N., and Bakry, N. M. (2006)

Language: English
English
Publication Type: Journal Article
Environmental Regime: Freshwater
Classification: SW 3020 Sources and fate of pollution
Classification: AQ 00002 Water Quality
Classification: P 2000 FRESHWATER POLLUTION
Classification: EE 40 Water Pollution: Monitoring, Control & Remediation
Classification: Q5 01503 Characteristics, behavior and fate
Subfile: Pollution Abstracts; ASFA 3: Aquatic Pollution & Environmental Quality; Aqualine Abstracts; Water Resources Abstracts; Environmental Engineering Abstracts

Cripe, G. M. (1994). Comparative Acute Toxicities of Several Pesticides and Metals to Mysidopsis bahia and Postlarval Penaeus duorarum. Environ.Toxicol.Chem. 13: 1867-1872.

EcoReference No.: 13513

Chemical of Concern: DZ,MLN,CYP,PMR,CuCl; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: MOR; Rejection Code: LITE EVAL CODED(CuCl,OW-TRV-Cu,CYP),OK(ALL CHEMS).

CROSBY BL, BYFORD RL, and KINZER HG (1991). Insecticide resistance in the horn fly, Haematobia irritans (L.), in New Mexico: Survey and control. SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL; 16 301-310.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: SURVEY.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. A survey of selected counties in New Mexico (USA) was conducted to determine the degree and extent of insecticide resistance in horn fly populations. The highest levels of pyrethroid resistance (14-fold) were detected in Lincoln and Eddy counties, while the lowest levels (11-fold) were found in Grant and Dona Ana counties. Organophosphorus resistance was not detected in any of the populations bioassayed. Alternative horn fly control strategies for pyrethroid resistant horn flies were evaluated on a ranch in De Baca County, New Mexico. Diazinon ear tags alone and in rotation with Ivermectin Topical Pour-on were evaluated. Diazinon ear tags alone provided effective control (\80%) of horn flies for 17 weeks. Rotation of ivermectin with diazinon ear tags also provided adequate horn fly control. Animals/Genetics/ Animals/ Ecology/ Biochemistry/ Poisoning/ Animals, Laboratory/ Animal Husbandry/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Animals/ Arachnida/ Entomology/Economics/ Pest Control/ Arachnida/ Entomology/Economics/ Insecticides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Animal/ Insects/Physiology/ Physiology, Comparative/ Pathology/ Animal/ Disease/ Insects/Parasitology/ Diptera/ Artiodactyla

CROWLEY DE, ALVEY, S., and GILBERT ES (1997). RHIZOSPHERE ECOLOGY OF XENOBIOTIC-DEGRADING MICROORGANISMS. KRUGER, E. L., T. A. ANDERSON AND J. R. COATS (ED.). ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES, 664. PHYTOREMEDIATION OF SOIL AND WATER CONTAMINANTS; SYMPOSIUM HELD DURING THE 212TH NATIONAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, ORLANDO, FLORIDA, USA, AUGUST 25-29, 1996. X+318P. AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY: WASHINGTON, DC, USA. ISBN 0-8412-3503-1.; 664 (0). 1997. 20-36.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: NO TOX DATA.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM BOOK CHAPTER MEETING PAPER MICROORGANISM XENOBIOTIC DEGRADING RHIZOSPHERE ECOLOGY BIODEGRADATION CHLOROBENZOATE POLLUTANT CHLORDANE POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS ATRAZINE DEGRADATION RATE METABOLISM POLLUTION REMEDIATION METHOD Biochemistry/ Metabolism/ Air Pollution/ Soil Pollutants/ Water Pollution/ Biodegradation/ Industrial Microbiology/ Microbiology

Crystal, M. M. and Demilo, A. B. (1988). Susceptibility of Laboratory-Reared Northern Fowl Mites, Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Acari: Macronyssidae), to Selected Acaricides. Exp.Appl.Acarol. 4: 353-358.

EcoReference No.: 70191

Chemical of Concern: PIRM,CMPH,ADC,PMR,RSM,CBL,DZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR; Rejection Code: NO CONTROL(ALL CHEMS).

Cunha Bastos, V. L. F., Cunha Bastos, J., Lima, J. S., and Castro Faria, M. V. (1991). Brain acetylcholinesterase as an in vitro detector of organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides in water. Water Research 25: 835-840.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: IN VITRO.

An inexpensive but accurate enzymatic method is proposed for the detection of carbamate and organophosphorus pesticides contaminating water supplies. The method uses an acetylcholinesterase preparation obtained after extraction of rat brain microsomal fraction with Triton X-100. The method is based on inhibition of acetylcholinesterase in the presence of the pesticides. Some phosphorothionate insecticides (e.g. parathion, malathion), which are not direct acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, can also be activated by preincubation with the enzyme preparation.Enzyme assay is performed by a potentiometric method based on the formation of acetic acid in the incubation mixture. Interference of any eventual buffering capacity of the sample can be easily corrected. Malathion, parathion, diazinon and deoxicarbamate inhibited the enzyme at least 20% when they were added to the medium in the limit concentration recommended for public water supplies (0.1 mg/l). The method was evaluated in samples collected from selected locations of Paraiba do Sul river, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and it proved to be sufficiently practical and accurate as an alarm routine test for such pesticide classes. pollutants/ acetylcholinesterase/ detection/ water/ organophosphorus/ carbamate

Cunico, Robert F. and Kuan, Chia P. (1995). A preparation of N,N-bis(trimethylsilyl)allenamines. Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 487: 89-93.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

Silicon/ Carbanions/ Allene/ Silyl/ Amine/ Trimethylsilyl The lithium diisopropylamide-induced elimination of 2-[N,N-bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]alkenyl (diethyl)phosphates affords 1-[N,N-bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]-1,2-alkadienes (“allenamines”). Conjugatively-substituted allenamines undergo further metalation under these eliminative conditions to form allenyl carbanions which may be trapped in situ by chlorotrimethylsilane to give 3-trimethylsilyl-or 3,3-bis(trimethylsilyl)-N,N-bis(trimethylsilyl)allenamines.

Curtis, C., Lima, A., Lozano, S. J., and Veith, G. D. (1982). Evaluation of a Bacterial Bioluminescence Bioassay as a Method for Predicting Acute Toxicity of Organic Chemicals to Fish. In: J.G.Pearson, R.B.Foster, and W.E.Bishop (Eds.), Aquatic Toxiciology and Hazard Assessment, 5th Conf., ASTM STP 766, Philadelphia, PA 170-178.
Chem Codes: EcoReference No.: 20312
Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: BACTERIA.

Curtis, R. J. (1985). Amitraz in the control of non-ixodide ectoparasites of livestock. Veterinary Parasitology 18: 251-264.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: NO COC.

Amitraz has been shown to be successful in controlling mange and lice infestations on pigs which had failed to respond to diazinon and [gamma]-BHC, respectively, and by the use of a prophylactic programme to maintain pig herds mange free. In addition, trials have indicated the elimination of psoroptic mange from sheep by applying the compound to the animal using either conventional or less convetional methods of treatment. Mixed infections of Chorioptes spp., Psoroptes spp. and Sarcoptes spp., in cattle have also been controlled using spray applications of amitraz, where in some cases organochlorine, organophosphorus and organotin compounds had failed. In a pilot study a heavy infestation of chorioptic mange was controlled on a calf using a pour-on formulation of amitraz.

D'Cruz, O. J. and Uckun, F. M. (2000). Vanadocene-Mediated in Vivo Male Germ Cell Apoptosis. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology [Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.]. Vol. 166, no. 3, pp. 186-195. 1 Aug 2000.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: IN VITRO.

ISSN: 0041-008X

Descriptors: Apoptosis
Descriptors: Germ cells
Descriptors: Antitumor agents
Descriptors: Testes
Abstract: Vanadocenes are potent apoptosis-inducing cytotoxic agents against human testicular cancer cells in vitro. The present study investigated the ability of four vanadocenes--vanadocene diazide (VDA), vanadocene dicyanate (VDCN), vanadocene dioxycyanate (VDOCN), and vanadocene monochloro oxycyanate (VDCO)--to induce male germ cell apoptosis in vivo in mouse testes by repetitive intratesticular injection of vanadocenes (7.5 mg/kg/testis) for 28 days. Germ cell loss in vivo was measured by epididymal sperm count, testes weights, and histologic evaluation of the testes. Repetitive intratesticular injection of vanadocenes led to decreased sperm counts and reduced testicular weights. Histopathological examination revealed seminiferous tubular atrophy, inhibition of spermatogenesis, and the preferential loss of maturing and elongated spermatids. In situ evaluation by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated FITC-deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling (TUNEL) of seminiferous tubule cross sections and laser confocal microscopy showed characteristic apoptotic cells identified primarily as pachytene spermatocytes delineating the periphery of the seminiferous tubules. The ability of vanadocenes to induce germ cell apoptosis in vivo may have potential utility in the treatment of testicular seminomas in humans.
Publisher: Academic Press
DOI: 10.1006/taap.2000.8965
Language: English
English
Publication Type: Journal Article
Classification: X 24115 Pathology
Subfile: Toxicology Abstracts

Dahm, P. A., Kopecky, B. E., and Walker, C. B. ( 1962). Activation of organophosphorus insecticides by rat liver microsomes. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 4: 683-696.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: IN VITRO.

Activation of organophosphorus insecticides has been compared by aerobically incubating them with male rat liver microsomes, NADH2, nicotinamide, and magnesium ions and manometrically assaying the products with rat brain and fly head cholinesterase preparations. The greatest increase in cholinesterase inhibition occurred with methyl parathion, Diazinon, Co-ral, ronnel, Dowco 109 (with fly head cholinesterase only), and Guthion. Lesser activation occurred with malathion (rat brain cholinesterase only) and Trithion. No activation could be demonstrated with demeton, phorate, dimethoate, E.I. 18,706, Menazon, and R 15,799.Changes in the anticholinesterase potencies of high and low concentrations of the P(O)S analog of Guthion and malaoxon added to microsomal incubation mixtures and the microsomal activation products of Guthion and malathion were compared in a series of time-course experiments. A 0.01 M concentration of fluoride in the incubation mixtures reduced the degradation of the P(O)S analogs and of the active metabolites of Guthion and malathion. In the absence of fluoride and with a low concentration of the P(S)S compound in the incubation mixture, enzymatic degradation eventually exceeded activation and little or no anticholinesterase production was apparent from cholinesterase assays.MGK 264, piperonyl butoxide, propyl isome, sulfoxide, sesamex, testosterone propionate, androstanolone, estradiol, estrone, and SKF 525-A inhibited the in vitro, microsomal activation of methyl parathion. The reaction products were manometrically assayed with rat brain and fly head cholinesterase preparations. MGK 264, piperonyl butoxide, testosterone propionate, and SKF 525-A also inhibited the activation of Co-ral and Guthion, except that greater than normal activation was observed when Co-ral was combined with the first three compounds and the metabolites were assayed with fly head cholinesterase.

DAN PEST INFEST LAB (1990). DANISH PEST INFESTATION LABORATORY ANNUAL REPORT. DAN PEST INFEST LAB ANNU REP; 1989 1-110.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: REVIEW.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM TSETSE FLY COCKROACH MOSQUITOES FLEA ARTHROPOD RODENT SEASONAL INCIDENCE TRYPANOSOMIASIS WOOD PEST GRAIN PEST EDUCATION PESTICIDE WHO Audiovisual Aids/ Biology/Education/ Textbooks/ Reference Books/ Climate/ Ecology/ Meteorological Factors/ Animals/ Ecology/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Arachnida/ Entomology/Economics/ Plants/ Arachnida/ Entomology/Economics/ Trees/ Wood/ Animals/ Arachnida/ Entomology/Economics/ Pest Control/ Arachnida/ Entomology/Economics/ Insecticides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Animal/ Animals, Laboratory/ Animals, Wild/ Parasitic Diseases/Veterinary/ Insects/ Diptera/ Orthoptera/ Rodentia

DANNENBERG, A. and PEHKONEN SO (1998). Investigation of the heterogeneously catalyzed hydrolysis of organophosphorus pesticides. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY; 46 325-334.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: FATE.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The hydrolysis of four organophosphorus pesticides (demeton S, diazinon, disulfoton, and thiometon) in the presence or absence of three iron oxides (hematite, goethite, and ferrihydrite) and aluminum hydroxide has been investigated. Metal oxide surfaces can catalyze as well as inhibit the hydrolysis of organophosphorus insecticides and thus significantly affect the fate of these compounds in the environment. Adsorption of the organophosphorus pesticides onto the metal oxides seems to take place at specific binding sites, and the fraction adsorbed can be as high as 0.4. Activation parameter studies show that the rate-determining step of the mechanism of surface catalysis is complex formation between the pesticide and the oxide when the catalysis takes place only at low temperatures. Product studies show that hazardous, persistent compounds can be formed. An example is 1,2-bis(ethylthio)ethane, a previously unreported and persistent product of insecticide hydrolysis. The Biochemistry/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides

DANNENBERG, A. and PEHKONEN SO (1997). INVESTIGATION OF THE HOMOGENEOUS AND HETEROGENEOUS HYDROLYSIS RATES AND MECHANISMS OF SELECTED ORGANOPHOSPHORUS PESTICIDES. 213TH NATIONAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA, USA, APRIL 13-17, 1997. ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY; 213 ENVR 235.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: FATE.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM MEETING ABSTRACT PESTICIDES DEMETON S INSECTICIDE DIAZINON DISULFOTON THIOMETON GROUNDWATER ECOLOGY POLLUTION Congresses/ Biology/ Air Pollution/ Soil Pollutants/ Water Pollution/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides

DAUTERMAN WC (1994). ADAPTATION TO TOXICANTS. HODGSON, E. AND P. E. LEVI (ED.). INTRODUCTION TO BIOCHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY, SECOND EDITION. XIX+588P. APPLETON AND LANGE: EAST NORWALK, CONNECTICUT, USA. ISBN 0-8385-4332-4.; 0 (0). 1994. 569-581.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METABOLISM.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM BOOK CHAPTER MAMMAL TOXICOKINETICS BIOCHEMICAL MECHANISMS PHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS BEHAVIORAL MECHANISMS Behavior, Animal/ Biochemistry/ Metabolism/ Poisoning/ Animals, Laboratory/ Mammals

Davies, Donald B. and Holub, Bruce J. (1983). Comparative effects of organophosphorus insecticides on the activities of acetylcholinesterase, diacylglycerol kinase, and phosphatidylinositol phosphodiesterase in rat brain microsomes. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 20: 92-99.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: IN VITRO.

The activities of acetylcholinesterase, diacylglycerol kinase, and phosphatidylinositol phosphodiesterase in rat brain microsomes were measured in the presence and absence of the organophosphorus insecticides, parathion and diazinon, and their respective oxon analogs, paraoxon and diazoxon. Marked inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (by 45-99%) was observed in the presence of paraoxon (10-2-10-6 M) and diazoxon (10-2-10-4 M). Reduction of acetylcholinesterase activity (by 22-33%) was achieved with the parent insecticides at high concentrations only (10-2 M). In most cases, diacylglycerol kinase was insensitive to the pesticides. Marked stimulation of phosphatidylinositol phosphodiesterase (by 10-57%) was observed in the presence of all pesticides (10-2-10-3 M). The phosphodiesterase exhibited slightly greater sensitivity to the parent compounds compared to the oxon derivatives. Stimulation of the phosphodiesterase by the insecticides was not correlated with acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Accordingly, the increase in phosphodiesterase activity was judged not to be acetylcholine mediated, but rather represented a direct effect of the pesticides on the enzyme or its microenvironment. Based on the present in vitro observations, it is proposed that certain organophosphorus pesticides may interfere with the normal process of synaptic transmission through both the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and the stimulation of phosphatidylinositol phosphodiesterase. In view of the high concentrations of pesticides required to elicit the latter effect, interpretation of its physiological significance must await results from further studies performed in vivo.

de Almeida, Rodrigo F. M., Loura, Luis M. S., Fedorov, Alexander, and Prieto, Manuel (2005). Lipid Rafts have Different Sizes Depending on Membrane Composition: A Time-resolved Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Study. Journal of Molecular Biology 346: 1109-1120.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

The ternary lipid system palmitoylsphingomyelin (PSM)/palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylcholine (POPC)/cholesterol is a model for lipid rafts. Previously the phase diagram for that mixture was obtained, establishing the composition and boundaries for lipid rafts. In the present work, this system is further studied in order to characterize the size of the rafts. For this purpose, a time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) methodology, previously applied with success to a well-characterized phosphatidylcholine/cholesterol binary system, is used. It is concluded that: (1) the rafts on the low raft fraction of the raft region are small (below 20 nm), whereas on the other side the domains are larger; (2) on the large domain region, the domains reach larger sizes in the ternary system (>~75-100 nm) than in binary systems phosphatidylcholine/cholesterol (between ~20 and ~75-100 nm); (3) the raft marker ganglioside GM1 in small amounts (and excess cholera toxin subunit B) does not affect the general phase behaviour of the lipid system, but can increase the size of the rafts on the small to intermediate domain region. In summary, lipid-lipid interactions alone can originate lipid rafts on very different length scales. The conclusions presented here are consistent with the literature concerning both model systems and cell membrane studies. lipid rafts/ sphingomyelin/ cholesterol/ FRET/ ganglioside GM1

de la Mora, Marco A., Cuevas, Erick, Muchowski, Joseph M., and Cruz-Almanza, Raymundo (2001). Synthesis of tricyclic-2-aminoindoles by intramolecular 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of 1-[omega]-azidoalkylindoles. Tetrahedron Letters 42: 5351-5353.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

cycloaddition/ synthesis/ pyrimidinol[1,2-a]indoles/ imidazo[1,2-a]indoles Thermolysis of the 1-[omega]-azidoalkylindoles 4, bearing an electron attracting substituent at C-3 (CHO, COMe, COOMe, CN) provides imidazo[1,2-a]indoles (5, n=1), pyrimidino[1,2-a]indoles (5, n=2), and 1,3-diazepino[1,2-a]indoles (5, n=3).

De Vlaming, V., Connor, V., DeGiorgio, C., Bailey, H., Deanovic, L., and Hinton, D. (2000). Application of Whole Effluent Toxicity Test Procedures to Ambient Water Quality Assessment. Environ.Toxicol.Chem. 19: 42-62.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: EFFLUENT.

De Vlaming V, Connor, V., Digiorgio, C., Bailey, H. C., Deanovic, L. A., and Hinton, D. E. (2000). Application Of Whole Effluent Toxicity Test Procedures To Ambient Water Quality Assessment. 19: 42-62.

Chem Codes: Cu Rejection Code: EFFLUENT.

ecology/ environmental biology-general/ methods/ biochemical studies-general/ toxicology-environmental and industrial toxicology/ public health: environmental health-air, water and soil pollution/ branchiopoda biosis copyright: biol abs. the u.s. environmental protection agency (u.s. epa) protocols for conducting freshwater toxicity tests have been used in california, usa, to evaluate ambient water quality since 1986. testing evolved from conducting broad watershed surveys for assessing the distribution of toxicity to conducting detailed studies for identifying chemical causes and sources. using ceriodaphnia dubia tests, pulses of diazinon toxicity have been detected over a 10-year period throughout california's central valley in waters receiving drainage from dormant orchards. in the 1980s, toxicity to c. dubia, caused by methyl parathion and carbofuran in drainage from rice fields, was detected in the sacramento river rice drainage also was toxic to two important local species, larval striped bass and neomysis. throughout the state, diazinon and chlorpyrifos toxicity to c. dubia occurs year-round in waters receiving dr ainage from urban areas. several years of monitoring the alamo river in imperial county with c. dubia demonstrated a recurring seasonal toxicity pattern. toxicity during a 3-month autumn period was caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon and during a 2-month spring period by diazinon and carbofuran. although most toxicity has been detected with c. dubia and linked to insecticides, other examples of toxicity have been identified. toxicity to selenastrum has been linked to copper and zinc from mines and to the herbicide diuron in waters receiving agricultural or urban runoff. ammonia-caused toxicity, originating from dairies and wastewater treatment plants, to fathead minnows has also been identified. taken together, the results reveal that the three whole effluent toxicity (wet) testing procedures, in association with toxicity identification evaluations (ties) and chemical analyses, can be ef fective for the identification of an array of toxicants originating from several land use practices. in several cases, alternative land use practices or management strategies have resulted in improved water quality as demonstrated by continued toxicity testing.

De Vlaming, V., Connor, V., DiGiorgio, C., Bailey, H. C., Deanovic, L. A., and Hinton, D. E. (2000). Application of whole effluent toxicity test procedures to ambient water quality assessment. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry [Environ. Toxicol. Chem.]. Vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 42-62. Jan 2000.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: EFFLUENT.

ISSN: 0730-7268

Descriptors: Effluents
Descriptors: Toxicity testing
Descriptors: Water quality measurements
Descriptors: Diazinon
Descriptors: Seasonal variations
Descriptors: Pesticides
Descriptors: Toxicants
Descriptors: Land use
Descriptors: Freshwater pollution
Descriptors: Water quality
Descriptors: Analytical techniques
Descriptors: Toxicity
Descriptors: Bioassays
Descriptors: Ecosystem disturbance
Descriptors: Agricultural Runoff
Descriptors: Wastewater Pollution
Descriptors: Testing Procedures
Descriptors: Rice
Descriptors: Fish
Descriptors: Effluent
Descriptors: Toxicity (see also Lethal limits)
Descriptors: Water quality (Natural waters)
Descriptors: Pesticides (see also Bactericides, Weedkillers)
Descriptors: Runoff (Agricultural) (see also Return flows)
Descriptors: Fruit and vegetable crops (Cereals)
Descriptors: Seasons
Descriptors: Fish (see also Individual groups)
Descriptors: Ceriodaphnia dubia
Descriptors: Neomysis
Descriptors: USA, California
Abstract: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) protocols for conducting freshwater toxicity tests have been used in California, USA, to evaluate ambient water quality since 1986. Testing evolved from conducting broad watershed surveys for assessing the distribution of toxicity to conducting detailed studies for identifying chemical causes and sources. Using Ceriodaphnia dubia tests, pulses of diazinon toxicity have been detected over a 10-year period throughout California's Central Valley in waters receiving drainage from dormant orchards. In the 1980s, toxicity to C. dubia, caused by methyl parathion and carbofuran in drainage from rice fields, was detected in the Sacramento River. Rice drainage also was toxic to two important local species, larval striped bass and Neomysis. Throughout the state, diazinon and chlorpyrifos toxicity to C. dubia occurs year-round in waters receiving drainage from urban areas. Several years of monitoring the Alamo River in Imperial County with C. dubia demonstrated a recurring seasonal toxicity pattern. Toxicity during a 3-month autumn period was caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon and during a 2-month spring period by diazinon and carbofuran. Although most toxicity has been detected with C. dubia and linked to insecticides, other examples of toxicity have been identified. Toxicity to Selenastrum has been linked to copper and zinc from mines and to the herbicide diuron in waters receiving agricultural or urban runoff. Ammonia-caused toxicity, originating from dairies and wastewater treatment plants, to fathead minnows has also been identified. Taken together, the results reveal that the three whole effluent toxicity (WET) testing procedures, in association with toxicity identification evaluations (TIEs) and chemical analyses, can be effective for the identification of an array of toxicants originating from several land use practices. In several cases, alternative land use practices or management strategies have resulted in improved water quality as demonstrated by continued toxicity testing.
Annual review issue.
Language: English
English
Publication Type: Journal Article
Publication Type: Review
Classification: P 2000 FRESHWATER POLLUTION
Classification: X 24221 Toxicity testing
Classification: Q5 01502 Methods and instruments
Classification: SW 3010 Identification of pollutants
Classification: AQ 00002 Water Quality
Classification: P 6000 TOXICOLOGY AND HEALTH
Classification: SW 3030 Effects of pollution
Subfile: Pollution Abstracts; Water Resources Abstracts; ASFA 3: Aquatic Pollution & Environmental Quality; Toxicology Abstracts; Aqualine Abstracts

de Vlaming, V., DiGiorgio, C., Fong, S., Deanovic, L. A., de la Paz Carpio-Obeso, M., Miller, J. L., Miller, M. J., and Richard, N. J. (2004). Irrigation runoff insecticide pollution of rivers in the Imperial Valley, California (USA). Environmental Pollution 132: 213-229.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: SURVEY, MIXTURE.

The Alamo and New Rivers located in the Imperial Valley, California receive large volumes of irrigation runoff and discharge into the ecologically sensitive Salton Sea. Between 1993 and 2002 we conducted a series of studies to assess water quality using three aquatic species: a cladoceran (Ceriodaphnia dubia), a mysid (Neomysis mercedis), and a larval fish (Pimephales promelas). Although no mortality was observed with the P. promelas, high-level toxicity to the invertebrate species was documented in samples from both rivers during many months of each year. Toxicity identifications and chemical analyses identified the organophosphorus insecticides (OP), chlorpyrifos and diazinon, as the cause of C. dubia toxicity. The extent of the C. dubia mortality was highly correlated with quantities of these OPs applied in the river watersheds. C. dubia mortality occurred during more months of our 2001/2002 study than in the 1990s investigations. During 2001/2002, the extensive C. dubia mortality observed in New River samples was caused by OP insecticide pollution that originated from Mexico. Mortality to N. mercedis in New River samples was likely caused by contaminants other than OP insecticides. Our studies document OP insecticide-caused pollution of the Alamo River over a 10-year period and provide the necessary information for remediation efforts.CapsuleOrganophosphorous insecticides in runoff water from the USA and Mexico have impacted rivers in the Imperial Valley, California. Agricultural runoff/ Aquatic toxicity/ Chlorpyrifos/ Diazinon/ Alamo and New Rivers

De Vlaming, Victor, Connor, Valerie, DiGiorgio, Carol, Bailey, Howard C., Deanovic, Linda A., and Hinton, David E. ( Application of whole effluent toxicity test procedures to ambient water quality assessment. 19: 42-62 CODEN: ETOCDK; ISSN: 0730-7268.
Chem Codes: CHLOR Rejection Code: EFFLUENT.

The US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) protocols for conducting freshwater toxicity tests have been used in California to evaluate ambient water quality since 1986. Testing evolved from conducting broad watershed surveys for assessing the distribution of toxicity to conducting detailed studies for identifying chem. causes and sources. Using Ceriodaphnia dubia tests, pulses of diazinon toxicity have been detected over a 10-yr period throughout California's Central Valley in waters receiving drainage from dormant orchards. In the 1980s, toxicity to C. dubia, caused by methyl parathion and carbofuran in drainage from rice fields, was detected in the Sacramento River. Rice drainage also was toxic to two important local species, larval striped bass and Neomysis. Throughout the state, diazinon and chlorpyrifos toxicity to C. dubia occurs year-round in waters receiving drainage from urban areas. Several years of monitoring the Alamo River in Imperial County with C. dubia demonstrated a recurring seasonal toxicity pattern. Toxicity during a 3-mo autumn period was caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon and during a 2-mo spring period by diazinon and carbofuran. Although most toxicity has been detected with C. dubia and linked to insecticides, other examples of toxicity have been identified. Toxicity to Selenastrum has been linked to copper and zinc from mines and to the herbicide diuron in waters receiving agricultural or urban runoff. Ammonia-caused toxicity, originating from dairies and wastewater treatment plants, to fathead ***minnows*** has also been identified. Taken together, the results reveal that the three whole effluent toxicity (WET) testing procedures, in assocn. with toxicity identification evaluations (TIEs) and chem. analyses, can be effective for the identification of an array of toxicants originating from several land use practices. In several cases, alternative land use practices or management strategies have resulted in improved water quality as demonstrated by continued toxicity testing.

Deanin, Grace G., Martinez, A. Marina, Pfeiffer, Janet R., Gardner, Mary E., and Oliver, Janet M. (1991). Tyrosine kinase-dependent phosphatidylinositol turnover and functional responses in the Fc[var epsilon]R1 signalling pathway. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 179: 551-557.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: IN VITRO.

In RBL-2H3 rat basophilic leukemia cells, Fc[var epsilon]R1 crosslinking by multivalent antigen stimulates phosphatidylinositol (PI) turnover and Ca2+ influx and causes functional responses that include secretion, membrane ruffling and actin polymerization. Here, we show that the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, genistein, inhibits antigen-induced PI turnover, determined from assays of 1,4,5-inositol trisphosphate production, and impairs receptor-mediated secretion, ruffling and actin polymerization. Genistein has little effect on several functional responses to stimuli that bypass PI hydrolysis (ionomycininduced secretion, phorbol ester-induced ruffling) but it inhibits phorbol ester-induced actin polymerization. These data implicate a common tyrosine kinase-dependent event, most likely the activation of phospholipase C[gamma], in the Fc[var epsilon]R1-mediated stimulation of PI turnover, secretion and ruffling. There may be additional tyrosine kinase-mediated events in the actin assembly pathway.

Deanovic, L., Bailey, H., Shed, T., Hinton, D., Teyes, E., Larsen, K., Cortright, K., Kimball, T., Lampara, L., and Nielsen, H. (1996). Sacramento-San Juaquin delta Bioassay Monitoring Report: 1993-1994. Staff Rep., Central Valley Reg.Water Qual.Control Bd., Sacramento, CA.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: EFFLUENT.

Deanovic, L., Cortright, K., Larson, K., Reyes, E., Bailey, H., and Hilton, D. (1997). Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta Bioassay Monitoring Report: 1994-95. Staff Rep., Central Valley Reg.Water Qual.Control Bd., Sacramento, CA.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: EFFLUENT.

DEJONCKHEERE, W., STEURBAUT, W., DRIEGHE, S., VERSTRAETEN, R., and BRAECKMAN, H. (1996). Pesticide residue concentrations in the Belgian total diet, 1991-1993. JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL; 79 520-528.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: HUMAN HEALTH.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. In the period 1991-1993, an official study was conducted to measure the presence and evaluate the risk of pesticide residues in plantbased food in the Belgian total diet. Positive samples were subjected to one or more culinary treatments (washing, peeling, steaming, or cooking) to determine the decrease of residues in prepared ready-to-eat food. Thus, better estimates of pesticide residues taken up through consumption were determined and compared with toxicological criteria. Washing did not significantly reduce residues. Peeling fruits removed almost all pesticides. The effects of cooking and steaming varied, depending on the type of food and pesticide. Biochemistry/ Food Technology/ Food Analysis/ Food Technology/ Food Additives/Poisoning/ Food Additives/Toxicity/ Food Contamination/ Food Poisoning/ Food Preservatives/Poisoning/ Food Preservatives/Toxicity/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Arachnida/ Entomology/Economics/ Insecticides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides

Deleers, Michel, Servais, Jean-Paul, and Wulfert, Ernst (1985). Micromolar concentrations of Al3+ induce phase separation, aggregation and dye release in phosphatidylserine-containing lipid vesicles. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 813: 195-200.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

The interaction of Al3+, Cd2+ and Mn2+ with phosphatidylserine-containing lipid vesicles was studied. Phase separation of vesicles was investigated by monitoring fluorescence quenching of the phospholipid analogue 1-palmitoyl-2-(6-[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)]aminocaproyl)phosphatidylcholine (C6-NBD-PC). Aggregation was determined by turbidimetry and leakage of vesicles content during fusion was monitored by the fluorescence of released 6-carboxyfluorescein. Al3+ demonstrated quenching at less than 30 [mu]mol/1 with a maximum effect at 100 [mu]mol/1. Al3+-induced aggregation and dye release from the lipid vesicles were observed in the same concentration range. The effect of Cd2+ and Mn2+ on quenching was much less pronounced and could only be demonstrated in the 0.1-1 mmol/1 range. Increasing amounts of phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylethanolamine in the vesicles decreased both Al3+-induced quenching and aggregation, wheras cholesterol only slightly increased aggregation without affecting quenching. Neurotoxic cation/ Al3+/ Mn2+/ Cd2+/ Phosphatidylserine vesicle/ Fluorescence

Deleers, Michel, Servais, Jean-Paul, and Wulfert, Ernst (1986). Neurotoxic cations induce membrane rigidification and membrane fusion at micromolar concentrations. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 855: 271-276.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

The effect of the neurotoxic cations aluminum, cadmium and manganese on membranes was examined in sonicated unilamellar vesicles containing phosphatidylserine and compared to the effect of Ca2+. Fusion of membranes was monitored by assessing the resonance energy transfer between N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)phosphatidylethanolamine and N-(lissamine-rhodamine B-sulfonyl)phosphatidylethanolamine. Self-quenching of high concentrations of carboxyfluorescein in liposomes was used to demonstrate the release of molecules entrapped in liposomes to compare the kinetics of leakage and intermixing of lipid. Rigidification of membranes was evaluated by monitoring the fluorescence polarization of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene embedded in membranes containing phosphatidylserine and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine. Cation-induced lipid intermixing of vesicles membranes and release of dye from the vesicles occurred in the same concentration range. With aluminum, these effects were observed with concentrations less than 25 [mu]M. Significant rigidification of vesicle membranes was apparent with less than 25 [mu]M of Al3+. Similar effects could only be observed with concentrations of Cd2+ and Mn2+ at least one order of magnitude higher (200 and 400 [mu]M, respectively). Neurotoxic cation/ Al3+/ Mn2+/ Cd2+/ Membrane fusion/ Fluorescence polarization

Delhom, N., Balanant, Y., Ader, J. C., and Lattes, A. (1996). High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Diazinon in Polymeric Matrix. J.Liq.Chrom.& Rel.Technol. 19: 1735-1743.
Chem Codes: EcoReference No.: 45845
Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: NO SPECIES/NO TOX DATA.

Deneer, J. W., Budde, B. J., and Weijers, A. (1999). Variations in the Lethal Body Burdens of Organophosphorus Compounds in the Guppy. Chemosphere 38: 1671-1683.

EcoReference No.: 20106

Chemical of Concern: AZ,CPY,DZ,MDT,MP,PRN,FNT,FNTH; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: ACC; Rejection Code: NO CONTROL(ALL CHEMS).

Dennis, E. B. and Edwards, C. A. (1963). Phytotoxicity of Insecticides and Acaricides. II. Flowers and Ornamentals. Plant Pathol. 12: 27-36.

EcoReference No.: 40669

Chemical of Concern: MLN,DMT,PRN,DZ,DLD,AND,DDT,FLAC,NCTN,PPHD,ETN; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: PHY; Rejection Code: NO ENDPOINT,CONTROL(ALL CHEMS).

Dennis, W. H. J., Meier, E. P., Randall, W. F., Rosencrance, A. B., and Rosenblatt, D. H. (1979). Degradation of Diazinon by Sodium Hypochlorite. Chemistry and Aquatic Toxicity. Environ.Sci.Technol. 13: 594-598.

EcoReference No.: 866

Chemical of Concern: DZ; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: MOR,BEH; Rejection Code: NO CONTROL(DZ).

Dennis, W. H. J., Meier, E. P., Rosencrance, A. B., Randall, W. F., Reagan, M. T., and Rosenblatt, D. H. ( 1979). Chemical Degradation of Military Standard Formulations of Organophosphorus and Carbamate Pesticides. II. Degradation of Diazinon by Sodium. U.S.Army Med.Bioeng.Res.Dev.Lab., Tech.Rep.No.7904, Fort Detrick, MD 40 p.(U.S.NTIS AD-AO81098/6).

EcoReference No.: 5894

Chemical of Concern: DZ; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: MOR,PHY; Rejection Code: NO CONTROL(ALL CHEMS).

Deo, P. G., Hasan, S. B., and Majumder, S. K. (1988). Toxicity and Suitability of Some Insecticides for Household Use. Int.Pest Control 30: 118-121,129.

EcoReference No.: 35123

Chemical of Concern: AND,BRSM,CBL,CHD,CYP,DCM,DDT,DDVP,DEM,DM,DMT,DZ,EN,ES,FNT,FNV,HCCH,HPT,MLN,MP,MXC,PMR,PRN,PYN; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR; Rejection Code: NO CONTROL(ALL CHEMS).

Devillers, J., Meunier, T., and Chambon, P. (1985). Advantage of the Dosage-Action-Time Relation in Ecotoxicology for the Test of the Various Chemical Species of Toxics (Interet de la Relation Dose-Effet-Temps en Ecotoxicologie pour la Determination des Differentes Classes Chimiques de Toxiques). Tech.Sci.Munic. 80: 329-334 (FRE) (ENG ABS).

EcoReference No.: 17456

Chemical of Concern: 24DXY,DMT,DS,DZ,HCCH,MLN,CuS,PCP,Zn; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: MOR,PHY; Rejection Code: NO FOREIGN.

DeWalle, D. R., Tepp, J. S., Swistock, B. R., Sharpe, W. E., and Edwards, P. J. (1999). Tree-Ring Cation Response to Experimental Watershed Acidification in West Virginia and Maine. Journal of Environmental Quality [J. Environ. Qual.]. Vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 299-308. Jan-Feb 1999.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

ISSN: 0047-2425

Descriptors: Cations
Descriptors: Dendrochronology
Descriptors: Watersheds
Descriptors: Acidification
Descriptors: Indicators
Descriptors: Biological Sampling
Descriptors: Cores
Descriptors: Nutrients
Descriptors: Trees
Descriptors: Chemical Composition
Descriptors: Plant populations
Descriptors: Nutrients (mineral)
Descriptors: Calcium
Descriptors: Magnesium
Descriptors: Manganese
Descriptors: Wood
Descriptors: Pollution effects
Descriptors: Chemistry
Descriptors: Bioindicators
Descriptors: USA, West Virginia
Descriptors: USA, Maine
Abstract: The impact of experimental watershed acidfication on xylem cation chemistry was evaluated in eight tree species at two sites in West Virginia (Clover Run and Fernow) and one site in Maine (Bear Brook). All sites had received regular additions of (NH sub(4)) sub(2) SO sub(4) equivalent to twice the ambient annual wet plus dry atmospheric deposition of N and S. Multiple wood cores were extracted from tree boles in five trees of each species on treatment and control areas at each site with increment borers. Cores were divided into several age segments and composited for each tree. Ground wood samples were destructively analyzed for Ca, Mg, Mn, and Al concentrations using inductively coupled plasma emission (ICP) methods. All tree species sampled at the two West Virginia sites exhibited significant Ca and/or Mg concentration decreases and Mn concentration increases in sapwood on the treated relative to control areas after 8 yr of treatment. At Bear Brook, tree-ring concentrations in three species showed similar trends after 5 yr of treatment, but differences were generally not significant. Sapwood molar ratios of Ca/Mn and Mg/Mn were better indices to soil acidification than Ca/Al, due to low Al concentrations and insensitivity of sapwood Al concentrations to treatments. Overall, sapwood chemistry appeared to be a reliable indicator of the current nutrient status of trees; but, except for Japanese larch (Larix leptolepis Sieb. and Zucc.), sapwood chemistry did not preserve a record of the chronology of past changes due to treatments.
Language: English
English
Publication Type: Journal Article
Classification: SW 0880 Chemical processes
Classification: Q5 01504 Effects on organisms
Classification: P 5000 LAND POLLUTION
Subfile: ASFA 3: Aquatic Pollution & Environmental Quality; Pollution Abstracts; Water Resources Abstracts

Di Muccio, Alfonso, Pelosi, Patrizia, Camoni, Ivano, Attard Barbini, Danilo, Dommarco, Roberto, Generali, Tiziana, and Ausili, Antonella (1996). Selective, solid-matrix dispersion extraction of organophosphate pesticide residues from milk. 754: 497-506 CODEN: JCRAEY; ISSN: 0021-9673.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: CHLOR ,DMT Rejection Code: CHEM METHOD.

A rapid procedure has been developed that allows a single-step, selective extn. and cleanup of organophosphate (OP) pesticide residues from milk dispersed on solid-matrix diatomaceous material filled into disposable cartridges by means of light petroleum satd. with acetonitrile and ethanol. Recovery expts. were carried out on homogenized com. milk (3.6% fat content) spiked with ethanolic solns. of 24 OP pesticides, viz., ethoprophos, diazinon, dimethoate, chlorpyrifos-Me, parathion-Me, chlorpyrifos-Et, malathion, isofenphos, quinalphos, ethion, pyrazophos, azinphos-Et, heptenophos, omethoate, fonofos, pirimiphos-Me, fenitrothion, parathion, chlorfenvinphos, phenthoate, methidathion, triazophos, phosalone, azinphos-Me, at levels ranging for the different OP pesticides from 0.02 mg/kg to 1.11 mg/kg. Av. recoveries of four replicates were in the range 72-109% for the different OP pesticides, with relative std. deviations from .apprx.1 to 19%, while dimethoate and omethoate were not recovered. Coextd. fatty material amounted to an av. of about 4.0 mg/mL of milk. The extn. procedure requires about 30 min. The main advantages are that extn. and cleanup are carried out in a single step, emulsions do not occur, several samples can be run in parallel by a single operator, reusable glassware is not needed and simple operations are required.

Di Muccio, Alfonso, Pelosi, Patrizia, Camoni, Ivano, Attard Barbini, Danilo, Dommarco, Roberto, Generali, Tiziana, and Ausili, Antonella (1996). Selective, solid-matrix dispersion extraction of organophosphate pesticide residues from milk. 754: 497-506 CODEN: JCRAEY; ISSN: 0021-9673.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: CHLOR,OMT Rejection Code: CHEM METHOD.

A rapid procedure has been developed that allows a single-step, selective extn. and cleanup of organophosphate (OP) pesticide residues from milk dispersed on solid-matrix diatomaceous material filled into disposable cartridges by means of light petroleum satd. with acetonitrile and ethanol. Recovery expts. were carried out on homogenized com. milk (3.6% fat content) spiked with ethanolic solns. of 24 OP pesticides, viz., ethoprophos, diazinon, dimethoate, chlorpyrifos-Me, parathion-Me, chlorpyrifos-Et, malathion, isofenphos, quinalphos, ethion, pyrazophos, azinphos-Et, heptenophos, omethoate, fonofos, pirimiphos-Me, fenitrothion, parathion, chlorfenvinphos, phenthoate, methidathion, triazophos, phosalone, azinphos-Me, at levels ranging for the different OP pesticides from 0.02 mg/kg to 1.11 mg/kg. Av. recoveries of four replicates were in the range 72-109% for the different OP pesticides, with relative std. deviations from .apprx.1 to 19%, while dimethoate and omethoate were not recovered. Coextd. fatty material amounted to an av. of about 4.0 mg/mL of milk. The extn. procedure requires about 30 min. The main advantages are that extn. and cleanup are carried out in a single step, emulsions do not occur, several samples can be run in parallel by a single operator, reusable glassware is not needed and simple operations are required.

Diaz, Cristina, Enriquez, Dagoberto, and Bisset, Juan A ( Status of resistance to insecticides in field strains of the Blatella germanica species (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) from Pinar del Rio municipality. Revista Cubana De Medicina Tropical 55: 196-202.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: CYF Rejection Code: NON-ENGLISH.

A study of the levels of resistance to 10 insecticides: 4 organophosphate compounds (malathion, clorpirifos, methylpyrimifos and diazinon), 2 carbamates (propoxur and bendiocarb) and 4 pyrethroids (cypermethrin, deltamethrin, lamdacyhalothrin and cyfluthrin) was conducted in 5 strains of Blatella germanica (Linnaeus, 1767) collected in the field of Pinar del Rio. High levels of resistance to bediocarb, cypermethrin and deltamethrin insecticides; low level of resistance to diazinon; from moderate to high resistance to methyl-pyrimifos, as well as susceptibility to one insecticide in each study group: clorpirifos (organophosphate), propoxur (carbamate) and cyfluthrin (pyrethroid); were detected. Only a strain presented low resistance to malathion (Inicio Carlos Manuel) and to lambda-cyhalothrin (Consejo Celso Maragoto). Cypermethrin-deltamethrin cross resistance was evidenced. It did not affect the susceptibility to lambda-cyalothrin and cyfluthrin. [Journal Article; In Spanish; Cuba]

Diaz-Diaz, Ricardo and Loague, Keith (2001). Assessing the potential for pesticide leaching for the pine forest areas of Tenerife. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 20: 1958-1967.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZM Rejection Code: FATE.

Currently, no guidelines cover use of pesticides in the forested areas of the Canary island of Tenerife. An index-based model (Li) was used to rank the leaching potential of 50 pesticides that are, or could be, used for management purposes in the pine forest areas of Tenerife. Once the pesticides with the greatest leaching potential were identified, regional-scale groundwater vulnerability assessments, with consideration for data uncertainties, were generated using soil, climatic, and chem. information in a geog. information system framework for all pine forest areas of the island. Process-based simulations with the pesticide root zone model for the areas and pesticides of highest vulnerability were conducted to quant. characterize the leaching potentials. Carbofuran, hexazinone, picloram, tebuthiuron, and triclopyr were each identified as being potential leachers. [on SciFinder (R)] Copyright: Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R))

Database: CAPLUS
Accession Number: AN 2001:629650
Chemical Abstracts Number: CAN 135:340467
Section Code: 5-6
Section Title: Agrochemical Bioregulators
CA Section Cross-References: 19, 61
Document Type: Journal
Language: written in English.
Index Terms: Soils (Entisols; process-based simulations in assessing pesticide leaching potential for pine forest soils of Tenerife); Soils (Inceptisols; process-based simulations in assessing pesticide leaching potential for pine forest soils of Tenerife); Environmental modeling; Environmental transport; Pesticides (process-based simulations in assessing pesticide leaching potential for pine forest soils of Tenerife); Groundwater pollution (process-based simulations of pesticide leaching potential for pine forest soils of Tenerife in assessing groundwater vulnerability)
CAS Registry Numbers: 52-68-6 (Trichlorfon); 58-89-9 (Lindane); 60-51-5 (Dimethoate); 61-82-5 (1H-1,2,4-Triazol-3-amine); 63-25-2 (Carbaryl); 74-83-9 (Methylbromide); 76-06-2 (Chloropicrin); 86-50-0 (Azinphos-methyl); 94-75-7 (2,4-D); 94-82-6 (2,4-DB); 99-30-9 (Dicloran); 116-06-3 (Aldicarb); 120-36-5 (Dichlorprop); 121-75-5 (Malathion); 122-34-9 (Simazine); 133-06-2 (Captan); 137-26-8 (Thiram); 300-76-5 (Naled); 330-54-1 (Diuron); 333-41-5 (Diazinon); 533-74-4 (Dazomet); 732-11-6 (Phosmet); 957-51-7 (Diphenamid); 1071-83-6 (Glyphosate); 1563-66-2 (Carbofuran); 1861-32-1 (DCPA); 1897-45-6 (Chlorothalonil); 1912-24-9 (Atrazine); 1918-00-9 (Dicamba); 1918-02-1 (Picloram); 2921-88-2 (Chlorpyriphos); 12427-38-2 (Maneb); 15299-99-7 (Napropamide); 17804-35-2 (Benomyl); 30560-19-1 (Acephate); 34014-18-1 (Tebuthiuron); 35367-38-5 (Diflubenzuron); 42576-02-3 (Bifenox); 42874-03-3 (Oxyfluorfen); 43121-43-3 (Triadimefon); 51235-04-2 (Hexazinone); 51630-58-1 (Fenvalerate); 52645-53-1 (Permethrin); 55335-06-3 (Triclopyr); 57837-19-1 (Metalaxyl); 59682-52-9 (Fosamine); 74051-80-2 (Sethoxydim); 74222-97-2 (Sulfometuron methyl); 74223-64-6 (Metsulfuron-methyl); 81334-34-1 (Imazapyr) Role: PEP (Physical, engineering or chemical process), POL (Pollutant), OCCU (Occurrence), PROC (Process) (process-based simulations in assessing pesticide leaching potential for pine forest soils of Tenerife)
Citations: 1) Barbash, J; Pesticides in Ground Water Distribution, Trends, and Governing Factors 1996
Citations: 2) Neary, D; Environ Toxicol Chem 1993, 12, 411
Citations: 3) Norris, L; Residue Rev 1981, 80, 65
Citations: 4) Mayack, D; Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 1982, 11, 209
Citations: 5) Bush, P; Water Res Bull 1986, 22, 817
Citations: 6) Fernandez-Palacios, J; Ecologia de las Islas Canarias 1996
Citations: 7) Fernandez-Palacios, J; J Veg Sci 1992, 3, 595
Citations: 8) Del Arco Aguilar, M; Atlas Cartografico de los Pinares Canarios 1992, 2
Citations: 9) Hoellermann, P; Erdkunde 1993, 47, 177
Citations: 10) Consejeria de Politica Territorial; Medio Ambiente en Canarias: Memoria 1994
Citations: 11) Consejeria de Politica Territorial; Medio Ambiente Canarias 1995
Citations: 12) Loague, K; J Contam Hydrol 1998, 29, 109
Citations: 13) Loague, K; J Contam Hydrol 1998, 29, 137
Citations: 14) Laskowsky, D; Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals 1982
Citations: 15) Jury, W; J Environ Qual 1983, 12, 558
Citations: 16) Jury, W; J Environ Qual 1987, 16, 422
Citations: 17) Gustafson, D; Environ Sci Technol 1989, 8, 339
Citations: 18) Meeks, Y; J Water Res Planning Manage 1990, 116, 693
Citations: 19) Pettyjohn, W; Regional assessment of aquifer vulnerability and sensitivity in the conterminous United States 1991
Citations: 20) Teso, R; J Soil Water Conserv 1988, 43, 348
Citations: 21) Rao, P; Soil Crop Sci Soc Fla 1985, 44, 1
Citations: 22) Loague, K; J Environ Qual 1996, 25, 475
Citations: 23) Diaz-Diaz, R; J Environ Qual 1998, 27, 562
Citations: 24) Diaz-Diaz, R; J Environ Qual 2000, 29, 835
Citations: 25) Bacci, E; Proceedings 9th Symposium on Pesticide Chemistry 1993, 209
Citations: 26) Diaz-Diaz, R; J Contam Hydrol 1999, 36, 1
Citations: 27) Mullins, J; PRZM-2, a model for predicting pesticide fate in the crop root and unsaturated soil zones: Users manual for release 2 1993
Citations: 28) Ministerio de Agricultura; Mapa de cultivos y aprovechamientos: Isla de Tenerife 1988
Citations: 29) Thornthwaite, C; Publ Climatol 1955, 8, 1
Citations: 30) Direccion General de Aguas; Plan Hidroligico Insular: Tenerife 1996
Citations: 31) De Linan, C; Vademecun de Productos Fitosanitarios y Nutricionales 2000
Citations: 32) Hornsby, A; Pesticides Properties in the Environment 1996
Citations: 33) Bacci, E; Ecotoxicology of Organic Contaminants 1994
Citations: 34) Neary, D; J Appl For 1983, 7, 217
Citations: 35) Bouchard, B; J Environ Qual 1985, 14, 229
Citations: 36) Walker, M; EPA's Pesticide Fact Sheet Database 1992
Citations: 37) Kolpin, D; Environ Sci Technol 1998, 32, 558
Citations: 38) Williams, W; Interim Report 1988
Citations: 39) Consejeria de Obras Publicas; Plan hidrologico Insular de Tenerife: 1 Memoria Gobierno de Canarias 1993
Citations: 40) European Economic Community; relating to the quality of water intended for human consumption 1980 pesticide/ leaching/ soil/ pine/ forest/ Tenerife;/ groundwater/ vulnerability/ pesticide/ leaching/ soil/ Tenerife

Doggett, S. M. and Rhodes, R. G. (1991). Effects of Diazinon Formulation on Unialgal Growth Rates and Phytoplankton Diversity . Bull.Environ.Contam.Toxicol. 47: 36-42.

EcoReference No.: 10596

Chemical of Concern: DZ; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: POP; Rejection Code: NO ENDPOINT(DZ).

Domagalski, J. (1996). Pesticides and pesticide degradation products in stormwater runoff: Sacramento River Basin, California. Water Resources Bulletin [WATER RESOUR.BULL.] Resources Bulletin [WATER RESOUR. BULL.]]], vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 953-964, 1996: 953-964.

Chem Codes: SZ,CBF Rejection Code: FATE.

U.S. Geol. Surv., 2800 Cottage Way, Sacramento, CA 95825, USA

Pesticides in stormwater runoff, within the Sacramento River Basin, California, were assessed during a storm that occurred in January 1994. Two organophosphate insecticides (diazinon and methidathion), two carbamate pesticides (molinate and carbofuran), and one triazine herbicide (simazine) were detected. Organophosphate pesticide concentrations increased with the rising stage of the hydrographs; peak concentrations were measured near peak discharge. Diazinon oxon, a toxic degradation product of diazinon, made up approximately 1 to 3 percent of the diazinon load. The Feather River was the principal source of organophosphate pesticides to the Sacramento River during this storm. The concentrations of molinate and carbofuran, pesticides applied to rice fields during May and June, were relatively constant during and after the storm. Their presence in surface water was attributed to the flooding and subsequent drainage, as a management practice to degrade rice stubble prior to the next planting. A photodegradation product of molinate, 4-keto molinate, was in all samples where molinate was detected and made up approximately 50 percent of the total molinate load. Simazine, a herbicide used in orchards and to control weeds along the roadways, was detected in the storm runoff, but it was not possible to differentiate the two sources of that pesticide to the Sacramento River
English

Domagalski, J. (1996). Pesticides and pesticide degradation products in stormwater runoff: Sacramento River Basin, California. Water Resources Bulletin. Vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 953-964. 1996.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: FATE.

ISSN: 0043-1370

Descriptors: carbamate pesticides
Descriptors: degradation
Descriptors: storm runoff
Descriptors: river basins
Descriptors: organophosphorus pesticides
Descriptors: surface water
Descriptors: water pollution sources
Descriptors: nonpoint pollution sources
Descriptors: pesticides
Descriptors: herbicides
Descriptors: insecticides
Descriptors: stormwater runoff
Descriptors: agricultural pollution
Descriptors: pollution dispersion
Descriptors: USA, California, Sacramento R. Basin
Descriptors: USA, California, Sacramento R.
Abstract: Pesticides in stormwater runoff, within the Sacramento River Basin, California, were assessed during a storm that occurred in January 1994. Two organophosphate insecticides (diazinon and methidathion), two carbamate pesticides (molinate and carbofuran), and one triazine herbicide (simazine) were detected. Organophosphate pesticide concentrations increased with the rising stage of the hydrographs; peak concentrations were measured near peak discharge. Diazinon oxon, a toxic degradation product of diazinon, made up approximately 1 to 3 percent of the diazinon load. The Feather River was the principal source of organophosphate pesticides to the Sacramento River during this storm. The concentrations of molinate and carbofuran, pesticides applied to rice fields during May and June, were relatively constant during and after the storm. Their presence in surface water was attributed to the flooding and subsequent drainage, as a management practice to degrade rice stubble prior to the next planting. A photodegradation product of molinate, 4-keto molinate, was in all samples where molinate was detected and made up approximately 50 percent of the total molinate load. Simazine, a herbicide used in orchards and to control weeds along the roadways, was detected in the storm runoff, but it was not possible to differentiate the two sources of that pesticide to the Sacramento River.
Language: English
English
Publication Type: Journal Article
Environmental Regime: Freshwater
Classification: SW 3020 Sources and fate of pollution
Classification: Q5 01503 Characteristics, behavior and fate
Classification: P 2000 FRESHWATER POLLUTION
Subfile: Pollution Abstracts; ASFA 3: Aquatic Pollution & Environmental Quality; Water Resources Abstracts

DOMAGALSKI, J. (1997). Results of a prototype surface water network design for pesticides developed for the San Joaquin River Basin, California. JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY (AMSTERDAM); 192 (1-4). 1997. 33-50.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: NO TOX DATA.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. A nested surface water monitoring network was designed and tested to measure variability in pesticide concentrations in the San Joaquin River and selected tributaries during the irrigation season. The network design and sampling frequency necessary for determining the variability and distribution in pesticide concentrations were tested in a prototype study. The San Joaquin River Basin, California, was sampled from April to August, 1992, a period during the irrigation season where there was no rainfall. Orestimba Creek, which drains a part of the western San Joaquin Valley, was sampled three times per week for 6 weeks, followed by a once per week sampling for 6 weeks, and then three times per week sampling for 6 weeks. A site on the San Joaquin River near the mouth of the basin, and an irrigation drain of the eastern San Joaquin Valley, were sampled weekly during the entire sampling period. Pesticides were most often detected in samples collected from Orestimba Creek. Th Climate/ Ecology/ Meteorological Factors/ Ecology/ Fresh Water/ Biochemistry/ Air Pollution/ Soil Pollutants/ Water Pollution/ Fertilizers/ Soil/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides

Domagalski, J. L., Dubrovsky, N. M., and Kratzer, C. R. (1997). Organic chemicals in the environment: Pesticides in the San Joaquin River, California: Inputs from dormant sprayed orchards. Journal of Environmental Quality, 26 (2) pp. 454-465, 1997.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: FATE.

ISSN: 0047-2425

Abstract: Rainfall-induced runoff mobilized pesticides to the San Joaquin River and its tributaries during a 3.8-cm rainstorm beginning the evening of 7 February and lasting through the morning of 8 Feb. 1993. Two distinct peaks of organophosphate pesticide concentrations were measured at the mouth of the San Joaquin River. These two peaks were attributed to contrasts between the soil texture, basin size, pesticide-use patterns, and hydrology of the eastern and western San Joaquin Valley. The fine soil texture and small size of the western tributary basins contributed to rapid runoff. In western valley streams, diazinon concentrations peaked within hours of the rainfall's end and then decreased because of a combination of dilution with pesticide- free runoff from the nearby Coast Ranges and decreasing concentrations in the agricultural runoff. Peak concentrations for the Merced River, a large tributary of the eastern San Joaquin Valley, occurred at least a day later than those of the western tributary streams. That delay may be due to the presence of well-drained soils in the eastern San Joaquin Valley, the larger size of the Merced River drainage basin, and the management of surface-water drainage networks. A subsequent storm on 18 and 19 February resulted in much lower concentrations of most organophosphate pesticides suggesting that the first storm had mobilized most of the pesticides that were available for rainfall-induced transport.
20 refs.
Language: English
English
Publication Type: Journal
Publication Type: Article
Country of Publication: United States
Classification: 92.10.4.9 CROP SCIENCE: Crop Protection: Chemical residues
Subfile: Plant Science

Domagalski, J. L., Dubrovsky, N. M., and Kratzer, C. R. (1997). Pesticides in San Joaquin River, California: Inputs from Dormant Sprayed Orchards. J.Environ.Qual. 26: 454-465.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: EFFLUENT.

Domagalski, J. L., Dubrovsky, N. M., and Kratzer, C. R. (1997). Pesticides in the San Joaquin River, California: Inputs from dormant sprayed orchards. Journal of Environmental Quality [J. ENVIRON. QUAL.]. Vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 454-465. Apr 1997.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: FATE.

ISSN: 0047-2425

Descriptors: rivers
Descriptors: pesticides
Descriptors: organophosphates
Descriptors: agrochemicals
Descriptors: agricultural runoff
Descriptors: stormwater runoff
Descriptors: freshwater pollution
Descriptors: water sampling
Descriptors: pollution detection
Descriptors: chemical pollution
Descriptors: agricultural pollution
Descriptors: runoff
Descriptors: orchards
Descriptors: organophosphorus pesticides
Descriptors: agricultural chemicals
Descriptors: storm runoff
Descriptors: water pollution sources
Descriptors: tributaries
Descriptors: USA, California, San Joaquin R.
Abstract: Rainfall-induced runoff mobilized pesticides to the San Joaquin River and its tributaries during a 3.8-cm rainstorm beginning the evening of 7 February and lasting through the morning of 8 Feb. 1993. Two distinct peaks of organophosphate pesticide concentrations were measured at the mouth of the San Joaquin River. These two peaks were attributed to contrasts between the soil texture, basin size, pesticide-use patterns, and hydrology of the eastern and western San Joaquin Valley. The fine soil texture and small size of the western tributary basins contributed to rapid runoff. In western valley streams, diazinon concentrations peaked within hours of the rainfall's end and then decreased because of a combination of dilution with pesticide-free runoff from the nearby Coast Ranges and decreasing concentrations in the agricultural runoff. Peak concentrations for the Merced River, a large tributary of the eastern San Joaquin Valley, occurred at least a day later than those of the western tributary streams. That delay may be due to the presence of well-drained soils in the eastern San Joaquin Valley, the larger size of the Merced River drainage basin, and the management of surface-water drainage networks. A subsequent storm on 18 and 19 February resulted in much lower concentrations of most organophosphate pesticides suggesting that the first storm had mobilized most of the pesticides that were available for rainfall-induced transport.
Language: English
English
Publication Type: Journal Article
Environmental Regime: Freshwater
Classification: P 2000 FRESHWATER POLLUTION
Classification: SW 3020 Sources and fate of pollution
Classification: Q5 01503 Characteristics, behavior and fate
Subfile: ASFA 3: Aquatic Pollution & Environmental Quality; Water Resources Abstracts; Pollution Abstracts

Domagalski, J. L., Dubrovsky, N. M., and Kratzer, C. R. (1997). Pesticides in the San Joaquin River, California: Inputs from the dormant sprayed orchards. Journal of Environmental Quality 26 : 454-465.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SZ Rejection Code: NO SPECIES.

ABSTRACT: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Rainfall-induced runoff mobilized pesticides to the San Joaquin River and its tributaries during a 3.8-cm rainstorm beginning the evening of 7 February and lasting through the morning of 8 Feb. 1993. Two distinct peaks of organophosphate pesticide concentrations were measured at the mouth of the San Joaquin River. These two peaks were attributed to contrasts between the soil texture, basin size, pesticide-use patterns, and hydrology of the eastern and western San Joaquin Valley. The fine soil texture and small size of the western tributary basins contributed to rapid runoff. In western valley streams, diazinon concentrations peaked within hours of the rainfall's end and then decreased because of a combination of dilution with pesticide-free runoff from the nearby Coast Ranges and decreasing concentrations in the agricultural runoff. Peak concentrations for the Merced River, a large tributary of the eastern San Joaquin Valley, occurred at least a day later than those of

KEYWORDS: Biochemical Studies-General
KEYWORDS: Public Health: Environmental Health-Air
KEYWORDS: Pest Control

DOMAGALSKI JL, DUBROVSKY NM, and KRATZER CR (1997). Pesticides in the San Joaquin River, California: Inputs from the dormant sprayed orchards. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY; 26 454-465.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: FATE.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Rainfall-induced runoff mobilized pesticides to the San Joaquin River and its tributaries during a 3.8-cm rainstorm beginning the evening of 7 February and lasting through the morning of 8 Feb. 1993. Two distinct peaks of organophosphate pesticide concentrations were measured at the mouth of the San Joaquin River. These two peaks were attributed to contrasts between the soil texture, basin size, pesticide-use patterns, and hydrology of the eastern and western San Joaquin Valley. The fine soil texture and small size of the western tributary basins contributed to rapid runoff. In western valley streams, diazinon concentrations peaked within hours of the rainfall's end and then decreased because of a combination of dilution with pesticide-free runoff from the nearby Coast Ranges and decreasing concentrations in the agricultural runoff. Peak concentrations for the Merced River, a large tributary of the eastern San Joaquin Valley, occurred at least a day later than those of Biochemistry/ Air Pollution/ Soil Pollutants/ Water Pollution/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides

DOMAGALSKI JL and KUIVILA KM (1993). Distributions of pesticides and organic contaminants between water and suspended sediment, San Francisco Bay, California. ESTUARIES; 16 416-426.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: FATE.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Suspended-sediment and water samples were collected from San Francisco Bay in 1991 during low river discharge and after spring rains. All samples were analyzed for organophosphate, carbamate, and organochlorine pesticides; petroleum hydrocarbons; biomarkers; and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. The objectives were to determine the concentrations of these contaminants in water and suspended sediment during two different hydrologic conditions and to determine partition coefficients of the contaminants between water and sediment. Concentrations of hydrophobic contaminants, such as polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, varied with location of sample collection, riverine discharge, and tidal cycle. Concentrations of hydrophobic contaminants in suspended sediments were highest during low river discharge but became diluted as agricultural soils entered the bay after spring rains. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons defined as dissolved in the water column were not detected. The Ecology/ Oceanography/ Fresh Water/ Ecology/ Fresh Water/ Biochemistry/ Air Pollution/ Soil Pollutants/ Water Pollution/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Arachnida/ Entomology/Economics/ Insecticides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides

Domagalski, Joseph L. and Dubrovsky, Neil M. (1992). Pesticide residues in ground water of the San Joaquin Valley, California. Journal of Hydrology 130: 299-338.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DMB, SZ Rejection Code: NO SPECIES.

A regional assessment of non-point-source contamination of pesticide residues in ground water was made of the San Joaquin Valley, an intensively farmed and irrigated structural trough in central California. About 10% of the total pesticide use in the USA is in the San Joaquin Valley. Pesticides detected include atrazine, bromacil, 2.4-DP, diazinon, dibromochloropropane, 1,2-dibromoethane, dicamba, 1,2-dichloropropane, diuron, prometon, prometryn, propazine and simazine. All are soil applied except diazinon.Pesticide leaching is dependent on use patterns, soil texture, total organic carbon in soil, pesticide half-life and depth to water table. Leaching is enhanced by flood-irrigation methods except where the pesticide is foliar applied such as diazinon. Soils in the western San Joaquin Valley are fine grained and are derived primarily from marine shales of the Coast Ranges. Although shallow ground water is present, the fewest number of pesticides were detected in this region. The fine-grained soil inhibits pesticide leaching because of either low vertical permeability or high surface area; both enhance adsorption on to solid phases. Soils of the valley floor tend to be fine grained and have low vertical permeability. Soils in the eastern part of the valley are coarse grained with low total organic carbon and are derived from Sierra Nevada granites. Most pesticide leaching is in these alluvial soils, particularly in areas where depth to ground water is less than 30m. The areas currently most susceptible to pesticide leaching are eastern Fresno and Tulare Counties.Tritium in water molecules is an indicator of aquifer recharge with water of recent origin. Pesticide residues transported as dissolved species were not detected in non-tritiated water. Although pesticides were not detected in all samples containing high tritium, these samples are indicative of the presence of recharge water that interacted with agricultural soils. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V6C-487FCGY-1B0/2/dcb64d6577582df4a9e62e762e2a7baf

Domagalski, Joseph L. and Dubrovsky, Neil M. (1992). Pesticide residues in ground water of the San Joaquin Valley, California. Journal of Hydrology 130: 299-338.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: FATE.

A regional assessment of non-point-source contamination of pesticide residues in ground water was made of the San Joaquin Valley, an intensively farmed and irrigated structural trough in central California. About 10% of the total pesticide use in the USA is in the San Joaquin Valley. Pesticides detected include atrazine, bromacil, 2.4-DP, diazinon, dibromochloropropane, 1,2-dibromoethane, dicamba, 1,2-dichloropropane, diuron, prometon, prometryn, propazine and simazine. All are soil applied except diazinon.Pesticide leaching is dependent on use patterns, soil texture, total organic carbon in soil, pesticide half-life and depth to water table. Leaching is enhanced by flood-irrigation methods except where the pesticide is foliar applied such as diazinon. Soils in the western San Joaquin Valley are fine grained and are derived primarily from marine shales of the Coast Ranges. Although shallow ground water is present, the fewest number of pesticides were detected in this region. The fine-grained soil inhibits pesticide leaching because of either low vertical permeability or high surface area; both enhance adsorption on to solid phases. Soils of the valley floor tend to be fine grained and have low vertical permeability. Soils in the eastern part of the valley are coarse grained with low total organic carbon and are derived from Sierra Nevada granites. Most pesticide leaching is in these alluvial soils, particularly in areas where depth to ground water is less than 30m. The areas currently most susceptible to pesticide leaching are eastern Fresno and Tulare Counties.Tritium in water molecules is an indicator of aquifer recharge with water of recent origin. Pesticide residues transported as dissolved species were not detected in non-tritiated water. Although pesticides were not detected in all samples containing high tritium, these samples are indicative of the presence of recharge water that interacted with agricultural soils.

DOWNER AJ, KOEHLER CS, and PAINE TD (91).