N., and Bakry, N. M. (2006)

CABRAS, P., ANGIONI, A., GARAU VL, MELIS, M., PIRISI FM, KARIM, M., and MINELLI EV (1997). Persistence of insecticide residues in olives and olive oil. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY; 45: 2244-2247.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DMT Rejection Code: NO TOX DATA.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The decay rate of six insecticides (azinphos methyl, diazinon, dimethoate, methidathion, parathion methyl, and quinalphos) used to control Dacus oleae was studied. Degradation of pesticides showed pseudo-first-order kinetics with correlation coefficients ranging between -0.936 and -0.998 and half-lives between 4.3 days for dimethoate and 10.5 days for methidathion. Residues in olive oil were greater than on olives, with a maximum concentration factor of 7. Dimethoate was the only pesticide with lower residues in the oil than on the fruits. Olive washing affects pesticide residues ranging from no reduction to a 45% decrease. During 8 months of storage of the olive oil, diazinon, dimethoate, parathion methyl, and quinalphos did not show any remarkable difference, while methidathion and azinphos methyl showed a moderate decrease. Biochemistry/ Biophysics/ Food Technology/ Poisoning/ Animals, Laboratory/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides

CABRAS, P., ANGIONI, A., GARAU VL, MELIS, M., PIRISI FM, KARIM, M., and MINELLI EV (1997). Persistence of insecticide residues in olives and olive oil. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY; 45 2244-2247.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: FATE.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The decay rate of six insecticides (azinphos methyl, diazinon, dimethoate, methidathion, parathion methyl, and quinalphos) used to control Dacus oleae was studied. Degradation of pesticides showed pseudo-first-order kinetics with correlation coefficients ranging between -0.936 and -0.998 and half-lives between 4.3 days for dimethoate and 10.5 days for methidathion. Residues in olive oil were greater than on olives, with a maximum concentration factor of 7. Dimethoate was the only pesticide with lower residues in the oil than on the fruits. Olive washing affects pesticide residues ranging from no reduction to a 45% decrease. During 8 months of storage of the olive oil, diazinon, dimethoate, parathion methyl, and quinalphos did not show any remarkable difference, while methidathion and azinphos methyl showed a moderate decrease. Biochemistry/ Biophysics/ Food Technology/ Poisoning/ Animals, Laboratory/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides

CABRAS, P., ANGIONI, A., GARAU VL, PIRISI FM, BRANDOLINI, V., CABITZA, F., and CUBEDDU, M. (1998). Pesticide residues in prune processing. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY; 46 3772-3774.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: HUMAN HEALTH.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Prunes are processed in three phases: washing, drying, and rehydration, which is performed immediately before packing. The entire drying process was subdivided into six steps. In this paper each of these steps was studied separately in order to determine which could be accountable for residue changes. The studied pesticides were diazinon, bitertanol, iprodione, phosalone, and procymidone. Although the drying process caused a fruit concentration factor of 3, the pesticide residues on the dried fruits were not higher than on the fresh fruits. Phosalone showed the same residue, while the values for procymidone, iprodione, and bitertanol were respectively 0.6, 2.3, and 3.2 times lower. The changes in residue values caused by the different steps were not the same in the different pesticides. Biochemistry/ Food Technology/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides

CAMEL, V. and BERMOND, A. (1998). The use of ozone and associated oxidation processes in drinking water treatment. WATER RESEARCH; 32 3208-3222.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. This paper summarizes the main applications of ozonation and associated oxidation processes in the treatment of natural waters (surface and ground waters) for drinking water production. In fact, oxidants may be added at several points throughout the treatment: pre-oxidation, intermediate oxidation or final disinfection. So, the numerous effects of chemical oxidation are discussed along the water treatment: removal of inorganic species, aid to the coagulation-floculation process, degradation of organic matter and disinfection. Of prime importance in potable water production is the removal of organic matter (natural humic substances, as well as micropollutants, especially pesticides) to avoid degradation of the distributed water (mainly bad odors and tastes; formation of disinfection by-products such as trihalomethanes; microbial regrowth in the distribution system). Consequently, this point has been particularly detailed in this paper. As a matter of fact, complete miner Biochemistry/ Disinfection/ Pest Control/ Disease Vectors/ Pesticides/ Sanitation/ Sewage/ Disinfectants/ Disinfection/ Sterilization

CAMPBELL, H., RAVI, K., BRAVO, E., and KAPPAGODA CT (1996). Effect of Diazinon PLUS on rapidly adapting receptors in the rabbit. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY; 81 2604-2610.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: INHALE.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The effects of Diazinon PLUS aerosol on the activities of rapidly adapting receptors (RARs) and slowly adapting receptors (SAR) of the airways were investigated in anesthetized rabbits. The effects on both the baseline activity and the responses to stimulation by increasing mean left atrial pressure were examined. Action potentials were recorded from the left cervical vagus nerve. Aerosols (particle size 3 mum) were generated by a Mini-HEART nebulizer. We observed that an aerosol of Diazinon PLUS (1:10 vol/vol dilution in normal saline) decreased the baseline RAR activity (n = 10) significantly (P < 0.05) from 209 | 77 to 120 | 40 impulses/min. In the post-Diazinon PLUS control period, the RAR activity recovered partially to 185 | 75 impulses/min and decreased significantly to 131 | 52 impulses/min (P < 0.05) after a second exposure of Diazinon PLUS (undiluted) aerosol. Aerosols of normal saline in the control state did not produce a significant change in the RAR Biophysics/ Membranes/Physiology/ Heart Diseases/Pathology/ Respiratory Tract Diseases/Physiopathology/ Nervous System Diseases/Pathology/ Poisoning/ Animals, Laboratory/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Lagomorpha

CANTOR KP, BLAIR, A., BROWN LM, BURMEISTER LF, and EVERETT, G. (1993). PESTICIDES AND OTHER AGRICULTURAL RISK FACTORS FOR NON-HODGKIN'S LYMPHOMA AMONG MEN IN IOWA AND MINNESOTA CANCER RES. 52 2447-2455 1992 . CANCER RES; 53 2421.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DMB Rejection Code: NO TOX DATA.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM CARBARYL CHLORDANE DDT DIAZINON LINDANE MALATHION CHLORAMBEN 2 4-D DICAMBA 2 4 5-T CARCINOGENS USA Sex Determination (Genetics)/ Sex Differentiation/ Human/ Social Behavior/ Ecology/ Biochemistry/ Hematologic Diseases/Pathology/ Hematologic Diseases/Physiopathology/ Hematopoietic System/Pathology/ Hematopoietic System/Physiopathology/ Lymphatic Diseases/Pathology/ Lymphatic Diseases/Physiopathology/ Reticuloendothelial System/Pathology/ Reticuloendothelial System/Physiopathology/ Hematopoietic System/Physiology/ Lymph/Chemistry/ Lymph/Physiology/ Lymphatic System/Physiology/ Reticuloendothelial System/Physiology/ Environmental Pollutants/Poisoning/ Occupational Diseases/ Carcinogens/ Blood/ Neoplasms/ Reticuloendothelial System/ Leukemia/ Lymphoma/ Occupational Health Services/ Air Pollution/ Soil Pollutants/ Water Pollution/ Morbidity/ Neoplasms/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Hominidae

Capdevila, Jorge, Perry, Albert S., and Agosin, Moises (1974). Spectral and catalytic properties of cytochrome P-450 from a diazinon-resistant housefly strain. Chemico-Biological Interactions 9: 105-116.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: NO TOX DATA.

Microsomes from the diazinon-resistant Rutgers strain of housefly contain amounts of cytochrome P-450 that are larger than those reported for rat liver, but the specific activity expressed as nmole of cytochrome P-450 per mg protein is much lower. The hemoprotein shows that spectral changes type I, II and IV are essentially in the low-spin form as judged by the n-octylamine and ethyl isocyanide difference spectra, and is unstable at pH below 6.5 and above 8.0. Cytochrome P-420 is also produced with time when CO-difference spectra are recorded. This is accelerated at pH above 8.0. The presence of contaminating amounts of cytochrome P-420, due to denaturation during spectral analysis or to the method used to isolate the microsomes, makes questionable the practice of characterizing the hemoprotein on the basis of the 455 nm peak in the ethyl isocyanide spectra, since a 434 nm peak is produced with concomitant decrease of the 455 nm peak. Microsomes hydroxylate naphthalene, aminopyrine and aniline, but the activity when expressed as nmole of product per nmole of cytochrome P-450 is the same or lower than that reported for other resistant housefly strains.

Carino, Lourminia A. and Montgomery, M. W. (1968). Identification of some soluble esterases of the carrot (Daucus carota L.). Phytochemistry 7: 1483-1490.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: IN VITRO.

Aqueous-extractable esterases of the carrot (Daucus carota L.) showed optimal activity between pH 6-8 and 7-2. Acetyl, propionyl, and n-butyryl esters of phenol, sodium 2-naphthol-6-sulfonate, and glycerol and n-hexyl ester of sodium 2-naphthol-6-sulfonate were hydrolyzed by carrot esterases. Lack of activity with n-octyl ester of sodium 2-naphthol-6-sulfonate and triolein indicated the absence of a lipase or an esterase able to hydrolyze long-chain soluble esters. Esterases capable of hydrolyzing acetyl-, propionyl-, and n-butyrylcholine also were absent in the carrot extract. Carrot esterases showed maximal activity with phenyl esters, while the esters of sodium 2-naphthol-6-sulfonate and triglycerides were hydrolyzed at slower rates. Activity decreased as the acyl chain-length was increased. Inhibition studies with diethyl p-nitrophenyl thiophosphate (parathion), tetraethyl pyrophosphate (TEPP) and diisopropylphosphorofluoridate (DFP) at concentrations from 10-1 to 10-10 M with nine substrates indicated the presence of six esterases. Four esterases were classified as carboxylesterases (EC 3.1.1.1) and two fit into the arylesterase (EC 3.1.1.2) classification. Evidence is presented suggesting the hydrolysis of TEPP and DFP by the carrot extract.

Carlson, Kathryn E., Coppey, Maite, Magdelenat, Henri, and Katzenellenbogen, John A. (1989). Receptor binding of NBD-labeled fluorescent estrogens and progestins in whole cells and cell-free preparations. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry 32: 345-355.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

We have studied the interactions of four fluorescent steroid conjugates with either the estrogen or progesterone receptor, both in whole cells and cell-free receptor preparations. The fluorophore, nitrobenzoxadiazole (NBD), was conjugated with a synthetic progestin, with a steroidal estrogen, a non-steroidal estrogen, and with an antiestrogen. With all compounds, receptor-specific binding could be detected by fluorescence measurements following extraction from the protein into an organic solvent. In the native state, however, the NBD-ligand-receptor complex is essentially non-emissive, although these ligands fluoresce strongly when associated with non-specific binders such as albumin. The binding site concentrations and relative affinities determined by fluorescence (after extraction) correspond well with those determined by [3H]estradiol or [3H]R5020 binding to their respective receptors. In T47D breast cancer cells, the NBD-progestin showed receptor-mediated uptake and nuclear localization. These compounds have provided valuable information about the interactions of low and medium affinity ligands with their receptors; however, the successful use of fluorescent ligands for detecting steroid receptors under native-bound conditions, by “imaging” modalities (fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry) will require the development of fluorophores that are emissive while receptor bound or assay protocols that enable the environment of ligands associated with the receptor to be controlled.

CARLTON WW (1985). THIRD SYMPOSIUM ON PROPHYLAXIS AND TREATMENT OF CHEMICAL POISONING STOCKHOLM SWEDEN APRIL 22-24 1985. FUNDAM APPL TOXICOL; 5 (6 PART 2). 1985 (RECD. 1986). S1-S279.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: HUMAN HEALTH.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM MEETING Congresses/ Biology/ Biochemistry/ Pathology/ Therapeutics/ Pharmaceutical Preparations/Metabolism/ Poisoning/ Animals, Laboratory/ Antidotes/ Poisoning/Prevention & Control

Carr, Russell L. and Chambers, Janice E. (1996). Kinetic Analysis of thein VitroInhibition, Aging, and Reactivation of Brain Acetylcholinesterase from Rat and Channel Catfish by Paraoxon and Chlorpyrifos-oxon. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 139: 365-373.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: NO TOX DATA.

In rats, the phosphorothionate insecticide parathion exhibits greater toxicity than chlorpyrifos, while in catfish the toxicities are reversed. Thein vitroinhibition of brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by the active metabolites of the insecticides and the rates at which these inhibitor-enzyme complexes undergo reactivation/aging were investigated in both species. Rat AChE was more sensitive to inhibition than catfish AChE as demonstrated by greater bimolecular rate constants (ki) in rats than in catfish. In both species, chlorpyrifos-oxon yielded higherki’s than paraoxon. The higher association constant (KA) of chlorpyrifos-oxon than paraoxon in both species and the lack of significant differences in the phosphorylation constants (kp) suggest that association of the inhibitor with AChE is the principal factor in the different potencies between these two inhibitors. In catfish, thekiof chlorpyrifos-oxon was 22-fold greater than that of paraoxon, while in rats it was 9-fold greater, suggesting that target site sensitivity is an important factor in the higher toxicity of chlorpyrifos to catfish but not in the higher toxicity of parathion to rats. No spontaneous reactivation of phosphorylated catfish AChE occurred and there were no differences in the first order aging constants (ka) between compounds. For phosphorylated rat AChE, there were no differences in the first order reactivation constants (kr) but thekafor chlorpyrifos-oxon was significantly greater than that for paraoxon. This difference suggests that the steric positioning of the diethyl phosphate in the esteratic site is not the same between the two compounds, leading to differences in aging.

Carruthers, C. and Baumler, A. (1961). Esterase distribution in mouse liver. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 94: 351-357.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: NO TOX DATA.

About 80% of the esterase activity of mouse liver homogenized and fractionated in sucrose is found in the microsomes, and this distribution is independent of the sucrose concentration. The stability of the esterase activity of the microsomes is dependent upon the concentration of sucrose used for the isolation of these particulates, and greatest stability is found in microsomes isolated from 0.88 M sucrose. Esterase activity is distributed both in “rough-surfaced” and “smooth-surfaced” microsomal membranes, and nearly half of its activity is destroyed in these fractions following homogenization with glycerol, sucrose, and NaCl. The employment of sodium deoxycholate to dissolve the vesicular portion of the microsomes and ribonuclease to hydrolyze the ribonucleoprotein particles showed that the esterase activity of the microsomes is associated with, or is a part of the membranes or their contents.Very low concentrations of diethyl p-nitrophenyl phosphate and tetraethyl pyrophosphate, potent inhibitors of esterase activity, completely inhibit microsomal esterase activity, which activity appears to be of the B-type of Aldridge. No explanation could be found for the fact that the addition of glycerol to the fractionation media of liver cell particulates results in nearly half of the esterase activity being found in the supernatant fraction.

Carvalho, F. P., Villeneuve, J. P., Cattini, C., Tolosa, I., Montenegro-Guillen, S., Lacayo, M., and Cruz, A. (2002). Ecological risk assessment of pesticide residues in coastal lagoons of Nicaragua. Journal of Environmental Monitoring [J. Environ. Monit.]. Vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 778-787. Oct 2002.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: SURVEY.

ISSN: 1464-0325

Descriptors: Lagoons
Descriptors: Pesticide residues
Descriptors: Risk assessment
Descriptors: Organophosphorus compounds
Descriptors: Water pollution
Descriptors: Agrochemicals
Descriptors: Coastal zone
Descriptors: Biota
Descriptors: Leaching
Descriptors: Chlorinated hydrocarbons
Descriptors: Pesticides
Descriptors: Water Pollution Effects
Descriptors: Ecological Effects
Descriptors: Risk
Descriptors: Coastal Waters
Descriptors: Hydrocarbons
Descriptors: Agricultural pollution
Descriptors: Bioaccumulation
Descriptors: DDT
Descriptors: PCB
Descriptors: Pollution dispersion
Descriptors: Nicaragua, Chinandega
Descriptors: Nicaragua
Descriptors: ISE, Nicaragua, Chinandega
Abstract: A detailed investigation on the contamination with chlorinated hydrocarbons and organophosphorous pesticides of the coastal lagoon system of Chinandega district, Nicaragua, allowed the identification of contaminant sources and lagoon areas currently more contaminated. The discharge of rivers into the lagoons is the main transport pathway of pesticide residues; whereas atmospheric depositions are likely to be the main pathway for the introduction of PCBs into the lagoons. Analysis of water samples indicates widespread contamination with soluble organophosphorous compounds, such as dichlorvos, up to 410 ng L super(-1), diazinon, up to 150 ng L super(-1), and chlorpyrifos, up to 83 ng L super(-1). Analyses of suspended matter for low solubility organochlorine (OC) compounds revealed very high concentrations of toxaphene, up to 17450 ng g super(-1) dry weight (dw), total DDTs up to 478 ng g super(-1), Aroclor 1254, up to 119 ng g super(-1) (dw), and lower concentrations for other compounds. Lagoon sediments contain high concentrations also of toxaphene, from 7.9 to 6900 ng g super(-1) (dw), and DDTs, from 1.5 to 321 ng g super(-1) (dw), and lower concentrations of chlorpyrifos, hexachlorocyclohexanes, chlordane and other residues. Concentrations of OCs in soft tissues of clams are statistically correlated with the concentrations of the same compounds in bottom sediments, indicating that sediments are a source of contaminants to biota. In some areas of the lagoon system, concentration of residues in sediments are far above recommended threshold guideline values for protection of aquatic life, and may cause acute and chronic toxic effects on more sensitive aquatic species. Despite the ban on the use of toxaphene and DDT, residues of these compounds are still entering the lagoons due to erosion of, and leaching from, agriculture soils in the region. Measures for protection of the lagoon ecosystem are discussed.
DOI: 10.1039/b203728a
Language: English
English
Publication Type: Journal Article
Environmental Regime: Brackish; Marine
Classification: P 1000 MARINE POLLUTION
Classification: SW 3030 Effects of pollution
Classification: EE 40 Water Pollution: Monitoring, Control & Remediation
Classification: Q5 01503 Characteristics, behavior and fate
Classification: R2 23050 Environment
Subfile: Environmental Engineering Abstracts; Risk Abstracts; ASFA 3: Aquatic Pollution & Environmental Quality; Water Resources Abstracts; Pollution Abstracts

CASTELLA J-C, JOURDAIN, D., TREBUIL, G., and NAPOMPETH, B. (1999). A systems approach to understanding obstacles to effective implementation of IPM in Thailand: Key issues for the cotton industry. AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT; 72 17-34.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: NO TOX DATA.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. A comprehensive study of the history of cotton production in Thailand shows the causes of its collapse. Crop protection problems are regarded as major driving forces behind the recent changes in cotton production systems. The cotton industry went through the characteristic sequence leading from subsistence farming to a disaster phase, because of increasing reliance on chemical pesticides. Integration of biophysical and socioeconomic aspects of cotton production allows for this evolutionary path and the obstacles to the dissemination of IPM principles among key stakeholders to be explained. Suggestions are made to facilitate the process of collective learning toward more sustainable IPM practices. Plants/Growth & Development/ Soil/ Textiles/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Arachnida/ Entomology/Economics/ Plants/ Arachnida/ Entomology/Economics/ Pest Control/ Plants

Cavret, S., Videmann, B., Mazallon, M., and Lecoeur, S. (2005). Diazinon cytotoxicity and transfer in Caco-2 cells: Effect of long-term exposure to the pesticide. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 20: 375-380.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: IN VITRO.

The purpose of this work was to investigate the effect of prolonged exposure to diazinon (widely used organophosphorus pesticide) on the intestinal cell-line Caco-2. Cytotoxicity of the pesticide (50 [mu]M-6 mM) significantly decreased in long-term exposed (20 [mu]M, 2 months) cells, compared to untreated control cells. In long-term exposed cells, the resistance to diazinon cytotoxicity was reversed in the presence of PSC-833, a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor, but not in the presence of MK 571, a Multidrug Resistance Protein (MRP) inhibitor. Cell exposure to 25 [mu]M diazinon showed a secretory-directed transport of the molecule, which increased in long-term exposed cells. This efflux decreased significantly, for both long-term and non-exposed cells, in the presence of verapamil and PSC-833, but not MK 571. Furthermore, the total amount of P-gp increased in long-term exposed cells. These results suggest that ABC transporter P-gp is involved in the intestinal transfer of diazinon, and that repeated exposure to low doses of diazinon could strengthen the activity of ABC transporters in intestinal cells, thus increasing cell resistance to pesticide cytotoxicity. Diazinon/ ABC transporters/ Caco-2 cells/ Intestinal transfer

Cech, F. and Zbiral, E. (1975). Zum verhalten konjugierter diene gegenuber C6H5J(OAc)2-(CH3)3SiN3. Tetrahedron 31: 605-612.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

Cha, Shin Woo, Gu, Hee Kyoung, Lee, Ki Poong, Lee, Mun Han, Han, Sang Seop, and Jeong, Tae Cheon (2000). Immunotoxicity of ethyl carbamate in female BALB/c mice: role of esterase and cytochrome P450. Toxicology Letters 115: 173-181.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: MIXTURE.

Ethyl carbamate, a potent carcinogen, has been characterized to be metabolized by cytochrome P450 (P450) and esterase. It has recently been demonstrated that P450 may activate ethyl carbamate to immunotoxic metabolites. To investigate the role of esterase in ethyl carbamate-induced immunosuppression, mice were pretreated intraperitoneally with an esterase inhibitor, diazinon, at 20 mg/kg 30 min prior to the administration of ethyl carbamate intraperitoneally at 100 and 400 mg/kg for 7 consecutive days. Pretreatment with diazinon completely blocked the serum esterase activity. Histopathologically splenic and thymic atrophy was observed when mice were treated with ethyl carbamate, which was potentiated by the pretreatment with diazinon. In spleen, lymphocytes in the periarteriolar lymphoid sheath and the marginal zone appeared to be depleted in the white pulps. In thymus, ethyl carbamate caused a marked depletion of cells in cortex. The antibody response to sheep red blood cells (SRBCs) was more suppressed by ethyl carbamate in diazinon-pretreated groups than in corn oil-pretreated groups. These results suggest that the metabolism of ethyl carbamate by esterase may be an inactivation pathway in ethyl carbamate-induced immunosuppression. In addition, ethyl N-hydroxycarbamate, a P450 metabolite, suppressed the lymphoproliferative response induced by lipopolysaccharide and concanavalin A in splenocyte cultures. These results indicate that the metabolism of ethyl carbamate by P450 may be an activation pathway in immunosuppression by ethyl carbamate. Ethyl carbamate/ Antibody response/ Diazinon/ Esterase/ Cytochrome P450