N., and Bakry, N. M. (2006)

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

ZusammenfassungWahrend das System Pb(OAc)4---(CH3)3SiN3 mit einfachen nucleophilen Olefinen meist Diazide und Azid-acetoxyverbindungen liefert2 und nur im Falle der Steroidolefine [alpha]-Azidoketone,3 reagiert das Titelreagens sowohl mit nucleophilen als auch mit manchen elektrophilen Doppelbindungen in ubersichtlicher Weise unter Bildung von [alpha]-Azidocarbonylverbindungen. Hingegen werden keine Azidacetoxy-verbindungen gebildet. Wie die Verbindung 14 zeigt, scheint eine Aktivierung durch einen Arylrest fur das Gelingen der Reaktion nicht nicht erforderlich zu sein. Ein polarer Ablauf der Reaktion wird fur unwahrscheinlich gehalten.

Ehrenpreis, Seymour (1960). Isolation and identification of the acetylcholine receptor protein of electric tissue. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 44: 561-577.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

The isolation and identification of the acetylcholine receptor protein has been achieved in the following way: 1. 1. The proteins of electric tissue of Electrophorus electricus have been extracted and fractionated with ammonium sulfate.2. 2. Applying equilibrium dialysis under strict control of pH and ionic strength, a protein component has been found which binds acetylcholine and related tertiary and quaternary nitrogen derivatives such as d-tubocurarine (curare), atropine, procaine, Prostigmine and benzoylcholine. The binding strength of these compounds varies greatly.3. 3. This protein forms a precipitate with curare. The latter compound readily precipitates a variety of macromolecules such as nucleic acids, acidic polysaccharides, and others. But whereas these complexes are readily solublized by dialysis at neutral pH, the receptor protein-curare precipitate can only be solublized by raising the pH to 9. Using curare precipitation, the receptor protein has been isolated in electrophoretically homogeneous form.4. 4. Identification with the cellular acetylcholine receptor has been achieved by the demonstration of a striking parallelism between the binding strength of the various compounds tested in solution and their effectiveness in affecting electrical activity of the isolated single electroplax prepared from electric tissue. Other macromolecules tested showed binding features distinctly different from those of the receptor protein.

Eijsackers, H. (1998). Earthworms In Environmental Research Still A Promising Tool. Selected Papers From The Fifth International Symposium On Earthworm Ecology, Columbus, Ohio, Usa, July 1994.Vi+389p.Crc Press, Inc.: Boca Raton, Florida, Usa; London, England, Uk.Isbn 1-884015-74-3. 295-323.
Chem Codes: EcoReference No.: 48930
Chemical of Concern: PCP,DZ Rejection Code: REFS CHECKED/REVIEW.

Eisler, R. (1986). Diazinon hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: A synoptic review.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: REVIEW.

Descriptors: Insecticides

Descriptors: Risks
Descriptors: Toxicity
Descriptors: Biota
Abstract: Ecological and toxicological aspects of the organophosphorus pesticide, were reviewed with special reference to fishery and wildlife resources. Subtopics include: environmental chemistry; acute and chronic toxicity; sublethal effects; and recommendations for the protection of sensitive species of wildlife and aquatic organisms (DBO).
NTIS Order No.: PB86-235074/GAR.
Other numbers: BIOLOGICAL-85(1.9),
Language: English
English
Publication Type: Report
Environmental Regime: Marine; Brackish; Freshwater
Classification: Q5 01501 General
Subfile: ASFA 3: Aquatic Pollution & Environmental Quality

Eisler, R. (1986). Diazinon Hazards to Fish, Wildlife, and Invertebrates: A Synoptic Review. Fish Rev 31(4):86-005253 / U.S.Fish Wildl.Serv.Biol.Rep.85(1.9) 37 p.

Chem Codes: EcoReference No.: 62872
Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: REVIEW.

Eitzer, B. D. and Chevalier, A. (1999). Landscape Care Pesticide Residues In Residential Drinking Water Wells. 62: 420-427.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DMB, CHLOR Rejection Code: SURVEY.

biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm research article pollution toxicology landscape care pesticide residues environmental contaminant toxin migration residential drinking water wells freshwater ecology dicamba residues herbicide 2 4-d mcpa 2 4-dp mcpp trifluralin dacthal carbaryl insecticide pesticides diazinon lindane chlorpyrifos malathion dicofol isofenfos dde ddt methoxychlor chlordane connecticut usa ecology/ environmental biology-general/ methods/ biochemical studies-general/ toxicology-general/ methods and experimental/ public health: environmental health-air, water and soil pollution

EITZER BD and CHEVALIER, A. (1999). Landscape care pesticide residues in residential drinking water wells. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY; 62 420-427.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DPP1 Rejection Code: EFFLUENT.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM RESEARCH ARTICLE POLLUTION TOXICOLOGY LANDSCAPE CARE PESTICIDE RESIDUES ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANT TOXIN MIGRATION RESIDENTIAL DRINKING WATER WELLS FRESHWATER ECOLOGY DICAMBA RESIDUES HERBICIDE 2 4-D MCPA 2 4-DP MCPP TRIFLURALIN DACTHAL CARBARYL INSECTICIDE PESTICIDES DIAZINON LINDANE CHLORPYRIFOS MALATHION DICOFOL ISOFENFOS DDE DDT METHOXYCHLOR CHLORDANE CONNECTICUT USA Ecology/ Biochemistry/ Poisoning/ Animals, Laboratory/ Air Pollution/ Soil Pollutants/ Water Pollution

EITZER BD and CHEVALIER, A. (1999). Landscape care pesticide residues in residential drinking water wells. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY; 62 420-427.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: MCPP1 Rejection Code: SURVEY.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM RESEARCH ARTICLE POLLUTION TOXICOLOGY LANDSCAPE CARE PESTICIDE RESIDUES ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANT TOXIN MIGRATION RESIDENTIAL DRINKING WATER WELLS FRESHWATER ECOLOGY DICAMBA RESIDUES HERBICIDE 2 4-D MCPA 2 4-DP MCPP TRIFLURALIN DACTHAL CARBARYL INSECTICIDE PESTICIDES DIAZINON LINDANE CHLORPYRIFOS MALATHION DICOFOL ISOFENFOS DDE DDT METHOXYCHLOR CHLORDANE CONNECTICUT USA Ecology/ Biochemistry/ Poisoning/ Animals, Laboratory/ Air Pollution/ Soil Pollutants/ Water Pollution

EITZER BD and CHEVALIER, A. (1999). Landscape care pesticide residues in residential drinking water wells. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY; 62 420-427.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: SURVEY.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM RESEARCH ARTICLE POLLUTION TOXICOLOGY LANDSCAPE CARE PESTICIDE RESIDUES ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANT TOXIN MIGRATION RESIDENTIAL DRINKING WATER WELLS FRESHWATER ECOLOGY DICAMBA RESIDUES HERBICIDE 2 4-D MCPA 2 4-DP MCPP TRIFLURALIN DACTHAL CARBARYL INSECTICIDE PESTICIDES DIAZINON LINDANE CHLORPYRIFOS MALATHION DICOFOL ISOFENFOS DDE DDT METHOXYCHLOR CHLORDANE CONNECTICUT USA Ecology/ Biochemistry/ Poisoning/ Animals, Laboratory/ Air Pollution/ Soil Pollutants/ Water Pollution

El Baraka, Mohamed, Pecheur, Eve I., Wallach, Donald F. H., and Philippot, Jean R. (1996). Non-phospholipid fusogenic liposomes. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 1280: 107-114.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

We have demonstrated the capacity of non-phospholipid liposomes composed primarily of dioxyethylene acyl ethers and cholesterol to fuse with membranes composed primarily of phospholipid. Phase-contrast microscopy, freeze-fracture electron microscopy and a macromolecular probe indicate that these non-phospholipid liposomes can fuse with the plasma membranes of erythrocytes and fibroblasts. Furthermore, fluorescence probe experiments have demonstrated fusion between phosphatidylcholine liposomes and non-phospholipid liposomes. Mixing of internal contents was shown by a terbium/dipicolinate assay. Mixing of membrane lipid components was demonstrated by measuring (i) fluorescence resonance energy transfer between N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)phosphatidylethanolamine and N-(lissamine rhodamine B sulfonyl)phosphatidylethanolamine, after phosphatidylcholine liposomes were mixed with non-phospholipid liposomes, and (ii) reduced concentration quenching of rhodaminephosphatidylethanolamine and octadecylrhodamine incorporated into phosphatidylcholine liposomes after mixing with the non-phospholipid liposomes. The degree of apparent fusion reported by the different probe techniques ranged from 25% to 64%. Fusogenic lipid/ Liposome-cell fusion

El Elaimy, I. A., El Saadany, M. M., Gabr, S. A., and Sakr, S. A. (1990). Pesticide-Poisoning to Fresh Water Teleost VIII. Ultrastructural Alterations of the Intestine of Tilapia nilotica Under Stress of Exposure to. J.Egypt.Ger.Soc.Zool. 1: 223-236.

EcoReference No.: 7050

Chemical of Concern: DZ; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: CEL; Rejection Code: NO ENDPOINT(DZ).

El-Refai, A. and Mowafy, M. M. (1973). Propanil Hydrolysis: Inhibition in Rice Plants by Diazinon and Carbaryl Translocated from the Soil. J.AOAC (Assoc.Off.Anal.Chem.) Int. 56: 1178-1182.

EcoReference No.: 25479

Chemical of Concern: CBL,DZ,PPN; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: BCM,POP; Rejection Code: NO ENDPOINT(ALL CHEMS).

Ellena, Jeffrey F., Archer, Sharon J., Dominey, Raymond N., Hill, Brian D., and Cafiso, David S. (1988). Localizing the nitroxide group of fatty acid and voltage-sensitive spin-labels in phospholipid bilayers. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 940: 63-70.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

The intramembrane locations of several spin labeled probes in small egg phosphatidylcholine (egg PC) vesicles were determined from the enhancement of the 13C nuclear spin lattice relaxation of the membrane phospholipid. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was also used to measure the relative environmental polarities of the spin labels in egg PC vesicles, ethanol and aqueous solution. The binding location of the spin label group was determined for a pair of hydrophobic ion spin labels, a pair of long chain amphiphiles, and three stearates containing doxyl groups at the 5, 10 and 16 positions. The nuclear relaxation results indicate that the spin label groups on the stearates are located nearer to the membrane exterior than the analogous positions of the unlabeled phospholipid acyl chains. In addition, the spin label groups of the hydrophobic ions and long chain amphiphiles are located near the acyl chain methylene immediately adjacent to the carboxyl group. The relative polarities, determined by the EPR technique, are consistent with the nuclear relaxation results. This information, when combined with information on their electrical properties, allows for an assessment of the conformation and position of these voltage sensitive probes in membranes. Phospholipid bilayer/ Spin label/ ESR/ Amphiphile/ (Hen egg)

ELLENSON WD, MUKERJEE, S., STEVENS RK, WILLIS RD, SHADWICK DS, SOMERVILLE MC, and LEWIS RG (1997). An environmental scoping study in the Lower Rio Grade Valley of Texas: II. Assessment of transboundary pollution transport and other activities by air quality monitoring. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL; 23 643-655.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: FATE.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. This paper examines ambient air monitoring results conducted as part of a multi-media study known as the Lower Rio Grande Valley Environmental Scoping Study. Monitoring was performed at a "central" and a "border" site in the Brownsville, TX, air shed in the spring and summer of 1993. This study provided a preliminary assessment of transboundary pollution transport and possible anthropogenic activities in the Lower Rio Grande Valley. Overall (compared to other studies), low or comparable concentrations of trace elements, acidic gases, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), pesticides, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were found. Analysis of airborne particulate matter showed elevated coarse mass concentrations; also, the fine and coarse fractions were dominated by crustal elements associated with resuspended soil and dust. In addition, high fine- and coarse-particle chlorine levels, as well as silicates enriched with sulfur, were associated with sea salt from the Climate/ Ecology/ Meteorological Factors/ Biochemistry/ Air Pollution/ Soil Pollutants/ Water Pollution/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides

Elliott, M. (1980). The Future for Insecticides. In: M.Locke and D.S.Smith (Eds.), Insect Biology in the Future, Academic Press Inc., New York, NY 879-904.
Chem Codes: EcoReference No.: 70599
Chemical of Concern: RSM,DZ,PRN,DLD,AND,END,ES,CBL,DDT Rejection Code: REFS CHECKED/REVIEW.

Elsirafy, A. A., Ghanem, A. A., Eid, A. E., and Eldakroory, S. A. (2000). Chronological study of diazinon in putrefied viscera of rats using GC/MS, GC/EC and TLC. Forensic Science International 109: 147-157.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METABOLISM.

A qualitative and qualitative weekly study of diazinon in experimental rats after a lethal dose is described. GC/MS and TLC were used for qualitative, and GC/EC for quantitative analysis. The replicate content of diazinon in stomach and intestine (S/I) revealed a high rate of decrease during the first month. The liver (L) content fluctuates through a general trend of decrease. Immediate post-mortem content of 34.5 mg in summer and 94 in winter was found in S/L samples, while it was 0.79 and 0.63 respectively for L-samples. The respective remaining amount after 2 months was 1.16, 4.40 (S/I), 0.61 and 0.66 mg (L). A round figure of 4% remains in S/L samples. The chronological plots indicate the possibility of detection at longer periods. Interpretation of data is outlined regarding relative contents of organs and the factors affecting persistence of diazinon in putrefied viscera. Toxicology/ Forensic/ Analysis/ Diazinon/ Putrefaction/ Persistence of pesticides/ GC/MS/ GC/EC/ TLC

Endo, S., Mintarsih, T. H., and Kazano, H. (1985). Disappearance of Diazinon, Isoxathion and Cartap Applied to Rice Plant. Proc.Assoc.Plant Prot.Kyushu 31: 115-118 (JPN) (ENG ABS).
Chem Codes: EcoReference No.: 63860
Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: NON-ENGLISH.

ERDMANN, F., BROSE, C., and SCHUETZ, H. (1990). A TLC screening program for 170 commonly used pesticide using the corrected Rf value (Rcf value). INT J LEG MED; 104 25-32.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. This article reports TLC data (corrected Rf values; Rfc values) of 170 commonly used pesticides which are regularly encountered in toxicological analysis. Silica gel was used as the stationary phase and three binary systems were chosen as solvents. Forensic Medicine/ Biology/ Biophysics/Methods/ Poisoning/ Animals, Laboratory/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides

Erzen, Ida and Brzin, Miro (1978). Cholinergic mechanisms in hydra. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Comparative Pharmacology 59: 39-43.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: IN VITRO.

1. In the homogenate from hydra tissue an enzyme was demonstrated which hydrolyses acetylcholine and butyrylcholine.2. By the usual criteria this enzyme does not belong to the cholinesterase group since its activity is not influenced by cholinesterase inhibitors except TEPP.3. The localization of this enzyme is not reliably proved by cytochemical and histochemical methods.4. No ChAT activity can be detected above 4.16 x 10-3 pmoles/[mu]g wet wt per hr.5. Pharmacological experiments suggest the presence of cholinergic and adrenergic elements which influence the movements of hydra.

Esposito, Raymond G. and Fletcher, Alison M. (1961). The relationship of pteridine biosynthesis to the action of copper 8-hydroxyquinolate on fungal spores. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 93: 369-376.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: NO COC.

A study has been made of the mechanism of inhibition of fungal spore germination by copper-8-hydroxyquinolate (copper oxinate). It has been found that pteridines and their possible precursors can antagonize the inhibitory action. Guanine, xanthine. and 2, 4, 5-triamino-6-oxypyrimidine are active antagonists of copper oxinate. Adenine and 4, 5-diamino-2, 6 dioxypyrimidine are inactive. Riboflavin and several pteridines were active. Copper oxinate and 4-aminofolic acid act synergistically in the inhibition of germination. It is proposed that copper oxinate can interfere with pteridine biosynthesis by interfering with the copper-mediated conversion of a purine precursor to 4, 5-diaminopyrimidine.

ETO, M. (1997). Functions of phosphorus moiety in agrochemical molecules. BIOSCIENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY; 61 1-11.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: NO SPECIES.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Organophosphorus (OP) compounds have a great variety of biological activities. The functions of the phosphorus moiety in OP agrochemicals may be classified as follows; 1) the principal of phosphorylation; 2) the leaving group in alkylation; 3) a building block to maintain the shape or physical properties of an active molecule; 4) the analog of a carboxyl group or its tetrahedral transition state in enzyme reactions; 5) a moiety of anti-metabolites mimicking physiological phosphates; 6) a carrier or protective group making a prodrug that produces an active principle after biotransformation; and 7) other unknown functions including as stressors. To have a definite, selective biological activity, the OP molecule should have a specified structure suitable in biodynamic, biokinetic, and environmental aspects. Biochemistry/ Biophysics/ Plants/Growth & Development/ Soil/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides

Eto, M., Seifert, J., Engel, J. L., and Casida, J. E. (1980). Organophosphorus and Methylcarbamate Teratogens: Structural Requirements for Inducing Embryonic Abnormalities in Chickens and Kynurenine Formamidase Inhibition in Mouse Liver. Toxicol.Appl.Pharmacol. 54: 20-30.

EcoReference No.: 77201

Chemical of Concern: CBL,DZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: PHY,GRO; Rejection Code: NO ENDPOINT(DZ,CBL).

Etxeberria, E., Gonza(acute)lez, P., Tomlinson, P., and Pozueta-Romero, J. (2005). Existence of two parallel mechanisms for glucose uptake in heterotrophic plant cells. Journal of Experimental Botany, 56 (417) pp. 1905-1912, 2005.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: IN VITRO.

ISSN: 0022-0957

Descriptors: Cytoplasts
Descriptors: Endocytosis
Descriptors: Hexose symporter
Descriptors: Photo-assimilate transport
Descriptors: Vacuole
Abstract: The implied existence of two mechanisms for glucose uptake into heterotrophic plant cells was investigated using the fluorescent glucose derivative 2-NBDG (2-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)-2- deoxyglucose), two membrane impermeable fluorescent markers (3000 mol. wt. dextran-Texas Red (d-TR) and Alexa-488), hexose carrier and endocytic inhibitors (phloridzin and wortmannin-A, respectively), and fluorescent and confocal microscopy. Both phloridzin and wortmannin-A significantly reduced the uptake of 2-NBDG into sycamore cultured cells, which was confirmed by fluorescent microscopy. Phloridzin prevented 2-NBDG uptake exclusively into the cytosol, whereas the wortmannin-A effect was more general, with 2-NBDG uptake into the vacuole being the more affected. Simultaneous incubation of cells in the membrane-impermeable fluorescent probes Alexa-488 and d-TR for 24 h resulted in colocalization of the labelling in the central vacuole and other endosomal compartments. Cytoplasts, cells devoid of vacuoles, were instrumental in demonstrating the transport of 2-NBDG by separate uptake mechanisms. In cytoplasts incubated simultaneously in 2-NBDG and d-TR for 2 h, a green fluorescent cytosol was indicative of transport of hexoses across the plasmalemma, while the co-localization of 2-NBDG and d-TR in internal vesicles demonstrated transport via an endocytic system. The absence of vesicles when cytoplasts were pre-incubated in wortmannin-A authenticated the endocytic vesicular nature of the co-shared 2-NBDG and d-TR fluorescent structures. In summary, uptake of 2-NBDG occurs by two separate mechanisms: (i) a plasmalemma-bound carrier-mediated system that facilitates 2-NBDG transport into the cytosol, and (ii) an endocytic system that transports most of 2-NBDG directly into the vacuole. (copyright) The Author [2005]. Published by Oxford University Press [on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology]. All rights reserved.
25 refs.
Language: English
English
Publication Type: Journal
Publication Type: Article
Country of Publication: United Kingdom
Classification: 92.4.1 WATER AND NUTRIENTS: Nutrients
Classification: 92.4.2 WATER AND NUTRIENTS: Translocation
Subfile: Plant Science

Eulitz, E. G. (1986). Initial Experiments in the Control of False Wireworm (Tenebrionidae) on Tobacco Transplants. Phytophylactica 18: 115-119.

EcoReference No.: 74106

Chemical of Concern: TLF,TVP,CBL,ACP,MOM,ES,DZ,CPY; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR,POP,BEH; Rejection Code: OK(ALL CHEMS),OK TARGET(DZ).

Evans, J. R., Edwards, D. R. *., Workman, S. R., and Williams, R. M. (1998). Response of runoff diazinon concentration to formulation and post-application irrigation. Transactions of the ASAE [Trans. ASAE]. Vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 1323-1329. Sep-Oct 1998.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: FATE.

ISSN: 0001-2351

Descriptors: Diazinon
Descriptors: Insecticides
Descriptors: Pesticides
Descriptors: Urban areas
Descriptors: Irrigation
Descriptors: Runoff
Descriptors: Rainfall
Descriptors: Immunoassays
Descriptors: Water pollution control
Descriptors: Agricultural runoff
Descriptors: Pollution monitoring
Descriptors: Festuca arundinacea
Abstract: Pesticides used in urban environments can be transported in runoff to downstream waters and cause adverse environmental consequences. This experiment assessed the effects of post-application irrigation depth (0, 6.4, and 12.7 mm) and formulation (liquid and granular) on concentration and transport of diazinon (a pesticide commonly used for lawn insect control) in runoff from "tall" fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) plots. The post-application irrigation was applied using rainfall simulators immediately following diazinon application. The rainfall simulators were again used approximately 2 h after diazinon application to apply the equivalent of a heavy rainfall (64 mm/h for approximately 1.5 h) to generate runoff. Runoff was sampled and analyzed for diazinon using the enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay method. Post-application irrigation depth had no effect on diazinon concentration but increased diazinon mass transported off the plot by increasing plot runoff. Flow-weighted mean runoff diazinon concentration for the liquid formulation of diazinon was roughly double that of the granular formulation (0.59 vs 0.29 mg/L), attributed to the higher solubility of the liquid formulation relative to the granular formulation. The results indicate that post-application irrigation can increase runoff losses of diazinon for heavy rainfall occurring soon after application, but that these losses can be reduced by use of the granular formulation.
Language: English
English
Publication Type: Journal Article