N., and Bakry, N. M. (2006)

EcoReference No.: 71995

Chemical of Concern: DZ,PRN; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: ACC; Rejection Code: TARGET(DZ).

Hughes, P. B. and Devonshire, A. L. (1982). The biochemical basis of resistance to organophosphorus insecticides in the sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 18: 289-297.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METABOLISM.

The metabolism in vivo and in vitro of [14C]parathion and [14C]paraoxon was studied in a susceptible (LS) and an organophosphorus-resistant (Q) strain of the sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina. Both strains detoxified the insecticides in vivo via a number of pathways, but the resistant strain produced more of the metabolites diethyl phosphate and diethyl phosphorothionate. No difference was found between strains in the rate of penetration of the compounds used. Also, in vitro studies showed no difference between strains in the sensitivity of head acetylcholinesterase to inhibition by paraoxon. Both the microsomal and the 100,000g supernatant fractions degraded paraoxon, but resistance in Q could be explained by the eightfold greater rate of diethyl phosphate production with or without added NADPH. Parathion was also degraded to diethyl phosphorothionate by an NADPH-requiring enzyme in microsomal preparations from both strains. However, Q produced significantly more diethyl phosphorothionate in vivo than LS. It was concluded that organophosphorus resistance in Q was due mainly to a microsomal phosphatase hydrolyzing phosphate but not phosphorothionate esters, probably enhanced by a microsomal oxidase detoxifying the latter.

Hunt, J. W., Anderson, B. S., Phillips, B. M., Nicely, P. N., Tjeerdema, R. S., Puckett, H. M. , Stephenson, M., Worcester, K., and De Vlaming, V. (2003). Ambient toxicity due to chlorpyrifos and diazinon in a central California coastal watershed. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment [Environ. Monit. Assess.]. Vol. 82, no. 1, pp. 83-112. 11 Feb 2003.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: MIXTURE.

ISSN: 0167-6369

Descriptors: Pesticides (organophosphorus)
Descriptors: Chlorpyrifos
Descriptors: Diazinon
Descriptors: Water pollution
Descriptors: Catchments
Descriptors: Watersheds
Descriptors: Toxicity
Descriptors: Agricultural runoff
Descriptors: Organophosphates
Descriptors: Pesticides
Descriptors: Mortality
Descriptors: Surveys
Descriptors: Catchment areas
Descriptors: Toxicity (see also Lethal limits)
Descriptors: Agriculture
Descriptors: Runoff
Descriptors: Phosphate (Organic)
Descriptors: Survey
Descriptors: Crustaceans (Cladocera)
Descriptors: Water Pollution Effects
Descriptors: Ecological Effects
Descriptors: Data Collections
Descriptors: Organophosphorus Pesticides
Descriptors: Spatial Distribution
Descriptors: Land Use
Descriptors: Data Interpretation
Descriptors: Ceriodaphnia dubia
Descriptors: USA, California
Descriptors: USA, California, Salinas R.
Abstract: The Salinas River watershed along the central coast of California, U.S.A., supports rapidly growing urban areas and intensive agricultural operations. The river drains to an estuarine National Wildlife Refuge and a National Marine Sanctuary. The occurrence, spatial patterns, sources and causes of aquatic toxicity in the watershed were investigated by sampling four sites in the main river and four sites in representative tributaries during 15 surveys between September 1998 and January 2000. In 96 hr toxicity tests, significant Ceriodaphnia dubia mortality was observed in 11% of the main river samples, 87% of the samples from a channel draining an urban/agricultural watershed, 13% of the samples from channels conveying agricultural tile drain runoff, and in 100% of the samples from a channel conveying agricultural surface furrow runoff. In six of nine toxicity identification evaluations (TIEs), the organophosphate pesticides diazinon and/or chlorpyrifos were implicated as causes of observed toxicity, and these compounds were the most probable causes of toxicity in two of the other three TIEs. Every sample collected in the watershed that exhibited greater than 50% C. dubia mortality (n = 31) had sufficient diazinon and/or chlorpyrifos concentrations to account for the observed effects. Results are interpreted with respect to potential effects on other ecologically important species.
Language: English
English
Publication Type: Journal Article
Classification: X 24131 Acute exposure
Classification: P 2000 FRESHWATER POLLUTION
Classification: AQ 00008 Effects of Pollution
Classification: EE 40 Water Pollution: Monitoring, Control & Remediation
Classification: SW 3030 Effects of pollution
Subfile: Environmental Engineering Abstracts; ASFA 3: Aquatic Pollution & Environmental Quality; Aqualine Abstracts; Water Resources Abstracts; Pollution Abstracts; Toxicology Abstracts

Hunt, John W., Anderson, Brian S., Phillips, Bryn M., Tjeerdema, Ron S., Puckett, H. Max, and deVlaming, Victor (1999). Patterns of aquatic toxicity in an agriculturally dominated coastal watershed in California. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 75: 75-91.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: SURVEY.

This study was designed to investigate the occurrence, severity, sources and causes of aquatic toxicity in a coastal river and estuary subject to non-point source pollutant inputs from adjacent agricultural and urban areas. The Pajaro River estuarine system on the central coast of California, USA, receives subsurface tile drain runoff from irrigated cropland, and seasonal surface runoff from agricultural, urban, industrial, and residential areas. Seven sites in the estuary, upstream river, tributary sloughs, and agricultural drainage ditches were selected to identify tributaries that might contribute toxic runoff to the estuary. These sites were each sampled 18 times over an 18-month period, and water samples were tested for toxicity to the mysid Neomysis mercedis, a resident crustacean. Results indicated toxicity in 78% of agricultural ditch samples, 25% of tributary slough samples, and 11% of river and estuary samples. Temporal patterns in the occurrence of toxicity indicated that agricultural ditches and upper river were more important than the freshwater sloughs as sources of toxic runoff to the estuary. Chemical analyses were conducted on samples collected at each site on two occasions. Organophosphate pesticides were detected in samples collected when the river flow rate was low, and persistent hydrophobic organochlorine pesticides were detected after high surface runoff. Three pesticides (toxaphene, DDT, and diazinon) were found at concentrations higher than published toxicity thresholds for resident aquatic species. Toxicity in the estuary was significantly correlated with increased river flow. Chemical causes of toxicity were investigated in two preliminary and four full Phase I Toxicity Identification Evaluations (TIEs ) on six separate samples from the agricultural drainage ditches receiving tile drain discharges. The TIE results indicated that multiple compounds were responsible for toxicity in all samples evaluated, and that non-polar and perhaps polar organic compounds were present in toxic concentrations. Pesticides/ Erosion/ Runoff/ Neomysis mercedis/ Pajaro River/ Estuary

Hunter, R. S. and Culver, F. D. (1988). QSAR Sysytem User Manual. A Structure-Activity Based Chemical Modeling and Information System. Inst.for Biological and Chemical Process Analysis, Montana State Univ., Bozeman, MT I1-R5.
Chem Codes: EcoReference No.: 62963
Chemical of Concern: DZ,ATZ Rejection Code: MODELING/QSAR.

HURTO KA (1992). DISSIPATION OF TOTAL AND DISLODGEABLE RESIDUES OF PESTICIDES FOLLOWING APPLICATION TO TURFGRASS. 203RD ACS (AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY) NATIONAL MEETING, SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA, USA, APRIL 5-10, 1992. ABSTR PAP AM CHEM SOC; 203 (1-3). 1992. AGRO75.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: FATE.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS IRRIGATION TREATMENT DCPA 75WP PENDIMETHALIN 60DG CHLORPYRIFOS 4EC DIAZINON 4EC ISOFENPHOS 2F Congresses/ Biology/ Biochemistry/ Metabolism/ Air Pollution/ Soil Pollutants/ Water Pollution/ Fertilizers/ Soil/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Grasses

HURTO KA and PRINSTER MG ( 1993). DISSIPATION OF TURFGRASS FOLIAR DISLODGEABLE RESIDUES OF CHLORPYRIFOS DCPA DIAZINON ISOFENPHOS AND PENDIMETHALIN. RACKE, K. D. AND A. R. LESLIE (ED.). ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES, 522. PESTICIDES IN URBAN ENVIRONMENTS: FATE AND SIGNIFICANCE; 203RD NATIONAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA, USA, APRIL 5-10, 1992. XII+378P. AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY: WASHINGTON, DC, USA. ISBN 0-8412-2627-X.; 0 (0). 1993. 86-99.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: FATE.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM POA-PRATENSIS DIMETHYL-2 3 5 6-TETRACHLORO-1 4-BENZENEDICARBOXYLATE HERBICIDE INSECTICIDE Congresses/ Biology/ Biochemistry/ Grasses/Growth & Development/ Soil/ Plants/Growth & Development/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Arachnida/ Entomology/Economics/ Insecticides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Grasses

Hutchings, M., Johnson, I., Hayes, E., Girling, A. E., Thain, J., Thomas, K., Benstead, R., Whale, G., Wordon, J., Maddox, R., and Chown, P. (2004). Toxicity Reduction Evaluation, Toxicity Identification Evaluation and Toxicity Tracking in Direct Toxicity Assessment. Ecotoxicology [Ecotoxicology]. Vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 475-484. Jul 2004.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: SURVEY.

ISSN: 0963-9292

Descriptors: Toxicity
Descriptors: Toxicants
Descriptors: Effluents
Descriptors: Pesticides
Descriptors: Cyanide
Descriptors: Organophosphates
Descriptors: Chemical analysis
Descriptors: Estuaries
Descriptors: Industrial effluents
Descriptors: Diazinon
Descriptors: Wastewater discharges
Descriptors: British Isles, England, Tees Estuary
Descriptors: British Isles, Scotland, Esk R.
Abstract: Toxicity reduction evaluations (TREs) in the River Esk and Lower Tees Estuary were based on the approach described by USEPA, but adapted to tackle the specific problems of the two sites. A combination of toxicity tracking and toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) was used at both locations to enhance the understanding of source and type of toxicants present. The assessment of toxicity at Langholm focussed on pesticides present in the sewerage network. The TIE programme indicated that the most likely toxic agents within the effluent were the organophosphate pesticides diazinon and to lesser extent propetamphos, although these did not account for all of the observed toxicity. The exact source of these toxicants was not clear although toxicity tracking identified two potential candidates. The TRE undertaken on the discharge to the lower Tees utilised high-throughput methods with standard test organisms to generate toxicity information throughout a complex sewerage network. The toxicity tracking information was used in conjunction with TIEs to identify a number of key sources of toxicity. Substantial toxicity was associated with a currently untreated industrial effluent. Chemical analysis and TIE highlighted cyanide as the likely toxicant in this effluent and its possible significance in the final discharge.
Publisher: Kluwer Academic Publishers
DOI: 10.1023/B:ECTX.0000035297.90620.73
Language: English
English
Publication Type: Journal Article
Classification: P 1000 MARINE POLLUTION
Classification: EE 40 Water Pollution: Monitoring, Control & Remediation
Classification: P 2000 FRESHWATER POLLUTION
Subfile: Pollution Abstracts; Environmental Engineering Abstracts; ASFA 3: Aquatic Pollution & Environmental Quality

Ibrahim, M. M., Ichikawa, Kazuhiko, and Shiro, Motoo (2003). Solution studies of N′,N″,N″′-tris(3-aminopropyl)amine-based zinc(II) complexes and X-ray crystal structures of [Zn(trpn)](ClO4)2 and [Zn(trpn)(DETP)]ClO4, DETP-=O,O-diethyl thiophospate. Catalytic activity of the complexes in the hydrolysis of the phosphotriester 2,4-dinitrophenyl diethyl phosphate. Inorganica Chimica Acta 353: 187-196.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

Syntheses/ Biomimetics/ Tripodal amines/ Solution studies (pH and 1H NMR titrations)/ Crystal structures/ Phosphoester hydrolysis Solution studies (pH and 1H NMR titrations) on Zn2+ complexes 1 and 2 derived from N′,N″,N″′-tris(3-aminopropyl)amine L1 and N′,N″,N″′-tris(3-dimethyl-aminopropyl)amine L2 revealed that the presence of the hydrophobic (methyl) groups attached to the tripodal ligand side arms decreased the pKa of Zn-bound water molecule from 9.99 for 1 to 8.01 for 2, respectively. The X-ray diffraction studies have established the structures [L1Zn](ClO4)2 1 and [L1Zn(DETP)](ClO4) 3, DETP-=O,O-diethyl thiophospate. Compound 1 consists of a monomeric cation and ClO4 - counter ions. The coordination geometry of the Zn(II) centers may be described as distorted tetrahedral. Whereas in compound 3 the zinc atom adopts the slightly distorted trigonal-bipyramidal coordination geometry with the three primary nitrogen's on the basal plane and the tertiary nitrogen and the oxygen of DETP- at the apex. The hydroxo complexes [ZnL(OH)]+ species showed slight catalytic activity in the hydrolysis of the phosphotriester 2,4-dinitrophenyl diethyl phosphate.

IGLESIAS-JIMENEZ, E., POVEDA, E., SANCHEZ-MARTIN MJ, and SANCHEZ-CAMAZANO, M. (1997). Effect of the nature of exogenous organic matter on pesticide sorption by the soil. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY; 33 117-124.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: FATE.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. A study was carried out on the sorption of two sparingly water-soluble pesticides (diazinon and linuron) by a sandy loam soil modified with different exogenous organic materials (EOMs) containing humic-like substances: city refuse compost (CRC), peat (P), commercial "humic" acid (HA), liquid "humic" acid (LHA), and two (nonhumic) model compounds (surfactants), tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TDTMA) and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), before and after 2- and 8-month incubation periods with the soil. In all cases, the isotherms fitted the Freundlich sorption equation (x/m = KCen), generally with r2 values greater than 0.99. The value of the sorption constant K for the natural soil was 8.81 for diazinon and 2.29 for linuron. These values increased significantly for EOM modified soils with respect to natural soil, with the exception of the samples modified with SDS and LHA, in which cases they decreased, possibly due to the micellar properties of these compounds. Incuba Biochemistry/ Biophysics/ Macromolecular Systems/ Molecular Biology/ Air Pollution/ Soil Pollutants/ Water Pollution/ Soil/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides

Iglesias-Jimenez, E., Sanchez-Martin, M. J., and Sanchez-Camazano, M. (1996). Pesticide adsorption in a soil-water system in the presence of surfactants. Chemosphere 32: 1771-1782.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: FATE.

In the present work changes in the adsorption of four 14C-labelled pesticides -diazinon, acephate, atrazine and ethofumesate- on a sandy loam soil, induced by application of anionic, cationic and nonionic surfactants - tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TDTMA), sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and polyoxyethylene sorbitanmonooleate (Tween 80)-, were determined using a batch equilibrium method. Three concentrations of each surfactant were used: lower, equal to or higher than the critical micellar concentration. The increases or decreases in the values of the Freundlich constant K for adsorption of the different pesticides by soil in the experiments revealed that the behaviour of pesticides in soil-water systems with micelle-forming surfactants mainly depends on the degree of hydrophobicity of the pesticide and the type of surfactant, as well as on the concentration of surfactant in the system.

Iglesias-Jiminez, E., Poveda, E., Sanchez-Martin, M. J., and Sanchez-Camazano, M. (1997). Effect of the Nature of Exogenous Organic Matter on Pesticide Sorption by the Soil. Arch.Environ.Contam.Toxicol. 33: 117-124.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: NO TOX DATA.

Ikeda, Takanori, Tsuda, Shuji, and Shirasu, Yasuhiko (1991). Metabolic induction of the hepatic cytochrome P450 system by chlorfenvinphos in rats. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 17: 361-367.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: NO COC.

Previous studies have shown that a single oral pretreatment of rats with the organophosphorus insecticide 2-chloro-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)vinyl diethyl phosphate (chlorfenvinphos, CVP) afforded protection against the toxicity of a subsequent challenge with the same compound within 24 hr. This protection may be due to the reduction in brain cholinesterase inhibition caused by the decrease in plasma CVP concentration. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism of the decrease in plasma CVP concentration in relation to metabolic induction. CVP was preferentially metabolized by a liver microsomal fraction with an NADPH-generating system, compared with serum or kidney subcellular fractions. A single oral 24-hr pretreatment with CVP (15 mg/kg) increased the oral LD50 of its next dosage to threefold. The same treatment also increased CVP metabolism (to 178%(, cytochrome P450 content (to 130%), cytochrome P450 reductase activity (to 130%), cytochrome b5 content (to 121%), and cytochrome P450-linked activities such as aminopyrine demethylase (to 140%) and aniline hydroxylase (to 127%) in the hepatic microsomal fraction. A single oral 24-hr pretreatment of phenobarbital (50 mg/kg), which is known as an inducer of cytochrome P450, increased the oral LD50 of CVP and all the related metabolic parameters listed above in an order of magnitude similar to that of CVP, although the increments induced by the phenobarbital treatment were greater than those induced by the CVP treatment. These results indicate that the increase in hepatic CVP metabolism may be due to the induction of the hepatic cytochrome P450 system caused by the single oral short-term treatment with CVP. This induction may be one of the reasons for the decrease in plasma CVP concentration which may be responsible for the reduction in toxicity of its next dosage.

Illinger, Dominique, Duportail, Guy, Mely, Yves, Poirel-Morales, Nathalie, Gerard, Dominique, and Kuhry, Jean-Georges (1995). A comparison of the fluorescence properties of TMA-DPH as a probe for plasma membrane and for endocytic membrane. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 1239: 58-66.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

In earlier studies, the fluorescence probe 1-(4-(trimethylamino)phenyl)-6-phenylhexa-1,3,5-triene (TMA-DPH) was shown to interact with living cells by instantaneous incorporation into the plasma membrane, according to a water (probe not fluorescent)/membrane (probe highly fluorescent) partition equilibrium. This made it interesting both as a fluorescence anisotropy probe for plasma membrane fluidity determinations and as a quantitative tracer for endocytosis and intracellular membrane traffic. In order to ascertain the limiting concentrations for its use in these applications, we performed a systematic study of its fluorescence properties (intensity, lifetime, anisotropy) in the plasma membrane and in endocytic membranes of intact L929 mouse fibroblasts. Some of the experiments were repeated on mouse-bone-marrow-derived macrophages and on phospholipidic LUV to confirm the results. Rather unexpectedly, it was observed that: (i) the incorporation of TMA-DPH into the membranes, monitored by UV absorption measurements, remained proportional to the probe concentration over the wide range explored (5 [middle dot] 10-7 M-2.5 [middle dot] 10-5 M); (ii) however, concerning fluorescence, quenching effects occurred in the membranes above certain critical concentrations. These effects were shown to result from Forster-type resonance auto-transfer; (iii) strikingly, the critical concentrations were considerably higher in early-endocytic-vesicle membranes than in the bulk plasma membrane. It was established that membrane fluidity was involved and this was confirmed by the parallel study on phospholipidic vesicles. Potential applications of these properties as a novel approach for evaluating membrane fluidity are suggested. Plasma membrane/ Endocytic membrane/ Fluorescence probe/ TMA-DPH

Ingham, E. R. (1985). Review of the effects of 12 selected biocides on target and non-target soil organisms. Crop Protection 4: 3-32.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: REVIEW.

This literature review investigates biocides that claim to reduce the populations of specific target groups, i.e. bacteria, saprophytic fungi, vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae, protozoa, nematodes, or soil-dwelling microarthropods. Removal or reduction of organism groups in natural ecosystems would allow study of their functional role in non-laboratory situations. The biocides considered in this review are those which are supposed to have a ‘narrow spectrum’ (affect only one group), and can be applied as a solution or suspension to the soil. The effects of aldrin, benomyl, captan, carbofuran, chloroneb, cycloheximide, diazinon, oxytetracycline, parachloronitrobenzene (PCNB), streptomycin, thiabendazole, and thiram on both target and non-target soil organisms are summarized. Each soil organism group except protozoa was reduced by at least one biocide, and usually by several biocides. Of the biocides reviewed, none had effects which were strictly limited to their target group and all have been reported to reduce more than one group of organisms. The responses of soil organisms to these biocides are tabulated.

Ioannou, Y. M. and Dauterman, W. C. (1979). In vitro metabolism of diazinon and etrimfos by corn plant preparations. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 10: 212-218.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METABOLISM.

Homogenates prepared from excised roots or stems and leaves of corn seedlings metabolize up to 72% of [14C]pyrimidinyl-labeled diazinon (O,O-diethyl-O-[6-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-4-pyrimidinyl]phosphorothioate) to 6-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-4-hydroxypyrimidine and one unidentified metabolite. Six-day-old corn seedling homogenate had the highest degradative activity. The optimum pH for activity was 6.0 and the activity was found to reside in the cytosol. Etrimfos [O,O-dimethyl-O-(6-ethyl-4-pyrimidinyl)phosphorothioate] was not susceptible to degradation by the corn plant preparation.

Ioannou, Y. M. and Dauterman, W. C. (1979). In vitro metabolism of etrimfos by house flies. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 10: 31-39.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: IN VITRO.

The metabolism of etrimfos, O,O-dimethyl-O-(6-ethoxy-2-ethyl-4-pyrimidinyl) phosphorothioate was studied in vitro in a diazinon-resistant (Rutgers) and a susceptible (CSMA) strain of house flies. Practically no metabolism of etrimfos occurred without the addition of cofactors. However, the addition of the cofactor, reduced glutathione, resulted in a substantial amount of metabolism in both strains, the metabolism being higher in the resistant strain. The major route of metabolism was via the glutathione transferase system and the predominant metabolite was desmethyl etrimfos. Although the oxygen analog could not be isolated, microsomal oxidation of etrimfos resulted in the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, suggesting the formation of the oxygen analog. Bovine serum albumin also degraded etrimfos yielding desmethyl etrimfos and 6-ethoxy-2-ethyl-4-hydroxypyrimidine.