmoregulative Alterations in White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei Exposed to Pesticides. Chemosphere 40: 233-237.

EcoReference No.: 49408

Chemical of Concern: DDT,HCCH,CHD,CPY,DZ; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: PHY,BCM; Rejection Code: NO ENDPOINT(ALL CHEMS).

Galinis, Deborah L., Wiemer, David F., and CazinJr., John (1993). Cissampentin: A new bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid from Cissampelos fasciculata. Tetrahedron 49: 1337-1342.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

A new bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid, cissampentin, has been isolated from the aerial parts of Cissampelos fasciculata. Detailed interpretation of various spectra allowed identification of most structural features, including a rare methyleneoxy bridge. Although attempted methylation of this alkaloid led to complex mixtures, reaction with diethyl phosphorochloridate gave a single diethyl phosphate derivative and allowed assignment of a 7′-11 ether linkage. Bioassays indicate significant activity as a repellent to the leafcutter and Acromyrmex octospinosus, and limited antifungal activity.

Galli, R., Rich, H. W., and Scholtz, R. (1994). Toxicity of Organophosphate Insecticides and Their Metabolites to the Water Flea Daphnia magna, the Microtox Test and an Acetylcholinesterase. Aquat.Toxicol. 30: 259-269.

EcoReference No.: 16747

Chemical of Concern: DS,DZ,PRN,DDVP,FNT; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: PHY; Rejection Code: NO CONTROL(ALL CHEMS).

Galloway, T. and Handy, R. (2003). Immunotoxicity of Organophosphorous Pesticides. Ecotoxicology [Ecotoxicology]. Vol. 12, no. 1-4, pp. 345-363. Feb-Aug 2003.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: REVIEW.

ISSN: 0963-9292

Descriptors: Immune system
Descriptors: Pesticides (organophosphorus)
Descriptors: Organophosphorus compounds
Descriptors: Reviews
Descriptors: Wildlife
Descriptors: Pollution effects
Descriptors: Parathion
Descriptors: Chlorpyrifos
Descriptors: Malathion
Descriptors: Diazinon
Descriptors: Organophosphates
Descriptors: Pesticides
Descriptors: Immunotoxins
Descriptors: Toxicology
Descriptors: Bioindicators
Abstract: This study reviews the toxic effects of organophosphate (OP) pesticides on the immune systems and immune functions of invertebrates, fish, and higher vertebrate wildlife. The fundamental features and mechanisms of OP-induced immunotoxicity are illustrated with reference to parathion, chlorpyrifos, malathion, and diazinon. Immunotoxicity may be direct via inhibition of serine hydrolases or esterases in components of the immune system, through oxidative damage to immune organs, or by modulation of signal transduction pathways controlling immune functions. Indirect effects include modulation by the nervous system, or chronic effects of altered metabolism/nutrition on immune organs. Immunotoxicities are varied and include pathology of immune organs, and decreased humoral and/or cell mediated immunity. Altered non-specific immunity, decreased host resistance, hypersensitivity and autoimmunity are also features of immunotoxicity; although not all of these have been conclusively demonstrated in terms of pollutant exposure and immunotoxic effects in wildlife within individual experiments. Immunotoxicological biomarkers and biological monitoring tools are urgently needed to assess the extent of immunotoxicity in wildlife. Selection of universal biomarkers is hampered by the physiological diversity of immune systems in animals. However, by drawing on evidence from human epidemiology and tiered approaches in mammalian immunotoxicity evaluation, a selection of generic biomarkers of immunotoxicity in animals is suggested. Priorities for future research are also identified.
Language: English
English
Publication Type: Journal Article
Classification: X 24134 Pathology
Classification: P 6000 TOXICOLOGY AND HEALTH
Subfile: Pollution Abstracts; Toxicology Abstracts

Garces-Garcia, Marta, Brun, Eva M., Puchades, Rosa, and Maquieira, Angel (2006). Immunochemical determination of four organophosphorus insecticide residues in olive oil using a rapid extraction process. Analytica Chimica Acta 556: 347-354.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

Sensitive, simple and rapid ELISA methods have been developed for the determination of four organophosphorus pesticides in extra virgin olive oil. The analytical procedure involves simultaneous extraction of the analytes from oil matrix with methanol and a freezing clean-up step (-80 [deg]C), followed by immunoassay determination using standards in matrix. The methodology is specific for diazinon, fenthion, malathion and chlorpyrifos showing little or no cross-reactivity against other organophosphorus compounds. Limits of detection for the pesticides in olive oil are from 46 ng ml-1 for diazinon to 10 ng ml-1 for fenthion, all of them under the established MRLs for olives. The excellent recoveries (between 94 and 122%) obtained by the complete analytical protocol confirm the potential of this approach for detecting these compounds in olive oil, being useful as screening and complementary method in pesticide regulatory and food safety programs. The proposed methodology also correlates well with the reference chromatographic (GC-MS) methods. Immunoassay/ Insecticide/ Organophosphorus/ Diazinon/ Fenthion/ Malathion/ Chlorpyrifos/ Olive oil/ Food analysis

Garcia, M. A., Melgar, M. J., and Fernandez, M. I. (1994). Evidence for the safety of coumaphos, diazinon and malathion residues in honey. Veterinary and Human Toxicology [VET. HUM. TOXICOL.] 36: 429-432.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: ALSV Rejection Code: NO SPECIES, SURVEY.

Residue levels of coumaphos, diazinon and malathion in honey were analyzed in 177 smaples of honey collected from different regions of Lugo in NW Spain in 1988-1990. One has to expect some of them as residues in honey, even if employed properly, for example coumaphos used against the parasitic mite Varroa jacobsoni. Honey samples were extracted with acetonitrile:water (2:1 v/v), partitioned with petroleum-ether, cleaned up with a manual Florisil column or Florisil Sep-Pack, evaporated to dryness, redissolved in an appropriate volume (1 mL) and then analyzed by GLC with a silica capillary column and nitrogen-phosphorus detector. Recoveries of coumaphos, diazinon and malathion varied between 80-97%. One hundred forty-eight samples contained no detectable residues, while 29 had residues of coumaphos and diazinon in ppb levels. These residues are minimal and when eating honey are harmless for the health of human beings. Classification: X 24120 Food, additives & contaminants; H SE4.24 FOOD CONTAMINATION; X 24136 Environmental impact honey/ pesticide residues/ diazinon/ malathion/ Spain/ coumaphos/ diazinon/ malathion/ honey