N., and Bakry, N. M. (2006)

Brattsten, L. B., Holyoke, C. W. Jr., Leeper, J. R., and Raffa, K. F. (1986). Insecticide Resistance: Challenge to Pest Management and Basic Research. Science 231: 1255-1260.
Chem Codes: EcoReference No.: 72033
Chemical of Concern: CBL,DDT,AND,PYN,DZ,PPB,PRN,MP,ACP Rejection Code: REVIEW.

Braun, H. E. and Frank, R. (1980). Organochlorine and organophosphorus insecticides: Their use in eleven agricultural watersheds and their loss to stream waters in Southern Ontario, Canada, 1975-1977. The Science of The Total Environment 15: 169-192.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: FATE.

As part of a comprehensive study of the effects of agricultural land use activities on the quality of water entering the Great Lakes, 949 stream water samples from 11 agricultural watersheds in southern Ontario were collected in 1975-1977 and analyzed for organochlorine and organophosphorus insecticide residues which were currently in use in those watersheds. Detectable residues of chlordane, heptachlor epoxide, and endosulfan were found in 1.6, 6.0, and 19.3% of samples, respectively. Over 50% of the total organochlorine insecticides were found to be transported in the January-to-April periods corresponding to spring thaws, low ground cover, and high suspended solids in the water. Unit area loadings ranged from 0 to 4.5 mg/ha/yr for chlordane plus heptachlor epoxide and 0 to 89.9 mg/ha/yr for endosulfan. Water quality objectives proposed by the International Joint Commission were exceeded in 4% of samples by heptachlor epoxide, and 14% of samples by endosulfan.Sixteen organophosphorus insecticides were known to be used in the watersheds but only chlorpyrifos, diazinon, ethion, and malathion were detected. Chlorpyrifos was present in only three samples, ethion in two, and malathion in four; 87 samples were found to contain diazinon but 64 of these were identified as originating from an indoor (non land-use) activity in one watershed. All field losses of organophosphorus insecticides occured in the May-August period correlating with the season of application. Proposed I.J.C. water quality objectives were exceeded in one sample where diazinon was used in land activities and in 77 samples as the result of diazinon being used in an indoor activity. No other organophosphorus insecticides were found which exceeded the proposed water quality objectives.

Braunbeck, T. (1994). Detection of Environmentally Relevant Concentrations of Toxic Organic Compounds Using Histological and Cytological Parameters: Substance-Specificity in the Reaction of Rainbow Trout Liver? In: R.Muller and R.Lloyd (Eds.), Sublethal and Chronic Effects of Pollutants on Freshwater Fish, Chapter 2, Fishing News Books, London 15-29.

EcoReference No.: 18554

Chemical of Concern: ATZ,DS,DZ,LNR; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: CEL; Rejection Code: NO ENDPOINT(ATZ,DZ).

Bresch, H. (1991). Early Life-Stage Test in Zebrafish Versus a Growth Test in Rainbow Trout to Evaluate Toxic Effects. Bull.Environ.Contam.Toxicol. 46: 641-648.

EcoReference No.: 341

Chemical of Concern: DZ; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: MOR,GRO; Rejection Code: NO ENDPOINT(DZ).

Brewer, Gregory J. and Thomas, P. D. (1984). Role of gangliosides in adhesion and conductance changes in large spherical model membranes. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 776: 279-287.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

The formation of two spherical model membranes at the tips of two syringes has allowed us to study the role of gangliosides in membrane adhesion and look for changes in conductance between two such membranes during the process of adhesion. Membranes were formed in aqueous 100 mM NaCl, 10 mM KCl, 1 mM CaCl2 from 1% (w/v) egg phosphatidylcholine in n-decane, with or without mixed bovine brain gangliosides. After thinning to the ‘black’ bilayer state, two membranes were moved into contact. With gangliosides, the contact area and conductance increased colinearly with time over a 5 to 20 min period of adhesion. The role of electrostatic bridging by calcium was investigated. In the absence of calcium or in the presence of 2 mM EDTA, adhesion proceeded after a longer lag time at about one-half the normal rate. As the ganglioside concentration was increased from 0 to 15 mol%, the electrical conductance of individual membranes decreased 3-fold from 48 +/- 30 nS/cm2 to 17 +/- 13 nS/cm2. The conductance was pH dependent with a minimum at neutral values. At neutral pH, when two membranes containing 4.1 mol% gangliosides adhered, the region of adhesion had a specific conductance three times that of the nonadhering regions of membranes. Without gangliosides, the specific conductance of the contact region was the same as that of non-adhering regions of the membrane. These data suggest that mixed gangliosides can mediate an adhesion-dependent increase in conductance. Ganglioside/ Membrane adhesion/ Membrane conductance/ Glycolipid/ Model membrane

BRIGANTI, F. and WILD JR (1997). PROTEIN ENGINEERING FOR IMPROVED BIODEGRADATION OF RECALCITRANT POLLUTANTS AU - MASON JR. WILD, J. R., S. D. VARFOLOMEYEV AND A. SCOZZAFAVA (ED.). NATO ASI SERIES 3 HIGH TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 19. PERSPECTIVES IN BIOREMEDIATION: TECHNOLOGIES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT; 1995 NATO ADVANCED RESEARCH WORKSHOP ON BIOTECHNOLOGICAL REMEDIATION OF CONTAMINATED SITES, LVIV, UKRAINE, MARCH 5-9, 1995. XVI+123P. KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS: DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS; NORWELL, MASSACHUSETTS, USA. ISBN 0-7923-4339-5.; 19 (0). 1997. 107-118.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: NO TOX DATA.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM BOOK CHAPTER MEETING POSTER MICROORGANISMS RECALCITRANT POLLUTANTS IMPROVED BIODEGRADATION BIOREMEDIATION PROTEIN ENGINEERING BIOPROCESS ENGINEERING POLLUTION Congresses/ Biology/ Genetics/ Cytogenetics/ Biomedical Engineering/ Biophysics/ Engineering/ Air Pollution/ Soil Pollutants/ Water Pollution/ Biodegradation/ Industrial Microbiology/ Microbiology

Brimer, L., Bak, H., and Henriksen, S. (2004). Rapid quantitative assay for acaricidal effects on Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis and Otodectes cynotis. Experimental and Applied Acarology [Exp. Appl. Acarol.]. Vol. 33, no. 1-2, pp. 81-91. 2004.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

ISSN: 0168-8162

Descriptors: Migration
Descriptors: lactones
Descriptors: Cholinesterase
Descriptors: Acetylcholinesterase
Descriptors: Motor neurons
Descriptors: Diazinon
Descriptors: Acaricides
Descriptors: octopamine
Descriptors: Otodectes cynotis
Descriptors: Sarcoptes scabiei
Abstract: Brimer et al. (Vet. Parasitol. 51: 123-135, 1993 and 59: 249-255, 1995) developed a migration assay for acaricidal effect of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and macrocyclic lactones utilising Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis mites. In contrast to many others, this assay is fully quantitative but quite time-consuming. The aim of the present investigation was to modify this assay to become faster and simpler. As a result accurate determinations can now be obtained within 6 h, as opposed to 24 h. Furthermore it was demonstrated that also Otodectes cynotis mites can be used with only minor modifications of the procedures. The cholinesterase inhibitor diazinon and the formamide amitraz were used as acaricides. Thus, the mite migration assay now has been proven useful for acaricidal compounds belonging to three chemical groups with different modes of action, namely organophosphorous cholinesterase inhibitors, macrocyclic lactones acting on the glutamanergic/GABAegic motoneurons, and formamide inhibitors of the octopamine systems of arthropods.
Publisher: Kluwer Academic Publishers
DOI: 10.1023/B:APPA.0000029974.88938.8e
Language: English
English
Publication Type: Journal Article
Classification: Z 05183 Toxicology & resistance
Subfile: Entomology Abstracts

Bringmann, G. and Kuhn, R. (1960). The Water-Toxicological Detection of Insecticides (Zum Wasser-Toxikologischen Nachweis von Insektiziden). Gesund.Ing. 8: 243-244 (GER) (ENG ABS).

EcoReference No.: 58990

Chemical of Concern: DZ,HCCH,MLN,EN,DLD,DDT,Ag,Cd; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: MOR; Rejection Code: NO FOREIGN.

BRISTOW PR and WINDOM GE (1987). EFFECTS OF SELECTED FUNGICIDES INSECTICIDES AND ADJUVANTS ON IN-VITRO GERMINATION OF HIGHBUSH BLUEBERRY POLLEN. PLANT DIS; 71 326-328.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: IN VITRO.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM VACCINIUM-CORYMBOSUM CAPTAN BENOMYL FERBAM TRIFORINE EC DIAZINON X-77 PHYTOTOXICITY Biochemistry/ Biophysics/ Plants/Physiology/ Plants/Metabolism/ Plants/Anatomy & Histology/ Reproduction/ Fruit/ Environmental Pollution/ Plant Diseases/ Weather/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Plants

Britton, L. N., Brand, J. M, and Markovetz, A. J. (1974). Source of oxygen in the conversion of 2-tridecanone to undecyl acetate by Pseudomonas cepacia and Nocardia sp. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Lipids and Lipid Metabolism 369: 45-49.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: NO TOX DATA.

Cell-free extracts from Pseudomonas cepacia and Nocardia sp. when supplied with NADPH accumulated undecyl acetate from 2-tridecanone in the presence of an esterase inhibitor, tetraethyl pyrophosphate. Mass spectra of undecyl acetate formed in an 16O2-atmosphere exhibited characteristic oxygencontaining ions of m/e 61, 73, and 116. In experiments with 18O2, these ions appeared at m/e 63, 75, and 118. Absence of a significant peak at m/e 45 in the 18O-containing ester established that the 18O was in the C-O-C linkage rather than the carbonyl oxygen. Incorporation of molecular oxygen in the presence of NADPH into 2-tridecanone to form undecyl acetate is consistent with an oxygenase-type reaction.

BROMAND, B. (1996). ON THE PROBLEMS OF MINOR USE IN DENMARK. PALLUTT, W. AND H.-H. SCHMIDT. MITTEILUNGEN AUS DER BIOLOGISCHEN BUNDESANSTALT FUER LAND- UND FORSTWIRTSCHAFT BERLIN-DAHLEM, HEFT 324; (COMMUNICATIONS FROM THE FEDERAL BIOLOGICAL INSTITUTE FOR AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY BERLIN-DAHLEM, NO. 324); 2ND INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON MINOR USES CALLED BY THE FEDERAL BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH CENTRE FOR AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY, JUNE 11-13, 1996. 145P. BIOLOGISCHE BUNDESANSTALT FUER LAND- UND FORSTWIRTSCHAFT: BERLIN-DAHLEM, GERMANY. ISBN 3-8263-3129-X.; 0 (324). 1996. 103-110.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: NO TOX DATA.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM BOOK CHAPTER MEETING PAPER MINOR INDUSTRY PESTICIDES PLANT PROTECTION LEGISLATION PRODUCT REMOVAL SMALL CROP INDUSTRY DENMARK EUROPE Legislation/ Organization and Administration/ Biology/ Botany/Economics/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides

Brown B., Silvia V., Stanislawski, Aimee, Perry, Quinesha L., and Williams, Noreen (2001). Cloning and characterization of the subunits comprising the catalytic core of the Trypanosoma brucei mitochondrial ATP synthase. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 113: 289-301.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

The Trypanosoma brucei mitochondrial F1-ATPase has been previously isolated and characterized. It is composed of five subunits of molecular weights 55 000, 42 000, 32 000, 22 000, and 17 000 [1]. We have identified the [alpha] and [beta] subunits of the T. brucei F1-ATPase by N-terminal sequence determination together with analysis of cDNA and genomic clones. The genes for both subunits are homologous to the same subunits from other organisms. They contain the Walker A and B boxes of homology and a putative mitochondrial import sequence. The isolated T. brucei [alpha] subunit is unusually small at 42 kDa. The [alpha] cDNA clone encodes a protein of predicted size 59 kDa with a mitochondrial import presequence at the N-terminus. The predicted size was confirmed by expression of a 59 kDa protein from the cDNA clone in vitro. These results suggest that the [alpha] subunit may have an unusually large mitochondrial presequence of 159 amino acids. In contrast, the estimated size of the native [beta] subunit (55 kDa) correlates well with the size predicted from the cDNA clone, 57 kDa, from which a 21 amino acid presequence has been removed in vivo. The size of the [beta] subunit was confirmed by expression in an in vitro and an Escherichia coli expression system. The purified recombinant [beta] subunit, like the native F1-ATPase, can be labeled by the photoaffinity nucleotide analogue 8-azido ATP. Binding of the 8-azido ATP probe is best competed by the natural substrate ATP, and is significantly reduced by pretreatment with the inhibitor 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazide as has been shown with [beta] subunits of other organisms. The differential binding of this photoaffinity analogue was used to resolve the identities of the [alpha] and [beta] subunits of the ATP synthase from T. brucei. These results are in contrast to results previously obtained for a related trypanosomatid Crithidia fasciculata. Trypanosoma brucei/ ATP synthase/ [alpha] Subunit/ [beta] Subunit/ 8-Azido ATP/ Photoafffinity label

Brown Jeffrey S and Bay Steven M (2005). Organophosphorus pesticides in the Malibu Creek Watershed.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: SURVEY.

Descriptors: Streams

Descriptors: Diazinon
Descriptors: Toxicity
Descriptors: Water Quality
Descriptors: Watersheds
Descriptors: Pesticides
Descriptors: Linear Alkyl Sulfonates
Descriptors: Salts
Descriptors: Organophosphorus Pesticides
Descriptors: Chlorides
Descriptors: Crustaceans
Descriptors: Mortality
Descriptors: Fish
Descriptors: Survival
Descriptors: Storms
Descriptors: Contamination
Descriptors: Coastal Waters
Descriptors: Tributaries
Descriptors: Toxicity tests
Descriptors: Water pollution
Descriptors: Dissolved salts
Descriptors: Pollutant persistence
Descriptors: Mortality causes
Descriptors: Rivers
Descriptors: Environmental impact
Descriptors: Reproduction
Descriptors: Chlorpyrifos
Descriptors: Ceriodaphnia dubia
Descriptors: USA, California, Los Angeles Cty., Malibu Creek
Abstract: To assess the persistence and magnitude of pesticides in the water column, three streams in the Malibu Creek watershed were sampled for organophosphorus (OP) pesticide (including diazinon and chlorpyrifos) contamination and toxicity to Ceriodaphnia dubia. Dry-weather samples were collected from Malibu Creek and two of its tributaries, Las Virgenes Creek and Medea Creek, at monthly intervals between June 2002 and March 2003. Two storm events were sampled at Malibu Creek in February 2003. Diazinon was the only organophosphorus pesticide detected in any of the creek samples, with measurable amounts in most of the dry-weather samples from Medea Creek, and both of the stormwater samples from Malibu Creek. Concentrations of diazinon in some samples exceeded the California Department of Fish and Game acute water quality criterion by up to a factor of 9, and the chronic criterion by up to a factor of 14. Toxicity was present in some of the samples from each of the streams. Impacted water quality, as indicated by toxicity to C. dubia, appeared to be most severe in Medea Creek and Las Virgenes Creek, where the incidence of reduced survival and reduced reproduction was greater than that measured in Malibu Creek. Dissolved salts such as chlorides and the OP pesticide diazinon contributed to the reduced water quality, but these two constituents had different effects on water quality at the various sites. Diazinon had the most severe toxic effects (complete mortality in two samples from Medea Creek), but did not impact the observed toxicity at Malibu Creek or Las Virgenes Creek. Dissolved salts were shown to be the likely cause of persistent impaired reproduction of C. dubia in many of the samples from all three study sites, indicating that this constituent group is of broad concern throughout the watershed.
Publisher: Southern California Coastal Water Research Projects
Language: English
English
Publication Type: Report
Environmental Regime: Freshwater
Classification: SW 3030 Effects of pollution
Classification: AQ 00002 Water Quality
Classification: Q5 01503 Characteristics, behavior and fate
Classification: P 2000 FRESHWATER POLLUTION
Classification: EE 40 Water Pollution: Monitoring, Control & Remediation
Subfile: Environmental Engineering Abstracts; Pollution Abstracts; ASFA 3: Aquatic Pollution & Environmental Quality; Aqualine Abstracts; Water Resources Abstracts

Brown, K. A. (1980). Phosphotriesterases of flavobacterium sp. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 12: 105-112.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

An enzyme system having phosphotriesterase activity was partially purified from Flavobacterium sp. by means of gel filtration and preparative gel isotachophoresis. Flavobacterium phosphotriesterase showed maximum activity between pH 8-10 and was unaffected by the presence of metal ions. Non-ionic detergents were potent and irreversible inhibitors of activity. Inhibition was also observed with mercurial thiol reagents and cysteine, although in the latter case inhibition could be reversed by oxidation in air or with K3Fe(CN)6. Activity was restricted towards substrates having electron withdrawing aromatic or heterocyclic leaving group such as parathion, paraoxon, diazinon and their analogues. Substrate analogues having the weakly electrophilic 4-aminophenyl group were not hydrolysed and in some cases acted as competitive inhibitors. Product inhibition by 4-nitrophenol (but not by the phosphorus containing moiety) was observed.

Brown, Pamela M. and Silvius, John R. (1990). Mechanisms of delivery of liposome-encapsulated cytosine arabinoside to CV-1 cells in vitro. Fluorescence-microscopic and cytotoxicity studies. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 1023: 341-351.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

Fluorescence microscopy and assays of the cytotoxicity of liposome-encapsulated cytosine arabinoside (araC) have been used to examine the interactions of CV-1 cells with pH-sensitive liposomes, combining phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) with oleic acid or with double-chain protonatable amphiphiles, and with pH-insensitive liposomes combining phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG). Fluorescence-microscopic observations indicate that double-chain protonatable amphiphiles remain tightly associated with pH-sensitive liposomes during incubations with CV-1 cell monolayers, and that cellular uptake of liposomes is strongly promoted by transferrin coupled to the liposome surface. Liposome-encapsulated araC showed much greater cytotoxicity toward CV-1 cells than did the free drug at equivalent concentrations under the same conditions. The cytotoxicity of encapsulated araC was strongly enhanced by liposome-conjugated transferrin and was maximal using pH-sensitive liposomes combining PE with the double-chain protonatable amphiphile N-(N′-oleoyl-2-aminopalmitoyl)serine. However, the drug was also markedly more cytotoxic when encapsulated in other types of transferrin-conjugated liposomes, including pH-insensitive PC/PG/ cholesterol liposomes, than in the free form. The cytotoxicity of liposome-encapsulated araC is significantly attenuated by the nucleoside transport inhibitor nitrobenzothioinosine, and fluorescence microscopy using calcein-containing liposomes provides no evidence for efficient fusion between cellular membranes and any of the types of liposomes examined here. Based on these observations, we suggest that the major mechanism for cytoplasmic delivery of liposome-encapsulated araC is the carrier-mediated transport of drug that has been released from liposomes into the endosomal and/or the lysosomal compartments. Liposome/ Cytosine arabinoside/ Drug delivery/ Endosome/ Lysosome/ Fluorescence/ Cytotoxicity

Brun, E. M., Garces-Garcia, M., Escuin, E., Morais, S., Puchades, R., and Maquieira, A. *. (2004). Assessment of Novel Diazinon Immunoassays for Water Analysis. Environmental Science & Technology [Environ. Sci. Technol.]. Vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 1115-1123. 15 Feb 2004.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

ISSN: 0013-936X

Descriptors: Diazinon
Descriptors: Organophosphates
Descriptors: Insecticides
Descriptors: Immunoassays
Descriptors: Water analysis
Descriptors: Agrochemicals
Descriptors: Rivers
Descriptors: Pollution monitoring
Descriptors: Monitoring
Descriptors: Natural Waters
Descriptors: Detection Limits
Descriptors: Analytical Methods
Descriptors: Testing Procedures
Descriptors: Pesticides
Descriptors: Analytical techniques
Descriptors: Agricultural pollution
Descriptors: ELISA
Descriptors: Water pollution
Descriptors: River water
Abstract: Diazinon is a broad organophosphate insecticide used in agricultural and other treatments, resulting in widespread water contamination. The development of easy-to-use screening immunoanalytical methods is an interesting tool to study environmental pollution impact. Two novel strategies for diazinon hapten synthesis are addressed. One of them attaches the spacer arm to the oxygen atom of the diazinon aromatic ring. The other one retains the diazinon basic structure linking the spacer to an aromatic carbon. A total of eight diazinon haptens were synthesized, demonstrating that they are suitable for immunoreagent (protein conjugates and polyclonal antibodies) production. The optimized ELISA is based on conjugate-coated format and had a detection limit of 0.40 mu g/L, showing little or no cross-reactivity to similar tested compounds. The immunoassays were used as a tool to quantify diazinon in natural waters. Results are in agreement with those given by GC-MS reference method. Mean recoveries ranging between 99% and 105% confirm the potential of our approach to determine diazinon in samples without purification or preconcentration steps, being applied as a screening method for field monitoring of diazinon in river waters.
Language: English
English
Publication Type: Journal Article
Classification: P 2000 FRESHWATER POLLUTION
Classification: SW 3010 Identification of pollutants
Classification: W4 210 Bioremediation, Bioreactors & BioCycling
Classification: Q5 01502 Methods and instruments
Classification: AQ 00003 Monitoring and Analysis of Water and Wastes
Classification: EE 40 Water Pollution: Monitoring, Control & Remediation
Subfile: ASFA 3: Aquatic Pollution & Environmental Quality; Environmental Engineering Abstracts; Pollution Abstracts; Aqualine Abstracts; Water Resources Abstracts; Bioengineering Abstracts

Brunetto, R., Burguera, M., and Burguera, J. L. ( Organophosphorus pesticide residues in some watercourses from Merida, Venezuela. Science of the Total Environment [SCI. TOTAL ENVIRON.], vol. 114, pp. 195-204, 1992.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DMT Rejection Code: NO SPECIES.

The concentration of organophosphorus residues were determined in some Andean Highland watercources from the Merida Province of Venezuela. Levels from < 0.3 to 16.5, < 0.1 to 12.2, < 0.2 to 4.1 and < 0.1 to 0.9 mu g l super(-1) of dimethoate, diazinon, methyl parathion and methamidophos were found. The pesticides most frequently detected were dimethoate and diazinon (89% of samples), followed by methamidophos (39%) and methyl parathion (33%). In general, waters contained pesticide concentrations reflecting local usage derived from agricultural activities. Classification: Q5 01503 Characteristics, behavior and fate; P 2000 FRESHWATER POLLUTION pollution monitoring/ water analysis/ water pollution/ agricultural pollution/ agricultural runoff/ pesticides