N., and Bakry, N. M. (2006)

Chemical of Concern: CBF,DZ; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: CEL,PHY; Rejection Code: NO ENDPOINT(ALL CHEMS).

Kabir, S. M. H. and Begum, R. (1978). Toxicity of Three Organophosphorus Insecticides to Shinghi Fish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch). Dacca.Univ.Stud.Part B 26: 115-122.

EcoReference No.: 7060

Chemical of Concern: DZ; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: BEH,MOR,CEL; Rejection Code: NO ENDPOINT(ALL CHEMS).

Kaiser, K. L. E., Niculescu, S. P., and Schuurmann, G. (1997). Feed Forward Backpropagation Neural Networks and Their Use in Predicting the Acute Toxicity of Chemicals to the Fathead Minnow. Water Qual.Res.J.Can. 32: 637-657.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: Se,DZ Rejection Code: QSAR.

Kalb, Edwin, Frey, Sammy, and Tamm, Lukas K. (1992). Formation of supported planar bilayers by fusion of vesicles to supported phospholipid monolayers. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 1103: 307-316.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

A technique for the production of supported phospholipid bilayers by adsorption and fusion of small unilamellar vesicles to supported phospholipid monolayers on quartz is described. The physical properties of these supported bilayers are compared with those of supported bilayers which are prepared by Langmuir-Blodgett deposition or by direct vesicle fusion to plain quartz slides. The time courses of vesicle adsorption, fusion and desorption are followed by total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy and the lateral diffusion of the lipids in the adsorbed layers by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. Complete supported bilayers can be formed with phosphatidylcholine vesicles at concentrations as low as 35 [mu]M. However, the adsorption, fusion and desorption kinetics strongly depend on the used lipid, NaCl and Ca2+ concentrations. Asymmetric negatively charged supported bilayers can be produced by incubating a phosphatidylcholine monolayer with vesicles composed of 80% phosphatidylcholine and 20% phosphatidylglycerol. Adsorbed vesicles can be removed by washing with buffer. The measured fluorescence intensities after washing are consistent with single supported bilayers. The lateral diffusion experiments confirm that continuous extended bilayers are formed by the monolayer-fusion technique. The measured lateral diffusion coefficient of NBD-labeled phosphatidylethanolamine is (3.6+/-0.5)[middle dot]10-8 cm2/s in supported phosphatidylcholine bilayers, independent of the method by which the bilayers were prepared. Phospholipid bilayer, supported/ Langmuir-Blodgett film/ Membrane fusion/ Total internal reflection/ Fluorescence microscopy/ FRAP

Kalender, Yusuf, Uzunhisarcikli, Meltem, Ogutcu, Ayse, Acikgoz, Fatma, and Kalender, Suna ( Effects of diazinon on pseudocholinesterase activity and haematological indices in rats: The protective role of Vitamin E. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology In Press, Corrected Proof.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: NO SOURCE.

Diazinon (DZN) is an organophosphate insecticide has been used in agriculture and domestic for several years. Vitamin E (200 mg/kg, twice a week), diazinon (10 mg/kg, per day) and Vitamin E (200 mg/kg, twice a week) + diazinon (10 mg/kg, per day) combination were given to rats orally via gavage for 7 weeks. Pseudocholinesterase in serum and haematological indices were investigated at the end of the 1st, 4th and 7th weeks comparatively with control group. At the end of 1st, 4th and 7th weeks, statistically significant decrease of pseudocholinesterase activity in serum were detected when diazinon- and Vitamin E + diazinon-treated groups compared to control group. When diazinon- and Vitamin E + diazinon-treated groups were compared to each other there were no significant changes. When diazinon-treated group was compared to control group, body weight decreased significantly at the end of the 4th and 7th weeks. It was observed that at the end of 1st, 4th and 7th weeks, there was a statistically significance in haematological indices except mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) when diazinon-treated group was compared to control group. At the end of 1st week increase of thrombocyte, at the end of the 4th week increase of hemoglobin and thrombocyte and at the end of the 7th week increase of red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and thrombocyte were observed statistically significant when Vitamin E + diazinon treated group was compared with diazinon treated group. According to the present study, we conclude that Vitamin E reduces diazinon toxicity, but it does not protect completely. Organophosphate insecticides/ Diazinon/ Vitamin E/ Pseudocholinesterase/ Haematology

Kalibabchuk, V. A. (1980 ). Spectroscopic study of the electronic structure and donor-acceptor properties of substituted ortho-naphthaquinone diazides. Journal of Molecular Structure 61: 369-372.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

Methods of PMR, electron and oscillation spectroscopy used to study electron structure and donor-acceptor interaction of 1,2-napbtaquinondiazid-2-(5)-sulphonic acid (A) ester series with aliphatic amines. Besides, kinetics of photolyses A in the presence of amines was studied. It is defined that A forms with aliphatic amines complexes with the transfer of charge. Defined are kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of the formation of complexes. Kinetic diagrams are offered and photolysis. A rate and their complexes with amines are studied.

Kalmanzon, Eliahu, Zlotkin, Eliahu, Cohen, Rivka, and Barenholz, Yechezkel (1992). Liposomes as a model for the study of the mechanism of fish toxicity of sodium dodecyl sulfate in sea water. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 1103: 148-156.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

The mechanism underlying the shark repellency of SDS was studied by comparing it with the shark nonrepelling detergent, Triton X-100. The findings can be summarized as follows: (1) The effective concentration of SDS for termination of shark tonic immobility (an immediate and fast response) was close to its critical micellar concentration in sea water (70 [mu]M). The fish lethal concentrations (LD50) were far below the CMC value for SDS, and at CMC level for Triton X-100. (2) In sea water SDS possesses a strong affinity for lipid membranes, expressed in a lipid sea water partition coefficient (Kp) of about 3000. (3) In liposomal systems examined by assays of turbidity, fluorescence resonance energy transfer and kinetics of carboxyfluorescein (CF) release, the pattern of SDS induced changes in the phospholipid bilayer suggests: (a) absence of vesicle-vesicle fusion; (b) occurrence of vesicle size increase, and (c) nonlytic gradual release of CF above and below its CMC values. In contrast, Triton X-100 above its CMC induces membrane solubilization. (4) Assays coupling CF release from liposomes to potassium diffusion potential induced by valinomycin indicate that SDS related CF release can also be attributed to a specific mechanism such as cation pore formation and not only to membrane solubilization. The hypothesis of pore formation by SDS is discussed. Liposome/ Lipid bilayer/ Detergent/ Fish toxicity/ (Shark)

Kamha, A. A., Al Omary, I. Y. M., Zalabany, H. A., Hanssens, Y., and Adheir, F. S. (2005). Organophosphate Poisoning in Pregnancy: A Case Report. Pharmacology & Toxicology [Pharmacol. Toxicol.]. Vol. 95, no. 5, pp. 397-398. May 2005.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: HUMAN HEALTH.

ISSN: 0901-9928

Descriptors: organophosphates
Descriptors: Atropine
Descriptors: Poisoning
Descriptors: Gestation
Descriptors: Case reports
Descriptors: Cesarean section
Descriptors: Insecticides
Descriptors: Vision
Descriptors: Diazinon
Descriptors: Pregnancy
Descriptors: Vomiting
Abstract: A 42-year-old pregnant woman (26 weeks of gestation, G sub(4)P sub(0+3)) presented at the emergency department with a two-hour history of dizziness, blurred vision and repeated vomiting. These symptoms started during the use of an undiluted insecticide liquid (diazinon 60 EC) while cleaning a small non-aired bathroom. After clinical and laboratory confirmation for organophosphate poisoning (plasma pseudocholinesterase levels 161 U/l), treatment with atropine and pralidoxime was started. She recovered within 7 days and delivered a healthy baby 12 weeks later (Apgar score 9 and 10) by elective cesarean section. The child showed no signs or symptoms of organophospate, atropine or pralidoxime exposure.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2005.pto_09.x
Language: English
English
Publication Type: Journal Article
Classification: X 24131 Acute exposure
Subfile: Toxicology Abstracts

KAMIYA, M. and KAMEYAMA, K. (1998). Photochemical effects of humic substances on the degradation of organophosphorus pesticides. CHEMOSPHERE; 36 2337-2344.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: FATE.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Photochemical effects of humic substances on the aquatic degradation of organophosphorus pesticides were studied on the basis of Photo-induced radical generation abilities of humic substances and the increase percentage of the humic-sensitized photodegradation rate constants relative to those measured in the humic-less system. The increase percentages above stated were enhanced depending on the radical generation abilities of humic substances. Also, the degree of the sensitization effects of humic acids to be expressed by the increase percentages of the rate constants tended to enhance with the decrease in the inherent photodegradation reactivities of pesticides in the humic-less system. This suggests that the sensitization action of humic acids depends on binding affinities of pesticides to the radical generation source of humic acids, as the affinities may hinder the pesticide photodegradation in humic-less aquatic systems possibly initiated by any route other than th Biochemistry/ Biophysics/ Macromolecular Systems/ Molecular Biology/ Darkness/ Light/ Lighting/ Air Pollution/ Soil Pollutants/ Water Pollution/ Soil/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides

Kanazawa, J. (1981). Bioconcentration Potential of Pesticides by Aquatic Organisms. Jpn.Pestic.Inf. 39: 12-74.

EcoReference No.: 12534

Chemical of Concern: PNB,DZ,DLD,CBL,TBC,HCCH,TFN,MLT; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: ACC,GRO; Rejection Code: NO CONTROL(ALL CHEMS).

Kanazawa, J. (1978). Bioconcentration Ratio of Diazinon by Freshwater Fish and Snail. Bull.Environ.Contam.Toxicol. 20: 613-617.

EcoReference No.: 4476

Chemical of Concern: DZ; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: ACC; Rejection Code: NO CONTROL(ALL CHEMS).

Kanazawa, J. (1983). In Vitro and In Vivo Effects of Organophosphorus and Carbamate Insecticides on Brain Acetylcholinesterase Activity of Fresh-Water Fish, Topmouth gudgeon. Bull.Natl.Inst.Agric.Sci.Sect.C 37: 19-30.

EcoReference No.: 11600

Chemical of Concern: DZ,FNT,PRN,PPX,CBL,MOM; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: BCM,MOR,BEH,PHY; Rejection Code: NO ENDPOINT(ALL CHEMS).

Kanazawa, J. (1981). Measurement of the Bioconcentration Factors of Pesticides by Freshwater Fish and Their Correlation with Physicochemical Properties or Acute Toxicities. Pestic.Sci. 12: 417-424.

EcoReference No.: 15599

Chemical of Concern: DLD,DZ,MLT,FNT,CBL,TBC,PNB,HCCH; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: MOR,ACC; Rejection Code: NO CONTROL(ALL CHEMS).

Kanazawa, J. (1983). A Method of Predicting the Bioconcentration Potential of Pesticides by Using Fish. J.A.R.Q.(Jpn.Agric.Res.Q.) 17: 173-179.

EcoReference No.: 10750

Chemical of Concern: PNB,CBL,DZ,HCCH,MLT,TBC,TFN,DLD,FNT; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: ACC,BCM,PHY; Rejection Code: NO CONTROL(ALL CHEMS).

Kanazawa, J. (1980). Prediction of Biological Concentration Potential of Pesticides in Aquatic Organisms. Rev.Plant Prot.Res. 13 : 27-74.

EcoReference No.: 59925

Chemical of Concern: PNB,DZ,MLT,TBC,HCCH,TFN,FNT,CBL,DLD; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: ACC,MOR; Rejection Code: NO CONTROL(ALL CHEMS).

Kanazawa, J. (1982). Relationship Between the Molecular Weights of Pesticides and Their Bioconcentration Factors by Fish. Experientia (Basel) 38: 1045-1046.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: REFS CHECKED/REVIEW.

Kanazawa, J. (1975). Uptake and excretion of organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides by fresh water fish, Motsugo, Pseudorasbora parva. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. Vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 346-352. 1975.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METABOLISM.

Descriptors: Insecticides

Descriptors: Bioaccumulation
Descriptors: Excretion
Descriptors: Pollution effects
Descriptors: Pseudorasbora parva
Abstract: The fresh water fish, Motsugo, was reared in an aquarium water tank containing{approx} 1 ppm of 3 organophosphorus and 3 carbamate insecticides for {approx} 30 days. The persistence of these insecticides in water and uptake and excretion of insecticides by fish were examined. Among organophosphorus insecticides, malathion is the most unstable in water, and degraded >99% for 7 days. Fenitrothion is moderately stable, and degraded 97% for 29 days. Diazinon is the most stable, and degraded 72% for 30 days. Among carbamates, carbaryl is the most unstable in water, and degraded >95% for 6 days. BPMC is moderately stable, and degraded 80% for 32 days. XMC is the most stable, and degraded 45% for 34 days. As for the uptake of the pesticides by fish, organophosphorus insecticides were generally higher than carbamate insecticides. The conc of diazinon in fish reached 211 ppm of the maximum level after 3 days, and that of fenitrothion reached 162 ppm of the maximum level after 4 days. Afterwards, the conc of both the insecticides decreased gradually due to metabolism and excretion of the insecticides in the fish. Uptake of malathion was very low and metabolized rapidly, and its conc became < 0.01 ppm after 7 days. Among carbamate insecticides, the conc of carbaryl in fish after one day reached 7.5 ppm which was the maximum level of uptake. On the other band, the conc of BPMC in fish after 4 days became 4.8 ppm, which was the maximum level, and decreased gradually. The conc of XMC in fish was only 1.4 ppm after one day, but the metabolism rate of XMC in fish was fairly slow. Therefore, 0.55 ppm of XMC in fish remained even after 34 days. Moreover, in the test tank of diazinon. Fenitrothion and BPMC, the appearance of deformed fish with spinal curvature of the back bone was at the rate of 10 to 30%.
Records keyed from 1976 ASFA printed journals.
Language: English
English
Publication Type: Journal Article
Environmental Regime: Freshwater
Classification: Q5 01505 Prevention and control
Subfile: ASFA 3: Aquatic Pollution & Environmental Quality

KANG J-W, PARK H-S, WANG R-Y, KOGA, M., KODOKAMI, K., KIM H-Y, LEE E-T, and OH S-M (1997). Effect of ozonation for treatment of micropollutants present in drinking water source. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY; 36 299-307.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Pilot tests were performed to investigate the effectiveness of ozonation for the treatment of drinking water. Prior to the experiment, four regional target water were analyzed for determining target compounds. Various organics including pesticides were identified and present also in the conventionally treated tap water. The contamination of pesticides in most raw water was severe and ozonation was found to be effective to remove pesticides significantly. Other organic species were removed effectively as the order of aromatic amines, nitro compounds, ketones and ethers. On the whole, volatile organics were removed effectively than DOC, CH2Cl2 extractable organics. Accompanying with the increasement of AOC, aldehydes have increased after ozonation and reduced by post-GAC. Also, bromate was produced after ozonation and it was validated to suppress the production of bromate on the presence of ammonia and DOC. Conservation of Natural Resources/ Biochemistry/ Sanitation/ Sewage/ Air Pollution/ Soil Pollutants/ Water Pollution/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides

Kano, R., Lok, C. K., Hayashi, A., and Shinonaga, S. (1978). Resistant Level of Houseflies to Seven Kinds of Synthetic Insecticides and Effect of Synergists to the Malathion Resistant Strain in Singapore . Bull.Tokyo Med.Dent.Univ. 25: 143-146 .

EcoReference No.: 70019

Chemical of Concern: RSM,DZ,DDT,MLN,DDVP; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR; Rejection Code: OK(ALL CHEMS),OK TARGET(DZ,RSM).

Kao, Chao-Hsing and Sun, Chih-Ning (1991). In vitro degradation of some organophosphorus insecticides by susceptible and resistant diamondback moth. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 41: 132-141.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METABOLISM.

In vitro degradation of several organophosphorus insecticides by larval homogenates of susceptible, parathion- and methyl parathion-selected strains of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), was measured in an attempt to assess the role of glutathione S-transferase in resistance. The action of glutathione S-transferase was confirmed by the requirement of reduced glutathione as the cofactor and the inhibitory effects of diethyl maleate and N-ethylmaleimide. The involvement of other detoxifying enzymes, microsomal P450 monooxygenases and hydrolases, was also examined with a pertinent cofactor or inhibitor. Glutathione conjugation was confirmed as a major detoxifying reaction for parathion and methyl parathion, and a considerably higher degradation of both insecticides was found in the resistant than in the susceptible strains. A much reduced degradation of paraoxon and, especially, methyl paraoxon by glutathione S-transferase was observed in these strains. Low levels of cross-resistance to and limited glutathione conjugation of several other organophosphorus insecticides, i.e., diazinon, azinphosmethyl, tetrachlorvinphos, and prothiofos, were detected in the two resistant strains. Existence of isozymes of glutathione S-transferase in diamondback moth larvae is proposed. The degradation of malathion in all strains tested was mainly mediated by carboxylesterase.

Kappers, W. A., Edwards, R. J., Murray, S., and Boobis, A. R. (2001). Diazinon Is Activated by CYP2C19 in Human Liver. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology [Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.]. Vol. 177, no. 1, pp. 68-76. 15 Nov 2001.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: HUMAN HEALTH.

ISSN: 0041-008X

Descriptors: Diazinon
Descriptors: Pesticides
Descriptors: Cytochrome P450
Descriptors: Liver
Abstract: Phosphorothioate compounds are used throughout the world as agricultural and domestic pesticides. Here, the activation of the phosphorothioate diazinon to diazoxon in human liver is described. In an initial study using three human liver microsomal samples, K sub(m) for diazoxon formation varied markedly (31, 208, and 660 mu M; V sub(max) 1125, 685, and 1028 pmol/min/mg protein, respectively), suggesting the involvement of more than one P450 enzyme. A wide variation in activity was found using 50 mu M diazinon as substrate, (11-648 pmol/min/mg protein, n = 15), whereas, with 500 mu M, variation was less (164-978 pmol/min/mg protein). Among eight P450-catalyzed reactions, the putative high-affinity component (50 mu M diazinon) correlated with S-mephenytoin 4'-hydroxylase activity (r = 0.686, p < 0.01), suggesting the involvement of CYP2C19. The putative low-affinity component (500 mu M diazinon) correlated with both S-mephenytoin 4'-hydroxylase (r = 0.714; p < 0.005) and high-affinity phenacetin O-deethylase activity (r = 0.625; p < 0.05). This activity was partially inhibited by furafylline, troleandomycin, and ketoconazole. These data suggest contributions from CYP2C19, CYP1A2, and CYP3A4. None of the inhibitors affected the high-affinity component. Of seven heterologously expressed human P450 enzymes, CYP2C19 activated diazinon (500 mu M) at the fastest rate, followed by CYP3A4, CYP1A2, and CYP2C9. Both hepatic microsomal S-mephenytoin 4'-hydroxylase and high-affinity phenacetin O-deethylase activities were strongly inhibited by diazinon (IC50 < 2.5 mu M), while no effect was seen on midazolam 1'-hydroxylase activity. These data indicate that CYP2C19 is the major enzyme involved in diazinon activation in human liver, while other enzymes including CYP1A2 may play a more minor role. Copyright 2001 Academic Press.
Publisher: Academic Press
DOI: 10.1006/taap.2001.9294
Language: English
English
Publication Type: Journal Article
Classification: X 24135 Biochemistry
Subfile: Toxicology Abstracts

KARAM, J. and NICELL JA (1997). Potential applications of enzymes in waste treatment. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY; 69 141-153.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The implementation of increasingly stringent standards for the discharge of wastes into the environment has necessitated the need for the development of alternative waste treatment processes. A review of research directed toward developing enzymatic treatment systems for solid, liquid and hazardous wastes is presented. A large number of enzymes from a variety of different plants and microorganisms have been reported to play an important role in an array of waste treatment applications. Enzymes can act on specific recalcitrant pollutants to remove them by precipitation or transformation to other products. They also can change the characteristics of a given waste to render it more amenable to treatment or aid in converting waste material to value-added products. Before the full potential of enzymes may be realized, it is recommended that a number of issues be addressed in future research endeavors including the identification and characterization of reaction by-products, Biomedical Engineering/ Biophysics/ Engineering/ Enzymes/Analysis/ Microbiology/ Sanitation/ Sewage/ Air Pollution/ Soil Pollutants/ Water Pollution/ Fermentation/ Industrial Microbiology/ Food Microbiology/ Biophysics/ Plants/Enzymology/ Microbiology/ Plants

Karczmar, A. G., Koketsu, K., and Soeda, S. (1968). Possible reactivating and sensitizing action of neuromyally acting agents. Neuropharmacology 7: 241-252.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: IN VITRO.

The effects of a bisquaternary oxamide, methoxyambenonium (Meamb), d-tubocurarine (d-tbc), and of an oxime, pyridine-2-aldoxime methiodide (P-2-AM), upon the frog neuromyal junction, treated by organophosphorus anticholinesterases, TEPP and DFP, were studied.The oxamide and d-tbc resembled P-2-AM and other reactivators in that they caused a return of the sustained tetanic response and of the post-tetanic potentiation, after these were blocked by TEPP or DFP. Ringer's solution was did not reverse these actions of the oxamides and of d-tbc. In these actions, these drugs resembled two types of reactivators, NaF and P-2-AM.The well-known marked prolongation of the endplate potential (e.p.p.) by TEPP or DFP was markedly shortened by the oxamide and by d-tbc. The former also increased the amplitude of the e.p.p. These effects were obtained whether the transmission was blocked by Mg or by d-tbc itself.The finding of earlier investigators that d-tbc lowers the amplitude but does not shorten the duration of the e.p.p. was confirmed.P-2-AM antagonized the d-tbc block of the twitch response, increased the amplitude but not the duration of the e.p.p. and augmented but did not prolong acetylcholine depolarization of the e.p. This effect, described in this laboratory as sensitization, and distinct from anticholinesterase action, is shown by several reactivators, oxamides and several other neuromyal facilitators.It is suggested that the actions of the oxamide and of d-tbc upon TEPP or DFP response of the neuromyal junction may be explained by their reactivation capacity. Conversely, reactivators may exhibit sensitizing and facilitating actions.