N., and Bakry, N. M. (2006)

Fleischli, M. A., Franson, J. C., Thomas, N. J., Finley, D. L., and Riley, W. (2004). Avian Mortality Events in the United States Caused by Anticholinesterase Pesticides: A Retrospective Summary of National Wildlife Health Center Records from 1980 to 2000. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology [Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.]. Vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 542-550. May 2004.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: REVIEW, INCIDENT.

ISSN: 0090-4341

Descriptors: Pesticides (organophosphorus)
Descriptors: Poisoning
Descriptors: Gastrointestinal tract
Descriptors: Carcasses
Descriptors: Diazinon
Descriptors: Wildlife
Descriptors: Carbofuran
Descriptors: Reviews
Descriptors: Fenthion
Descriptors: Databases
Descriptors: Cholinesterase
Descriptors: Mortality
Descriptors: Pesticides
Descriptors: Varieties
Descriptors: Waterfowl
Descriptors: Carbamate Pesticides
Descriptors: Contamination
Descriptors: Birds
Descriptors: Inhibition
Descriptors: Bioaccumulation
Descriptors: Historical account
Descriptors: Falconiformes
Descriptors: Passeriformes
Descriptors: Anseriformes
Descriptors: USA, Washington
Descriptors: USA, Virginia
Descriptors: USA, Ohio
Abstract: We reviewed the U.S. Geological Survey National Wildlife Health Center (NWHC) mortality database from 1980 to 2000 to identify cases of poisoning caused by organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides. From the 35,022 cases from which one or more avian carcasses were submitted to the NWHC for necropsy, we identified 335 mortality events attributed to anticholinesterase poisoning, 119 of which have been included in earlier reports. Poisoning events were classified as confirmed (n = 205) when supported by findings of 50% inhibition of cholinesterase (ChE) activity in brain tissue and the detection of a specific pesticide in the gastrointestinal contents of one or more carcasses. Suspected poisonings (n = 130) were defined as cases where brain ChE activity was 50% inhibited or a specific pesticide was identified in gastrointestinal contents. The 335 avian mortality events occurred in 42 states. Washington, Virginia, and Ohio had the highest frequency of events, with 24 (7.2%), 21 (6.3%), and 20 (6.0%) events, respectively. A total of 8877 carcasses of 103 avian species in 12 orders was recovered. Because carcass counts underestimate total mortality, this represents the minimum actual mortality. Of 24 different pesticides identified, the most frequent were famphur (n = 59; 18%), carbofuran (n = 52; 15%), diazinon (n = 40; 12%), and fenthion (n = 17; 5.1%). Falconiformes were reported killed most frequently (49% of all die-offs) but Anseriformes were found dead in the greatest numbers (64% of 8877 found dead). The majority of birds reported killed by famphur were Passeriformes and Falconiformes, with the latter found dead in 90% of famphur-related poisoning events. Carbofuran and famphur were involved in mortality of the greatest variety of species (45 and 33, respectively). Most of the mortality events caused by diazinon involved waterfowl.
Publisher: Springer-Verlag
DOI: 10.1007/s00244-003-3065-y
Language: English
English
Publication Type: Journal Article
Classification: X 24136 Environmental impact
Classification: AQ 00008 Effects of Pollution
Classification: D 04803 Pollution effects
Classification: P 6000 TOXICOLOGY AND HEALTH
Classification: EE 10 General Environmental Engineering
Subfile: Ecology Abstracts; Environmental Engineering Abstracts; Pollution Abstracts; Toxicology Abstracts; Aqualine Abstracts

Fleischli, M A, Franson, J C, Thomas, N J, Finley, D L, and Riley, W Jr (2004). Avian mortality events in the United States caused by anticholinesterase pesticides: a retrospective summary of National Wildlife Health Center records from 1980 to 2000. Archives Of Environmental Contamination And Toxicology 46: 542-550.

Rejection Code: REVIEW/SURVEY/INCIDENT.

We reviewed the U.S. Geological Survey National Wildlife Health Center (NWHC) mortality database from 1980 to 2000 to identify cases of poisoning caused by organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides. From the 35,022 cases from which one or more avian carcasses were submitted to the NWHC for necropsy, we identified 335 mortality events attributed to anticholinesterase poisoning, 119 of which have been included in earlier reports. Poisoning events were classified as confirmed (n = 205) when supported by findings of > or =50% inhibition of cholinesterase (ChE) activity in brain tissue and the detection of a specific pesticide in the gastrointestinal contents of one or more carcasses. Suspected poisonings (n = 130) were defined as cases where brain ChE activity was > or =50% inhibited or a specific pesticide was identified in gastrointestinal contents. The 335 avian mortality events occurred in 42 states. Washington, Virginia, and Ohio had the highest frequency of events, with 24 (7.2%), 21 (6.3%), and 20 (6.0%) events, respectively. A total of 8877 carcasses of 103 avian species in 12 orders was recovered. Because carcass counts underestimate total mortality, this represents the minimum actual mortality. Of 24 different pesticides identified, the most frequent were famphur (n = 59: 18%), carbofuran (n = 52; 15%), diazinon (n = 40; 12%), and fenthion (n = 17; 5.1%). Falconiformes were reported killed most frequently (49% of all die-offs) but Anseriformes were found dead in the greatest numbers (64% of 8877 found dead). The majority of birds reported killed by famphur were Passeriformes and Falconiformes, with the latter found dead in 90% of famphur-related poisoning events. Carbofuran and famphur were involved in mortality of the greatest variety of species (45 and 33, respectively). Most of the mortality events caused by diazinon involved waterfowl. [Journal Article; In English; United States]

Foe, C. (1995). Insecticide Concentrations and Invertebrate Bioassay Mortality in Agricultural Return Water from the San Joaquin Basin. Staff Rep., Central Valley Reg.Water Qual.Control Bd., Sacramento, CA.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: EFFLUENT.

Foe, C., Deanovic, C. L., and Hinton, D. (1998). Toxicity Identification Evaluations of Orchard Dormant Spray Storm Runoff. Staff Rep., Central Valley Reg.Water Qual.Control Bd., Sacramento, CA.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: EFFLUENT.

Foreman, W. T., Majewski, M. S., Goolsby, D. A., Wiebe, F. W., and Coupe, R. H. (2000). Pesticides in the atmosphere of the Mississippi River Valley, part II -- air. The Science of The Total Environment 248: 213-226.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: SURVEY.

Weekly composite air samples were collected from early April through to mid-September 1995 at three paired urban and agricultural sites along the Mississippi River region of the Midwestern United States. The paired sampling sites were located in Mississippi, Iowa, and Minnesota. A background site, removed from dense urban and agricultural areas, was located on the shore of Lake Superior in Michigan. Each sample was analyzed for 49 compounds; of these, 21 of 26 herbicides, 13 of 19 insecticides, and 4 of 4 related transformation products were detected during the study, with most pesticides detected in more than one sample. The maximum number of pesticides detected in an air sample was 18. Herbicides were the predominant type of pesticide detected at every site. Detection frequencies of most herbicides were similar at the urban and agricultural sites in Iowa and Minnesota. In Mississippi, herbicides generally were detected more frequently at the agricultural site. The insecticides chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and carbaryl, which are used in agricultural and non-agricultural settings, were detected more frequently in urban sites than agricultural sites in Mississippi and Iowa. Methyl parathion was detected in 70% of the samples from the Mississippi agricultural site and at the highest concentration (62 ng/m3 air) of any insecticide measured in the study. At the background site, dacthal (100%), atrazine (35%), cyanazine (22%), and the (primarily atrazine) triazine transformation products CIAT (35%) and CEAT (17%) were detected most frequently, suggesting their potential for long-range atmospheric transport. Air/ Pesticides/ Insecticides/ Herbicides

Forrest, M., Lord, K. A., Walker, N., and Woodville, H. C. (1981). The Influence of Soil Treatments on the Bacterial Degradation of Diazinon and Other Organophosphorus Insecticides. Environ.Pollut.Ser.A 24: 93-104.
Chem Codes: EcoReference No.: 61727
Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: BACTERIA.

Forrest, Margaret, Lord, K. A., Walker, N., and Woodville, H. C. (1981 ). The influence of soil treatments on the bacterial degradation of diazinon and other organophosphorus insecticides. Environmental Pollution Series A, Ecological and Biological 24: 93-104.

Rejection Code: BACTERIA.

After repeated field applications to soil, diazinon was rapidley degraded, but not parathion, phorate, chlorfenvinphos, pirimiphos ethyl, pirimiphos methyl or carbofuran. Fumigation with chloroform, pasteurising, alternate wetting and drying or freezing and thawing failed to destroy the ability of conditioned soil to degrade diazinon and even favoured the organism in the presence of diazinon. The activity was transferable to other soils.A Flavobacterium sp. able to degrade diazinon was isolated. Washed organisms hydrolysed diazinon in neutral phosphate buffer producing 2-isoprophyl-4-methyl-6-hydroxypyrimidine stoichiometrically and degraded parathion or paroxon liberating 4-nitrophenol.

Forrest, Margaret, Lord, K. A., Walker, N., and Woodville, H. C. (1981). The influence of soil treatments on the bacterial degradation of diazinon and other organophosphorus insecticides. Environmental Pollution Series A, Ecological and Biological 24: 93-104.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: FATE.

After repeated field applications to soil, diazinon was rapidley degraded, but not parathion, phorate, chlorfenvinphos, pirimiphos ethyl, pirimiphos methyl or carbofuran. Fumigation with chloroform, pasteurising, alternate wetting and drying or freezing and thawing failed to destroy the ability of conditioned soil to degrade diazinon and even favoured the organism in the presence of diazinon. The activity was transferable to other soils.A Flavobacterium sp. able to degrade diazinon was isolated. Washed organisms hydrolysed diazinon in neutral phosphate buffer producing 2-isoprophyl-4-methyl-6-hydroxypyrimidine stoichiometrically and degraded parathion or paroxon liberating 4-nitrophenol.

FORRESTER DJ, DAVIDSON WR, LANGE, R. E. JR, STROUD RK, ALEXANDER LL, FRANSON JC, HASELTINE SD, LITTELL RC, and NESBITT SA (1997). Winter mortality of common loons in Florida coastal waters. JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES; 33 833-847.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: SURVEY.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Diagnostic findings are presented for 434 common loons (Gavia immer) found sick or dead on Florida beaches from 1970 through 1994, primarily during the months of December to April. The most commonly recognized problem was an emaciation syndrome (66%), followed by oiling (18%), aspergillosis (7%), trauma (5%) and miscellaneous disease entities (1%). The cause-of-death for 3% of the birds was not determined. Many of the carcasses examined (n = 173) were obtained during an epizootic which occurred from January to March of 1983 in which more than 13,000 loons were estimated to have died. An emaciation syndrome, characterized by severe atrophy of pectoral muscles, loss of body fat and hemorrhagic enteritis, was the primary finding in this epizootic. It was postulated to have a complex etiologic basis involving synergistic effects and energy costs of migration, molting and replacement of flight feathers, food resource changes, salt-loading, intestinal arasitism, environmental Animals/ Ecology/ Pathology/ Necrosis/Pathology/ Digestive System Diseases/Pathology/ Digestive System/Pathology/ Blood Vessels/Pathology/ Vascular Diseases/Pathology/ Muscular Diseases/Pathology/ Muscular Diseases/Physiopathology/ Mycoses/ Birds

Frank, R., Braun, H. E., Chapman, N., and Burchat, C. (1991). Degradation Of Parent Compounds Of Nine Usa Organophosphorus Insecticides In Ontario Usa Surface And Ground Waters Under Controlled Conditions . 47: 374-380.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: CHLOR ,DMT Rejection Code: SURVEY.

biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm chlorpyrifos diazinon dimethoate ethion fensulfothion methidiathion mevinphos phosmet terbufos insecticide water pollution ecology/ environmental biology-limnology/ biochemical studies-general/ metabolism-general metabolism/ metabolic pathways/ toxicology-environmental and industrial toxicology/ public health: environmental health-air, water and soil pollution/ pest control, general/ pesticides/ herbicides/ economic entomology-chemical and physical control, general/ apparatus

FRANK, R., BRAUN HE, RIPLEY BD, and PITBLADO, R. (1991). Residues of nine insecticides and two fungicides in raw and processed tomatoes. J FOOD PROT; 54: 41-46.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DMT Rejection Code: NO TOX DATA.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The objective of this study was to determine preharvest intervals for nine insecticides (acephate, azinphosmethyl, carbaryl, demeton, diazinon, dimethonate, endosulfan, malathion, and permethrin) and two fungicides (captafol and chlorothalonil) in order to produce raw tomato fruit and juice with residue levels below 0.1 and 0.01 mg kg-1, respectively. Over a four-year period (1985-88) ripe tomato fruit was commercially treated with these 11 pesticides and harvested on days 0, 1, 3 and 6, 7, or 8 after spraying. Both raw fruit and processed juice were then analyzed for residues. Residues of the 11 pesticides fell below 0.1 mg kg-1 in juice and eight declined below 0.1 mg kg-1 on raw fruit during the 0- to 8-d harvest period. The exceptions on raw fruit were chlorothalonil (1987), diazinon, and azinphosmethyl (1987). Residues of seven insecticides and the two fungicides fell below 0.01 mg kg-1 in juice, but only acephate and demeton declined below 0.1 mg kg-1 on raw fruit Biology/Methods/ Biochemistry/ Comparative Study/ Biochemistry/Methods/ Biochemistry/ Food Technology/ Fruit/ Nuts/ Vegetables/ Food Analysis/ Food Technology/ Food-Processing Industry/ Food Technology/ Food Additives/Poisoning/ Food Additives/Toxicity/ Food Contamination/ Food Poisoning/ Food Preservatives/Poisoning/ Food Preservatives/Toxicity/ Environmental Monitoring/ Public Health/ Vegetables/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Arachnida/ Entomology/Economics/ Insecticides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides

Frank, R. and Logan, L. (1988). PESTICIDE AND INDUSTRIAL CHEMICAL RESIDUES AT THE MOUTH OF THE GRAND SAUGEEN AND THAMES RIVERS ONTARIO CANADA 1981-1985. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 17 : 741-754.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SZ,MTL,MOM,CBF,ADC, CHLOR Rejection Code: NO SPECIES.

ABSTRACT: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM WATER POLLUTION HERBICIDE INSECTICIDE FUNGICIDE ATRAZINE 2 4-D DIAZINON MALATHION CHLORDANE ALACHLOR METOLACHLOR CYANAZINE MONITORING

KEYWORDS: Ecology
KEYWORDS: Biochemical Studies-General
KEYWORDS: Toxicology-Environmental and Industrial Toxicology
KEYWORDS: Public Health: Environmental Health-Air
KEYWORDS: Agronomy-Weed Control
KEYWORDS: Pest Control
KEYWORDS: Economic Entomology-Chemical and Physical Control

FRASER LH (1998). Top-down vs bottom-up control influenced by productivity in a North Derbyshire, UK, dale. OIKOS; 81 99-108.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: NO EFFECT.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Fretwell and Oksanen's theory of trophic dynamics was tested in two plant communities located in a North Derbyshire dale, including: (1) a low productivity calcareous grassland; and, (2) a highly productive Urtica dioica (nettle) patch. Two methods (herbivore removal through pesticide application, and transplanting established, intact turves (0.5 m2) between the two community types) were employed, and analysed in a two-way ANOVA, to test the hypothesis that highly productive communities are controlled by 'top-down' forces and low productivity communities are controlled by 'bottom-up' forces. The Fretwell-Oksanen theory proposes that herbivores limit growth in low productivity communities, not highly productive communities. Therefore, removal of herbivores will result in an increase in plant biomass only in the low productivity community. The results presented in this paper support the Fretwell-Oksanen hypothesis. Furthermore, when small turves were transplanted from the Ecology/ Plants/ Biophysics/ Plants/Physiology/ Plants/Metabolism/ Plants/Growth & Development/ Plants

FRASER LH and GRIME JP (1997). Primary productivity and trophic dynamics investigated in a North Derbyshire, UK, dale. OIKOS; 80 499-508.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: MODELING.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Trophic interactions were investigated on herbaceous communities in a limestone dale in Northern England. Manipulative experiments involved the application of molluscicides and foliar and soil insecticides along natural productivity gradients. The results supported the theories of Fretwell and Oksanen in which trophic dynamics are predicted to be dependent upon primary productivity. Furthermore, the results extend the Fretwell-Oksanen model by the inclusion of invertebrates, and the applicability of the model to the small, individual habitat scale. At very low productivity, the vegetation was dominated by slow-growing, unpalatable species and did not experience a detectable amount of herbivory. In circumstances of high productivity, 'top-down' control of herbivores by carnivores appeared to protect the resident fast-growing and relatively palatable perennials from herbivory. Vegetation of intermediate productivity responded strongly to the removal of herbivores; here we Ecology/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Plants/ Animals

Fredeen, F. J. H. (1972). Reactions of the Larvae of Three Rheophilic Species of Trichoptera to Selected Insecticides. Can.Entomol. 104: 945-953.

EcoReference No.: 2822

Chemical of Concern: DZ,MLN,DDT,MXC; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: MOR; Rejection Code: OK(DDT),NO CONTROL(DZ).

Frick Elizabeth A, Dalton Melinda S, and Hatcher, K. J. (ed) (2005). Characterization of Anthropogenic Organic Compounds in the Source Water and Finished Water for the city of Atlanta, October 2002-September 2004.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: SURVEY.

Descriptors: Organic compounds

Descriptors: Anthropogenic factors
Descriptors: Water resources
Descriptors: Water supply
Descriptors: Pesticides
Descriptors: Water treatment
Descriptors: Disinfection
Descriptors: Consumers
Descriptors: Herbicides
Descriptors: Volatile compounds
Descriptors: Insecticides
Descriptors: Water Quality Standards
Descriptors: Intakes
Descriptors: Bacteria
Descriptors: Diazinon
Descriptors: Surface Water
Descriptors: Trihalomethanes
Descriptors: Byproducts
Descriptors: USA, Georgia, Atlanta
Abstract: As part of the Source Water-Quality Assessment (SWQA)--one of several study components within the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program--the source water and finished water for the City of Atlanta are being analyzed for the presence of more than 270 anthropogenic organic compounds representing a diverse group of extensively used chemicals. During the first phase of the study, 17 source-water samples were collected from October 2002 through December 2003 at the City of Atlanta drinking-water intake. As part of the second phase of the study, 16 paired samples from the drinking-water intake and finished water at the Chattahoochee Water Treatment Plant (CWTP) are being collected from July 2004 through May 2005. This paper characterizes the occurrence of anthropogenic organic compounds in the source water and finished water for the City of Atlanta, based on results from the first phase and the first three paired samples from the second phase of the study. Thirty-seven pesticides, 11 pesticide degradates, 37 organic wastewater compounds, and 16 volatile organic compounds were detected; multiple anthropogenic organic compounds were detected in each sample collected. Concentrations of anthropogenic organic compounds detected in source-water samples for the City of Atlanta generally were low, and SWQA samples included in this report did not exceed Federal drinking-water standards or health advisories, although such standards or advisories have not been established for most of these compounds. Maximum concentrations measured in source-water samples for the herbicides simazine and MCPA and the insecticide diazinon ranged from 81 to 12 percent of available standards and advisories. For all other anthropogenic organic compounds with available drinking-water standards or health advisories, the maximum concentrations measured in source-water samples ranged from 10 to 100,000 times less than available standards and advisories. Fewer anthropogenic organic compounds were detected in the finished water from the CWTP than in source water, and concentrations generally were less than concentrations in source water by one to three orders of magnitude, with the notable exception of total trihalomethane (THM). THMs are common disinfection by-products, especially when surface water is chlorinated to protect against bacterial contamination. Concentrations of total THMs detected in finished water generally were low (from 35 to 38 micrograms per liter) and compare well with the CWTP's consumer confidence reports. There were no exceedences of Federal drinking-water standards or health advisories in the first three finished-water samples. For all other anthropogenic organic compounds with available drinking-water standards or health advisories, the maximum concentrations measured in finished-water samples ranged from 100 to 100,000 times less than available standards and advisories.
Conference: 2005 Georgia Water Resources Conf., Athens, GA (USA), 25-27 Apr 2005
Language: English
English
Publication Type: Book Monograph
Publication Type: Conference
Environmental Regime: Freshwater
Classification: Q5 01503 Characteristics, behavior and fate
Classification: SW 3060 Water treatment and distribution
Classification: EE 50 Water & Wastewater Treatment
Subfile: Environmental Engineering Abstracts; ASFA 3: Aquatic Pollution & Environmental Quality; Water Resources Abstracts

Frijters, Charles M. G., Tuijn, Coosje J., Hoek, Frans J., Groen, Albert K., Oude Elferink, Ronald P. J., and N. Zegers, Bart (1998). Reversed-phase liquid chromatographic method for the determination of 7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl-labelled lipid analogues. Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications 710: 9-16.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

This paper reports the development of a dual column system for the simultaneous separation of fluorescent short-chain ceramide, 6-[(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3,-diazol-4-yl[NBD])amino]hexanoyl-sphingosine and its metabolites, C6-NBD-sphingomyelin and C6-NBD-glucosylceramide, as well as the fluorescent derivatives of choline and serine phosphatides. The method enables the separation of these lipids in a single run on the basis of the polarity of their headgroups and hydrophobicity of their acyl backbone. The fluorescent properties of the NBD-label make it possible to quantitate small amounts of NBD-lipid analogues. The sensitivity of the presented method thus permits the use of small sample volumes and the determination of NBD-lipid analogues secreted into mouse bile directly, without prior extraction or concentration steps. Lipids