N., and Bakry, N. M. (2006)

Subfile: Environmental Engineering Abstracts; Pollution Abstracts; Oceanic Abstracts; Water Resources Abstracts; ASFA 3: Aquatic Pollution & Environmental Quality; Aqualine Abstracts; Toxicology Abstracts

Khan, M. A. Q. (1977). Elimination of Pesticides by Aquatic Animals. In: M.A.Q.Khan (Ed.), Pesticides in Aquatic Environments, Plenum Press, NY 107-125.

EcoReference No.: 4929

Chemical of Concern: 24DXY,DZ,CPY,AZ,PRN,MXC,EDT,HPT,DDT,DLD,HCCH,CHD,SZ,MLN,As; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: ACC; Rejection Code: NO CONTROL(ALL CHEMS).

Khan, M. A. Q. and Matsumura, F. (1972). Induction of mixed-function oxidase and protein synthesis by DDT and dieldrin in German and American cockroaches. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 2: 236-243.

Chem Codes : Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: MIXTURE.

Pretreatment with dieldrin of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica L., while making a susceptible strain more sensitive, made a dieldrin-resistant strain and the hybrids between the two strains more tolerant to diazinon and carbaryl. Pretreatment of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana L. (normally tolerant to DDT), with a high dose of DDT also made them more tolerant to these insecticides. The treated cockroaches of both species showed higher in vitro benzo[[alpha]]pyrene hydroxylase as well as [14C]leucine incorporation activities in their fat body than the control roaches. The induction is associated with increased synthesis of proteins and nuclear and nonnuclear RNA. These RNA from DDT-treated roaches showed higher template activity with leucine as compared with untreated roaches.

Khazraji, A. L., Al-Iraqi, R. A., and Al-Saffar, Z. Y. (1984). The Relative Susceptibility of Culex pipiens molestus Forskal to Certain Insecticides in Nineva District, Iraq. J.Biol.Sci.Res. 15: 7-12.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ,CBL Rejection Code: NO DURATION.

Khera, K. S. and Bedok, S. (1967). Effects of Thiol Phosphates on Notochordal and Vertebral Morphogenesis in Chick and Duck Embryos. Food Cosmet.Toxicol. 5: 359-365.

EcoReference No.: 85503

Chemical of Concern: DZ,PRN; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: GRO; Rejection Code: NO ENDPOINT(ALL CHEMS).

Khoshbavar-Rostami, H. A., Soltani, M., and Hassan, H. M. D. ( Immune response of great sturgeon (Huso huso) subjected to long-term exposure to sublethal concentration of the organophosphate, diazinon. Aquaculture In Press, Corrected Proof.

Chem Codes : Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: NO SOURCE.

Lysozyme activity, chemiluminuscence (CL) response and immunocompetent cells population size were assessed in great sturgeon (Huso huso) weighing about 425 g following long-term exposure of fish to sublethal concentration of diazinon at 1.5 mg L- 1 at 22 [plus-or-minus sign] 1 [deg]C and acceptable water quality conditions. Samples were collected after 24 h and then every week interval for 9 weeks. Values of white blood cells (WBC) and lymphocyte in fish exposed to diazinon (group B) were significantly lower than unexposed group (group A) while, the level of neutrophils was higher (P P > 0.05). Also, values of WBC and neutrophils in intraperitoneally glucan injected fish (0.3 mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally as a single dose) plus diazinon bath (group D) were lower and higher than glucan received fish without diazinon bath (group C), respectively (P P > 0.05). The level of lysozyme in liver and kidney tissues of group B was significantly and insignificantly higher (P P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in the lysozyme contents of liver, kidney, spleen and serum between groups C and D (P > 0.05). Mean spontaneous CL response in groups B and D was significantly lower than groups A and C throughout the experiment (P < 0.05). Maximum peak of CL response was found in group C for 5 weeks post-exposure, while the minimum peak was found in group B throughout the experiment. Also, peak of CL response in group D was almost similar to that of group C up to 2 weeks post-exposure, but it significantly reduced to lower level than group C during the rest of the experiment. Huso huso/ Diazinon/ Lysozyme/ Chemiluminescence/ Hematology

Kiec-Kononowicz, Katarzyna, Karolak-Wojciechowska, Janina, Muller, Christa E., Schumacher, Britta, Pekala, Elzbieta, and Szymanska, Ewa (2001). Imidazo-thiazine, -diazinone and -diazepinone derivatives. Synthesis, structure and benzodiazepine receptor binding. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 36: 407-419.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

In our search for new compounds acting on benzodiazepine receptors among the fused 2-thiohydantoin derivatives, a series of arylidene imidazo[2,1-b]thiazines was synthesized. The 1,2- and 2,3- cyclized derivatives of mono- and di-substituted Z-5-arylidene-2-thiohydantoins were examined (the X-ray crystal structure of Z-2-cinnamylidene-6,7-dihydro-5H-imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazin-3(2H)-one was determined) and compared with the diphenyl derivatives. To investigate the influence of the type of annelated ring on the biological activity, imidazo[2,1-b]pyrimidinone and imidazo[2,1-b]diazepinone derivatives were obtained. The method used in annelation (1,2- and 2,3-cyclized isomers with the exception of fused arylidene imidazothiazines), the substitution pattern (arylidene towards diphenyl) as well as the character of the annelated ring had minor influence on the benzodiazepine receptor affinity of the investigated compounds. It appears that the greatest influence on the biological activity has the character and position of the substituents on the arylidene ring. benzodiazepine receptor/ GABAA receptor/ imidazo[2,1-b]thiazines/ imidazo[2,1-b]pyrimidinone/ imidazo[2,1-b]diazepinone

Kieckhefer, R. W., Beck, D. A., Boetel, M. A., Fuller, B. W., and Voss, T. S. (1994). RUSSIAN WHEAT APHID CONTROL USING SEED AND RESCUE TREATMENTS 1993. Burditt, A. K. Jr. (Ed.). Arthropod Management Tests, Vol. 19. Iii+403p. Entomological Society of America: Lanham, Maryland, Usa. 0 : 296-297.
Chem Codes: CBF Rejection Code: BOOK ORDERED - BURDITT.

ABSTRACT: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM BOOK CHAPTER TRITICUM-AESTIVUM DIURAPHIS-NOXIA INSECTICIDE DIAZINON 4E FURADAN 4F KARATE 1E LORSBAN 4E PENNCAP-C 2FM PENNCAP-S 2FM TD-2328 2FM TD-2340 2FM TD-2342 2FM GAUCHO 480FS

KEYWORDS: Biochemical Studies-General
KEYWORDS: Toxicology-General
KEYWORDS: Plant Physiology
KEYWORDS: Agronomy-Grain Crops
KEYWORDS: Pest Control
KEYWORDS: Economic Entomology-Field
KEYWORDS: Economic Entomology-Chemical and Physical Control
KEYWORDS: Invertebrata
KEYWORDS: Gramineae
KEYWORDS: Homoptera

Kienhuis, Paul G. M. (1993). Radiofrequency-only daughter scan mode to provide more spectral information in liquid chromatography--thermospray tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A 647: 39-50.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SZ,MTL ,DMT,SXD Rejection Code: CHEM METHODS.

A method is presented for increasing the number of specific ions in LC-thermospray mass spectra by means of a quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer (Finnigan TSQ-70) in the radiofrequency-only daughter (RFD) scan mode. The method can be used for screening a large number of compounds eluted from an HPLC system. MS-MS in the usual daughter, parent or neutral loss scan mode (on retention time altered for each eluted compound) in this particular instance is very laborious or even impossible. In the RFD scan mode the first quadrupole is operating as a high-pass mass filter. Only ions with masses equal to or above the arbitrary selected cut-off mass will enter the collision cell. With a low collision offset voltage mainly molecular ions will be present in the third quadrupole, which is acting as a mass analyser in the full-scan mode. With medium and high collision offset voltages, daughter ions are generated in the collision cell. By using two or three different alternating collision offset voltages during one analysis, both molecular and daughter ions can be acquired, increasing the specificity of the mass spectrum. First, data on optimization of the low collision offset voltage and the collision gas (argon) pressure with a mixture of alachlor, atrazine, aldicarb and barban are presented. Next, spectral information and data about the sensitivity of twenty compounds (alachlor, aldicarb, aniline, atrazine, benzothiazole, carbendazim, chloridazon, diazinon, dimethoate, diuron, ethylenethiourea, isocarbamide, isoproturon, metamitron, metolachlor, monolinuron, propachlor, sethoxydim, simazine and warfarin) in the RFD scan mode at three collision offset voltages (-6, -20 and -40 V) are presented and compared with the single-stage Q3MS scan mode. The sensitivity proved to be the same or better at collision offset voltages of -6 and -20 V, partly because adducts and eluent clusters were decreased significantly or even disappeared. At a collision offset of -40 V the sensitivity decreased for many compounds and the more intense ions mainly had low m/z values, which are less specific. The RFD scan mode, using a -6 and -20 V collision offset voltage alternating in each scan, is demonstrated by screening a surface water sample (river Rhine) spiked with ten compounds at a level of 1 [mu]g/1. It resulted in chromatograms with increased spectral information, the same or better signal-to-noise ratios, less eluent clusters and no adducts. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6TG8-44CPVPV-CC/2/0bb68fc0b900c19c15a245d479a6fbc5

Kienhuis, Paul G. M. (1993). Radiofrequency-only daughter scan mode to provide more spectral information in liquid chromatography--thermospray tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A 647: 39-50.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern:PCZ,SZ,MTL,PYZ,WFN Rejection Code: CHEM METHODS.

A method is presented for increasing the number of specific ions in LC-thermospray mass spectra by means of a quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer (Finnigan TSQ-70) in the radiofrequency-only daughter (RFD) scan mode. The method can be used for screening a large number of compounds eluted from an HPLC system. MS-MS in the usual daughter, parent or neutral loss scan mode (on retention time altered for each eluted compound) in this particular instance is very laborious or even impossible. In the RFD scan mode the first quadrupole is operating as a high-pass mass filter. Only ions with masses equal to or above the arbitrary selected cut-off mass will enter the collision cell. With a low collision offset voltage mainly molecular ions will be present in the third quadrupole, which is acting as a mass analyser in the full-scan mode. With medium and high collision offset voltages, daughter ions are generated in the collision cell. By using two or three different alternating collision offset voltages during one analysis, both molecular and daughter ions can be acquired, increasing the specificity of the mass spectrum. First, data on optimization of the low collision offset voltage and the collision gas (argon) pressure with a mixture of alachlor, atrazine, aldicarb and barban are presented. Next, spectral information and data about the sensitivity of twenty compounds (alachlor, aldicarb, aniline, atrazine, benzothiazole, carbendazim, chloridazon, diazinon, dimethoate, diuron, ethylenethiourea, isocarbamide, isoproturon, metamitron, metolachlor, monolinuron, propachlor, sethoxydim, simazine and warfarin) in the RFD scan mode at three collision offset voltages (-6, -20 and -40 V) are presented and compared with the single-stage Q3MS scan mode. The sensitivity proved to be the same or better at collision offset voltages of -6 and -20 V, partly because adducts and eluent clusters were decreased significantly or even disappeared. At a collision offset of -40 V the sensitivity decreased for many compounds and the more intense ions mainly had low m/z values, which are less specific. The RFD scan mode, using a -6 and -20 V collision offset voltage alternating in each scan, is demonstrated by screening a surface water sample (river Rhine) spiked with ten compounds at a level of 1 [mu]g/1. It resulted in chromatograms with increased spectral information, the same or better signal-to-noise ratios, less eluent clusters and no adducts. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6TG8-44CPVPV-CC/2/0bb68fc0b900c19c15a245d479a6fbc5

Kikuchi, M. (1993). Toxicity Evaluation of Selected Pesticides Used in Golf Links by Algal Growth Inhibition Test. J.Jpn.Soc.Water Environ. 16: 704-710 (JPN)(ENG ABS) .

EcoReference No.: 2478

Chemical of Concern: DZ,TCF,FNT,CAPTAN,FTL,CTN,PDM,BS,MCPP1,NPP; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: POP; Rejection Code: NO FOREIGN.

Kikuchi, M., Miyagaki, T., and Wakabayashi, M. (1996). Evaluation of Pesticides Used in Golf Links by Acute Toxicity Test on Rainbow Trout. Bull.Jpn.Soc.Sci.Fish.(Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi) 62: 414-419 (JPN) (ENG ABS).

EcoReference No.: 18916

Chemical of Concern: CPY,BFL,BS,CAPTAN,IFP,PDM,FTL,TCF,FNT,DZ,CTN,MCPP1; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: MOR; Rejection Code: NO FOREIGN.

Kikuchi, T., Kamei, M., Okubo, S., and Yasuno, M. (1992). Effects of the Insect Growth Regulator Methoprene and Organophosphorus Insecticides Against Non-target Aquatic Organisms in Urban Drains. Jpn.J.Sanit.Zool./Eisei Dobutsu 43: 65-70(JPN) (ENG ABS).

EcoReference No.: 7690

Chemical of Concern: DZ,FNT,MTPN,DDVP,FNTH; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: MOR; Rejection Code: NO FOREIGN.

Kim, Ji-Young, Park, Hee-Sae, Kang, Soo Im, Choi, Eui-Ju, and Kim, Ick Young (2002). Redox regulation of cytosolic glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase: Cys102 is the target of the redox control and essential for the catalytic activity. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects 1569: 67-74.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

Cytosolic glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (cG3PDH) occupies the branch point between the glycolytic pathway and triglyceride biosynthesis. However, the regulatory mechanism of the cG3PDH activity has remained obscure. Here we report that cG3PDH is efficiently inhibited by modification of the thiol group through a redox mechanism. In this study, we found that sodium selenite and nitric oxide (NO) donors such as S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine and 3-morpholinosydnonimine inhibited cG3PDH activity, and that similar effects could be achieved with selenium metabolites such as selenocysteine and selenomethionine. Furthermore, we found that reducing agents, such as dithiothreitol and [beta]-mercaptoethanol, restored the cG3PDH activity suppressed by selenite and NO both in vitro and in cultured cells. Buthionine sulfoximine depleted levels of both reduced glutathione and the oxidized form but had no effect on the suppression of cG3PDH activity by selenite in cultured cells. Moreover, thiol-reactive agents, such as N-ethylmaleimide and o-iodosobenzoic acid, blocked the enzyme activity of cG3PDH through the modification of redox-sensitive cysteine residues in cG3PDH. The inhibitor of NO synthase, -NG-nitro-arginine, restored the cG3PDH activity inhibited by NO in cultured cells, whereas the inhibitor of guanylyl cyclase, 1H-[1,2,4] oxadiazole[4,3-[alpha]] quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ), has no effect. NO directly inhibits cG3PDH activity not via a cGMP-dependent mechanism. Finally, using site-directed mutagenesis, we found that Cys102 of cG3PDH was sensitive to both selenite and NO. From the results, we suggest that cG3PDH is a target of cellular redox regulation. Cytosolic glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase/ Sodium selenite/ S-Nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine/ Thiol/ Reducing agent/ Redox mechanism

Kim, Moon Suk and Diamond, Scott L. ( Photocleavage of o-nitrobenzyl ether derivatives for rapid biomedical release applications. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters In Press, Corrected Proof.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

Photocleavage/ o-Nitrobenzyl/ Drug delivery The externally controlled cleavage of covalently linked prodrugs, proteins, or solid-phase formulation vehicles offers potential advantages for controlled drug or gene delivery. A series of o-nitrobenzyl ester compounds (1-8) were synthesized to allow a systematic study of photolability. The o-nitrobenzyl ester was strictly required for photolability, while imido esters were not photolabile. The degradation kinetics of 1-o-phenylethyl ester was an order of magnitude faster than that of o-nitrobenzyl ester. Tosylate, phosphate, and benzoate derivatives of 1-o-nitrophenylethyl displayed similar photolability (>80% decomposition within 10 min at 3.5 mW/cm2 at 365 nm). O-o-Nitrobenzyl O',O''-diethyl phosphate displayed the fastest decomposition at photoirradiation condition (3.5 mW/cm2, 365 nm) suitable for biological systems. We report the synthesis and photo-decomposition of 1-o-nitrophenylethyl derivatives amenable for the creation of photolabile prodrugs or formulation particles for drug depots, DNA condensation, or tissue engineering applications.

Kim, Sunggak, Chang, Heung, and Young Kwan Ko (1985). Benzotriazol-1-yl diethyl phosphate. A new convenient coupling reagent for the synthesis of amides and peptides. Tetrahedron Letters 26: 1341-1342.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

Benzotriazol-1-yl diethyl phosphate is found to be a new convenient coupling reagent for the synthesis of amides and practically racemization-free peptides.

Kimura, T. and Keegan, H. L. (1966). Toxicity of Some Insecticides and Molluscicides for the Asian Blood Sucking Leech, Hirudo nipponia Whitman. Am.J.Trop.Med.Hyg. 15: 113-115.

EcoReference No.: 2890

Chemical of Concern: CBL,DZ,CHD,HCCH,MLN,CuS,DDT,DLD,NaPCP; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: MOR,PHY; Rejection Code: NO CONTROL(ALL CHEMS).

Kirkwood, A. C. and Quick, M. P. (1981). Diazinon for the Control of Sheep Scab. Vet Rec 279-280.

EcoReference No.: 50992

Chemical of Concern: DZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP; Rejection Code: NO CONTROL(TARGET-DZ).

Kirpnick, Zhanna, Homiski, Michael, Rubitski, Elizabeth, Repnevskaya, Marina, Howlett, Niall, Aubrecht, Jiri, and Schiestl, Robert H. (2005). Yeast DEL assay detects clastogens. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis 582: 116-134.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: YEAST.

Chromosomal rearrangements, including DNA deletions are involved in carcinogenesis. The deletion (DEL) assay scoring for DNA deletions in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is able to detect a wide range of carcinogens. Among approximately 60 compounds of known carcinogenic activity, the DEL assay detected 86% correctly whereas the Ames Salmonella assay detected only 30% correctly [R.J. Brennan, R.H. Schiestl, Detecting carcinogens with the yeast DEL assay, Methods Mol. Biol. 262 (2004) 111-124]. Since the DEL assay is highly inducible by DNA double strand breaks, this study examined the utility of the DEL assay for detecting clastogens. Ten model compounds, with varied mechanisms of genotoxicity, were examined for their effect on the frequency of DNA deletions with the DEL assay. The compounds tested were: actinomycin D, camptothecin, methotrexate and 5-fluorodeoxyuridine, which are anticancer agents, noscapine and furosemide are therapeutics, acridine, methyl acrylate and resorcinol are industrial chemicals and diazinon is an insecticide. The in vitro micronucleus assay (IVMN) in CHO cells, a commonly used tool for detection of clastogens, was performed on the same compounds and the results of the two assays were compared. The results of our study show that there is 70% concordance in the presence of metabolic activation (rat liver S9) and 80% concordance in the absence of metabolic activation between the DEL assay and the standard in vitro micronucleus assay. The lack of cytotoxicity observed for four of the ten compounds examined indicates limited diffusion of lipophilic compounds across the yeast cell wall. Thus, the development of a more permeable yeast tester strain is expected to greatly improve concordance of the DEL assay with the IVMN assay. The yeast DEL assay is inexpensive, amenable to automation and requires less expertise to perform than the IVMN. Thus, it has a strong potential as a robust, fast and economical screen for detecting clastogens in vitro. DNA deletions/ Clastogens/ Short-term assay/ Genotoxicity

Kishino, K. I. (1987). 1986 Evaluation of Candidate Pesticides. (A-I) Insecticides Rice and other Cereals. Jpn.Pestic.Inf. 50: 24-36.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: BFT,DCZ,EFV,CYP,DZ,FVL Rejection Code: NO DURATION.

Kishino, K. I. (1987). 1986 Evaluation of Candidate Pesticides. (A-I) Insecticides Vegetables Ornamental Crops and Industrial Crops. Jpn.Pestic.Inf. 50: 24-36.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: BFT,DCZ,EFV,CYP,DZ Rejection Code: NO DURATION.

Kiso, Y., Li, H., Shigetoh, K., Kitao, T., and Jinno, K. (1996). Pesticide analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography using the direct injection method. Journal of Chromatography a 733 : 259-265.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SZ Rejection Code: NO SPECIES.

ABSTRACT: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. HPLC with direct injection was examined as a simple and rapid method for the determination of pesticides in water. Fifteen pesticides listed in the Japanese standard and guidelines for potable water were separated successfully with an ODS column and acetonitrile-phosphate buffer as the mobile phase. All pesticides were separated simultaneously under gradient elution conditions: (CH3CN) = 30% at 0 min to 80% at 60 min, flow-rate = 1.5 ml/min. However, isocratic elution conditions were required for large injection volumes. Even with a 5-ml injection, successful chromatograms were obtained and all pesticides were detected at the ppb or sub-ppb level. A 5-ml environmental water sample was also injected after filtration with a glass-fibre filter (0.3 mum) and propyamide, MEP and diazinon were observed at 0.07, 1.3, 1.1 mug/l, respectively.

KEYWORDS: Ecology
KEYWORDS: Biochemical Methods-General
KEYWORDS: Biophysics-General Biophysical Techniques
KEYWORDS: Public Health: Environmental Health-Air
KEYWORDS: Pest Control

Kitos, P. A., Anderson, D. S., Uyeki, E. M., Misawa, M., and Wyttenbach, C. R. (1981). Teratogenic Effects of Cholinergic Insecticides in Chick Embryos--2 Effects on the Nad Content of Early Embryos. Biochem.Pharmacol. 30 (16): 2225-2235.

EcoReference No.: 37504

Chemical of Concern: DZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: GRO,BCM; Rejection Code: NO ENDPOINT(DZ).

Klaeboe, P., Nielsen, C. J., Priebe, H., Schei, S. H., and Sjogren, C. E. (1986). The vibrational spectra, molecular structure and conformations of organic azides. I. A survey. Journal of Molecular Structure 141: 161-172.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: SURVEY.

A number of organic monoazides (R---N3) have been synthesized in which R is: (1) a saturated group, CH3, C2H5, n---C3H7; (2) an olefinic group, allyl, butadiene; (3) an acetylenic group, N[triple bond; length as m-dash]C---CH2, H---C[triple bond; length as m-dash]C---CH2, CH3---C[triple bond; length as m-dash]C---CH2. Two additional unsaturated diazides (CH2=C(N3)---C(N3)---C(N3)=CH2 and N3---CH2---C[triple bond; length as m-dash]C---CH2---N3) were prepared.The compounds (most of them very explosive) were studied by IR and Raman spectroscopy in the liquid, in solution and in the solid state, and by matrix isolation technique in IR. The spectra were interpreted in terms of one or in some cases two or more conformers and assigned with the aid of normal coordinate analysis.UV photolysis experiments in nitrogen matrices at 12 K were carried out and the reactions monitored by FTIR. The intermediate products could in some cases be identified as imines.Six of the azides were investigated by gaseous electron diffraction and the molecular structures established. The azide group was situated to the hydrocarbon skeleton in N[triple bond; length as m-dash]C---CH2N3, H---C[triple bond; length as m-dash]C---CH2N3 and CH3---C[triple bond; length as m-dash]C---CH2N3. In the butadienes CH2---C(N3)---CH=CH2 and CH2=C(N3)---C(N3)=CH2 the azide group was to the adjacent C=C bond, while in H2C=CH---CH2N3 at least two conformers were detected.Model calculations on the smaller azides by quantum chemical methods were used to establish trends in the geometry and force fields of the azide group.