N., and Bakry, N. M. (2006)

Chemical of Concern: DZ,DDT; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: GRO; Rejection Code: NO ENDPOINT(DZ),OK(DDT).

Bell, J. P. and Tsezos, M. (1988). The selectivity of biosorption of hazardous organics by microbial biomass. Water Research 22: 1245-1251.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: BACTERIA.

Four hazardous organic compounds (lindane, pentachlorophenol, diazinon and melathion) were selected and their biosorption isotherms by two types of microbial biomass (activated sludge and R. arrhizus) were determined from multisolute solutions. The selectivity of biosorption was subsequently quantified through the use of bioconcentration factors. It was shown that, for the compounds that are biosorbed (lindane, pentachlorophenol and diazinon) and within the range of the pollutant concentrations found in wastewater treatment plants, the competition effects are usually minimal. Analysis of the competitive biosorption data, assuming a surface filling mechanism, suggests that hazardous organics biosorption cannot be described successfully by a simple adsorption hypothesis. biosorption/ priority pollutants/ hazardous organics/ biomass/ adsorption/ competition

Bendich, Aaron and Clements, Grace C. (1953). A revision of the structural formulation of vicine and its pyrimidine aglucone, divicine. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 12: 462-477.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

The formulation of the pyrimidine glucoside, vicine, by as a 3-N-glucoside of 2,5-diamino-4,6-dioxypyrimidine is now shown to be incorrect. Concrete evidence has been obtained for the first time that the aglucone portion, divicine, is a pyrimidine, and that it is 2,4-diamino-5,6-dioxypyrimidine. In addition to the findings of numerous investigators over the past 83 years, new evidence is furnished which indicates that vicine is 2,4-diamino-6-oxypyrimidine-5-([ss]--glucopyranoside). This conclusion is based upon a. the striking similarity in the ultraviolet absorption spectra of vicine and 2,4-diamino-5-ethoxy-6-oxypyrimidine and 2,4-diamino-5-bromo-6-oxypyrimidine; syntheses of the latter two compounds are described; b. periodate titration data; c. the presence of a phenolic hydroxyl in divicine and its absence in vicine; d. the reduction of phosphomolybate and dichlorophenolindophenol by divicine, but not by vicine; e. the instability in neutral or alkaline aqueous solutions of divicine, but not of vicine. The colour reactions given by divicine and described by as specific for the 5-amino group of pyrimidines, are shown, rather, to be given by other reducing agents including ascorbic acid.

Bental, Michal, Lelkes, Peter, Scholma, Janny, Hoekstra, Dick, and Wilschut, Jan (1984 ). Ca2+-independent, protein-mediated fusion of chromaffin granule ghosts with liposomes. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 774: 296-300.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

We have investigated the interaction between isolated membrane vesicles from chromaffin granules and large unilamellar phospholipid vesicles (liposomes). Mixing of membrane lipids has been monitored continuously, utilizing the fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay described by Struck et al. ((1982) Biochemistry 20, 4093-4099). To demonstrate coalescence of the internal vesicle volumes the transfer of colloidal gold from the liposomes to the interior of the granule membrane vesicles has been examined. Efficient fusion of the liposomes with the granule membranes was observed. Significant fusion occurred in the absence of Ca2+, although the extent of interaction was enhanced in its presence. The sensitivity of the interaction to pretreatment of the granule membranes with trypsin showed the fusion reaction to be a protein-mediated process. Chromaffin granule/ Exocytosis/ Liposome/ Phospholipid vesicle/ Membrane fusion/ Ca2+

Bental, Michal, Wilschut, Jan, Scholma, Janny, and Nir, Shlomo (1987). Ca2+-induced fusion of large unilamellar phosphatidylserine/cholesterol vesicles. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 898: 239-247.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

The effect of cholesterol on the Ca2+-induced aggregation and fusion of large unilamellar phosphatidylserine (PS) vesicles has been investigated. Mixing of aqueous vesicle contents was followed continuously with the Tb/dipicolinate assay, while the dissociation of pre-encapsulated Tb/dipicolinate complex was taken as a measure of the release of vesicle contents. Vesicles consisting of pure PS or PS/cholesterol mixtures at molar ratios of 4:1, 2:1 and 1:1 were employed at three different lipid concentrations, each at four different Ca2+ concentrations. The results could be well simulated in terms of a mass-action kinetic model, providing separately the rate constants of vesicle aggregation, c11, and of the fusion reaction itself, f11. In the analyses the possibility of deaggregation of aggregated vesicles was considered explicitly. Values of both c11 and f11 increase steeply with the Ca2+ concentration increasing from 2 to 5 mM. With increasing cholesterol content of the vesicles the value of c11 decreases, while the rate of the actual fusion reaction, f11, increases. Remarkably, the effect of cholesterol on both aggregation and fusion is quite moderate. The presence of cholesterol in the vesicle bilayer does not affect the leakage of vesicle contents during fusion. Ca2+/ Cholesterol/ Phosphatidylserine/ Membrane fusion/ Phospholipid vesicle/ Liposome

BENTLEY GR and HEATH, A. CG (1988). ORGANOPHOSPHATE RESIDUES IN THE WOOL OF SHEEP DIPPED FOR FLYSTRIKE CONTROL AU - RAMMELL CG. N Z J AGRIC RES; 31 151-154.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: FATE.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM COUMAPHOS DIAZINON BROMOPHOS ETHYL PROPETAMPHOS CHLORFENVINPHOS PESTS LIVESTOCK INDUSTRY WOOL INDUSTRY INSECTICIDE Biochemistry/ Skin/Physiology/ Animal Husbandry/ Veterinary Medicine/ Disinfectants/ Disinfection/ Sterilization/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Animals/ Arachnida/ Entomology/Economics/ Pest Control/ Arachnida/ Entomology/Economics/ Insecticides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Artiodactyla

Benuck, M., Reith, M. E. A., Sershen, H., Wiener, H. L., and Lajtha, A. (1989). Oxidative metabolism of cocaine: Comparison of brain and liver. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine [PROC. SOC. EXP. BIOL. MED.]. Vol. 190, no. 1, pp. 7-13. 1989.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METABOLISM.

ISSN: 0037-9727

Descriptors: oxidative metabolism
Descriptors: brain
Descriptors: liver
Abstract: Norcocaine (NC) and N-hydroxynorcocaine (NHNC), products of the oxidative metabolism of cocaine, were examined in plasma, brain, and liver of mice injected intraperitoneally with cocaine. Plasma levels of NHNC were altered in vivo by inhibiting esterase activity with diazinon and chloral hydrate or activating esterase activity with phenobarbital, and activating the microsomal P-450 system with phenobarbital. Changes in plasma concentrations of NHNC resulted in similar changes in brain, which were often different from those in liver. After intracisternal administration of cocaine to mice, no appreciable amount of NC or NHNC could be detected in brain; the same results were obtained upon intracisternal and intraventricular administration of rats. Microsomal preparations from mouse brain were found to be considerably less active than those from liver in converting NC to NHNC.
Language: English
English
Publication Type: Journal Article
Classification: N3 11070 Neurochemistry and cellular biology
Classification: X 24180 Social poisons & drug abuse
Subfile: Toxicology Abstracts; CSA Neurosciences Abstracts

Berger, Christine, Piubelli, Luciano, Haditsch, Ursula, and Rudolf Bosshard, Hans (1998). Diffusion-controlled DNA recognition by an unfolded, monomeric bZIP transcription factor. FEBS Letters 425: 14-18.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

Basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors are dimers that recognize mainly palindromic DNA sites. It has been assumed that bZIP factors have to form a dimer in order to bind to their target DNA. We find that DNA binding of both monomeric and dimeric bZIP transcription factor GCN4 is diffusion-limited and that, therefore, the rate of dimerization of the bZIP domain does not affect the rate of DNA recognition and GCN4 need not dimerize in order to bind to its specific DNA site. The results have implications for the mechanism by which bZIP transcription factors find their target sites for transcriptional regulation. Protein-DNA recognition/ Kinetic mechanism/ Transcription factor GCN4/ Monomer-dimer equilibrium/ Fluorescence-labeled DNA

Bergmann, Felix and Shimoni, Arela (1952). Quaternary ammonium salts as inhibitors of acetylcholine esterase. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 8: 520-525.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: IN VITRO.

Quaternary ammonium salts show practically no inhibition of the hydrolytic action of liver esterase. They protect ACh estrase against inrreversible combination with TEPP, although the two types of inhibitors attach themselves to different points of the active surface. Quaternary ammonium salts also inhibit the hydrolysis of uncharged esters (diacetine, ethyl acetate) by ACh esterase in a competitive way. Possible explanations for this paradox behavior are discussed.

Berman, Ann, Shearing, Lee N., Ng, Ken F., Jinsart, Wanida, Foley, Michael, and Tilley, Leann (1994). Photoaffinity labelling of Plasmodium falciparum proteins involved in phospholipid transport. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 67: 235-243.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: IN VITRO.

Erythrocytes infected with mature-stage malaria parasites accumulate phospholipids from exogenous sources. We show that the transport of N-(7-nitrobenzy-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)-1,2- ipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylethanolamine (N NBD-DPPE), from the erythrocyte membrane to the intracellular malaria parasite, is dependent upon metabolic energy, A photoreactive phospholipid analogue, N-[125I]iodo-4-azidosalicylamidy1-1,2-dilaury1-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylethanolamine (N-125I-ASA-DLPE), has been synthesised and used in an attempt to identify proteins involved in phospholipid trafficking in malaria-infected erythrocytes. This photoreactive probe was found to preferentially label a protein with an apparent molecular weight of 22 kDa. Photolabelling of the 22-kDa protein was enhanced upon ATP depletion of malaria-infected erythrocytes. Malaria/ Phospholipid trafficking/ Photoaffinity labelling/ Erythrocyte membrane

Berry, W. K. (1971). Some species differences in the rates of reaction of diaphragm particulate acetylcholinesterases with tetraethyl pyrophosphate and pralidoxime. Biochemical Pharmacology 20: 1333-1334.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: MIXTURE.

Beyers, D. W. and Farmer, M. S. (2001). Effects of Copper on Olfaction of Colorado Pikeminnow. Environ.Toxicol.Chem. 20: 907-912.

EcoReference No.: 59294

Chemical of Concern: CuS,DZ; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: BEH,CEL; Rejection Code: LITE EVAL CODED(CuS),NO COC(DZ).

Beys-l'Hoest, B. (1991). Pollution of Ecosystems by Acridian Control Measures (La Pollution des Ecosystemes par la Lutte Antiacridienne). Nat.Belg. 72: 41-64 (FRE).

Chem Codes: EcoReference No.: 71631
Chemical of Concern: HCCH,DLD,DZ,CBL Rejection Code: NON-ENGLISH.

BEZBARUAH, B., BORA, T., and SAIKIA, N. (1999). Ureolytic nitrification activities in forest and tea (Camellia sinensis) plantation soils and evaluation of ureolytic nitrifier sensitivity to pesticides. INDIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES; 69 24-29.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: FATE.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. An experiment was conducted in 1992 to compare ureolytic nitrification activities in soil under tea (Camellia sinensis (L) O Kuntze) cultivation and forest land adjacent to the tea plantations. Recovery of nitrate from the soil samples of tea plantations following incubation with urea confirmed that the active nitrification occurred even in the pH range of 4.5-5.5. A slight increase in ureolytic nitrification activity in sections showing higher yield of made tea was detectable in plantations usi onding forest samples showed that this activity was lower in tea plantations in all cases. The ureolytic nitrifier strains isolated from tea plantations were able to grow in culture plates incorporated with several structurally different types of pesticides. Soil Microbiology/ Fertilizers/ Soil/ Fruit/ Nuts/ Tropical Climate/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Bacteria/ Plants

Bianchi, L., Zannoli, A., Pizzala, R., Stivala, L. A., and Chiesara, E. (1994). Genotoxicity assay of five pesticides and their mixtures in Saccharomyces cerevisiae D7. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology 321: 203-211.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: YEAST.

Four organophosphorus pesticides (azinphos-methyl, diazinone, dimethoate, and pirimiphos-methyl), and one carbamate (benomyl) were tested for cytotoxicity, reverse mutation and gene conversion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae D7, with and without the S9 metabolic system. Furthermore, two mixtures of the above compounds, namely benomyl + pirimiphos-methyl (6/1 ratio) and dimethoate + diazinone + azinphos-methyl (10/4/6 ratio) were tested in the same experimental model. Azinphos-methyl, benomyl, and pirimiphos-methyl alone did not induce any genotoxic effect, whereas azinphos-methyl and diazinone were active in inducing reversion and gene conversion. The benomyl + pirimiphos-methyl mixture did not show any genotoxic activity. The dimethoate + diazinone + azimphosmethyl mixture was genotoxic, although an antagonistic effect between the components was observed. The addition of S9 post-mitochondrial liver fraction decreased the activity of both single and mixed genotoxic agents. Saccharomyces cerevisae/ Pesticides/ Pesticide mixtures

Bianchi, L., Zannoli, A., Pizzala, R., Stivala, L. A., and Chiesara, E. (1994). Genotoxicity Assay of Five Pesticides and Their Mixtures in Saccharomyces cerevisiae D7. Mutat.Res. 321: 203-211.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DMT,AZ,DZ,PIRM,BMY Rejection Code: MIXTURE/YEAST.

Bianchi-Santamaria, A., Gobbi, M., Cembran, M., and Arnaboldi, A. (1997). Human lymphocyte micronucleus genotoxicity test with mixtures of phytochemicals in environmental concentrations. Mutation Research-Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis [Mutat. Res.-Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutag.] 388: 27-32.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DMT Rejection Code: HUMAN HEALTH, IN VITRO.

This study was carried out to assess the genotoxicity of mixtures of pesticides using the micronucleus test with human lymphocytes in culture. Benomyl, azinphos-methyl, diazinon, dimethoate, pirimiphos-methyl pesticides were tested at doses estimated from their daily intake (EDI) [1]. Benomyl is a carbamate fungicide, the other compounds are organophosphorous insecticides. The compounds were tested both separately and in combination. The results showed a weak genotoxicity for three of the four organophosphorous insecticides and for benomyl. The various mixtures did not give additive effects. Classification: X 24135 Biochemistry; G 07221 Specific chemicals; P 6000 TOXICOLOGY AND HEALTH; H SE5.3 HAZARD DETERMINATION micronuclei/ genotoxicity testing/ pesticides/ fungicides/ insecticides/ pesticides (organophosphorus)/ benomyl/ lymphocytes/ organophosphorus compounds/ lymphocytes

Bianchi-Santamaria, A., Gobbi, M., Cembran, M., and Arnaboldi, A. (1997). Human lymphocyte micronucleus genotoxicity test with mixtures of phytochemicals in environmental concentrations. Mutation Research-Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis. Vol. 388, no. 1, pp. 27-32. Jan 1997.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: HUMAN HEALTH.

ISSN: 1383-5718

Descriptors: micronuclei
Descriptors: genotoxicity testing
Descriptors: pesticides
Descriptors: fungicides
Descriptors: insecticides
Descriptors: lymphocytes
Descriptors: benomyl
Descriptors: organophosphorus compounds
Abstract: This study was carried out to assess the genotoxicity of mixtures of pesticides using the micronucleus test with human lymphocytes in culture. Benomyl, azinphos-methyl, diazinon, dimethoate, pirimiphos-methyl pesticides were tested at doses estimated from their daily intake (EDI) [1]. Benomyl is a carbamate fungicide, the other compounds are organophosphorous insecticides. The compounds were tested both separately and in combination. The results showed a weak genotoxicity for three of the four organophosphorous insecticides and for benomyl. The various mixtures did not give additive effects.
Publisher: ELSEVIER SCIENCE B.V.
Language: English
English
Publication Type: Journal Article
Classification: X 24135 Biochemistry
Classification: G 07221 Specific chemicals
Classification: P 6000 TOXICOLOGY AND HEALTH
Classification: H SE5.3 HAZARD DETERMINATION
Subfile: Health & Safety Science Abstracts; Pollution Abstracts; Genetics Abstracts; Toxicology Abstracts

Bishop, C. A., Mahony, N. A., Struger, J., Ng, P., and Pettit, K. E. (1999). Anuran Development, Density and Diversity in Relation to Agricultural Activity in the Holland River Watershed, Ontario, Canada (1990-1992). Environ.Monit.Assess. 57 : 21-43.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: ATZ,DZ Rejection Code: EFFLUENT/SURVEY.

Bisson, Marjolaine and Hontela, Alice (2002). Cytotoxic and Endocrine-Disrupting Potential of Atrazine, Diazinon, Endosulfan, and Mancozeb in Adrenocortical Steroidogenic Cells of Rainbow Trout Exposed in Vitro. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 180: 110-117.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: IN VITRO.

An in vitro bioassay for detection and quantitative assessment of chemicals with the capacity to disrupt adrenal steroidogenesis has been developed and used to compare the cytotoxic and endocrine-disrupting potential of four pesticides. Enzymatically dispersed adrenocortical cells of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed in vitro to atrazine, diazinon, endosulfan, and mancozeb, and cortisol secretion in response to ACTH or dibutyryl-cAMP (dbcAMP) and cell viability were determined. The effective concentration, EC50 (concentration that inhibits cortisol secretion by 50%), the median lethal concentration, LC50 (concentration that kills 50% of the cells), and the LC50/EC50 ratio were established for the test pesticides. The pesticides were ranked as follows: EC50, endosulfan diazinon diazinon diazinon as the most cytotoxic. Endosulfan and mancozeb disrupted sites downstream of the cAMP-generating step of the cortisol synthetic pathway while atrazine seemed to act upstream from the cAMP step. The in vitro adrenal bioassay can be used for screening of adrenotoxicants and for mechanistic studies of adrenotoxicity. adrenal/ steroidogenesis/ ACTH/ cAMP/ cortisol/ atrazine/ diazinon/ endosulfan/ mancozeb/ fish

Blackburn, G. Michael and Taylor, Graham E. (1988). Syntheses of some fluorine-containing halomethanephosphonate and methylenebisphosphonate esters. Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 348: 55-61.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

The Michaelis-Becker reaction between diethyl sodiophosphite and either of the halofluoromethanes CF2Cl2 and CF3Br gives tetraethyl difluoromethylenebisphosphonate. By contrast, the corresponding reaction with CFCl3 gives not only diethyl dichlorofluoromethanephosphonate but also tetraethyl pyrophosphate as the major product. Diethyl dichlorofluoromethanephosphonate, readily prepared by a normal Arbusov reaction from CCl3F, reacts with diethyl sodiophosphite to give tetraethyl fluoromethylenebisphosphonate thereby providing a simple efficient, and inexpensive synthesis of this useful material.

Blank, R. H., Olson, M. H., Tomkins, A. R., Greaves, A. J., Waller, J. E., and Pulford, W. M. (1994). Phytotoxicity Investigations of Mineral Oil and Diazinon Sprays Applied to Kiwifruit in Winter-Spring for Armoured Scale Control. N.Z.J.Crop Hortic.Sci. 22: 195-202.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: ALSV,DZ Rejection Code: MIXTURE.

BLANK RH, HOLLAND PT, GILL, G. SC, OLSON MH, and MALCOLM CP (1995). Efficacy and persistence of insecticide residues on fruit of kiwifruit to prevent greedy scale (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) crawler settlement. NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF CROP AND HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE; 23 13-23.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: FATE.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Insecticides were applied to kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) in February and April 1992 and April 1993. A bioassay technique was used to measure levels of greedy scale, Hemiberlesia rapax (Comstock), crawler settlement on fruit at various times after insecticide application. Organophosphate and pyrethroid residues remaining on the fruit were measured but not the mineral oil residues. The February and April 1992 trials showed that diazinon, chlorpyrifos, and diazinon/permethrin cave short-lived protection compared to phosmet, mineral oil, and pirimiphos-methyl/permethrin. The residual times for 50% of fruit to be settled by scale in the April 1993 trial were: pirimiphos-methyl/permethrin, half rate < 8 days-, 1% Citrole mineral oil, 8 days; pirimiphos-methyl/permethrin, full rate 16 days; 1% Sunspray Ultra-Fine mineral oil, 19 days; 2% Citrole, 21 days; and 2% Ultra-Fine, 24 days. Estimates of residue levels at which 50% of fruit were settled by scale were generally be Biochemistry/ Food Additives/Poisoning/ Food Additives/Toxicity/ Food Contamination/ Food Poisoning/ Food Preservatives/Poisoning/ Food Preservatives/Toxicity/ Fruit/ Nuts/ Tropical Climate/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Arachnida/ Entomology/Economics/ Fruit/ Nuts/ Arachnida/ Entomology/Economics/ Insecticides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Plants/ Insects

BLANK RH, OLSON MH, TOMKINS AR, GREAVES AJ, WALLER JE, and PULFORD WM (1994). Phytotoxicity investigations of mineral oil and diazinon sprays applied to kiwifruit in winter-spring for armoured scale control. NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF CROP AND HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE; 22 195-202.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: MIXTURE.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The effect of 1, 2, or 4% mineral oil (Mobil Superior 663 97%) sprays plus technical grade diazinon (24 g a.i./100 litres) applied to kiwifruit vines at various times from 35 days before to 25 days after budbreak, was investigated in orchards at Kerikeri, Te Kauwhata, and Motueka, New Zealand. There was no significant effect on budbreak, flowers, fruit, and yield parameters on treated vines compared with unsprayed vines at Te Kauwhata and Motueka. At Kerikeri the 4% mineral oil-diazinon treatment caused phytotoxic damage to 25% of canes from an August application, 3% of canes from a September application, and no damage from an October application after budbreak. Damaged canes typically had 2-5 terminal buds which were dead. No damage was found at the 1 and 2% rates. At Kerikeri fruit numbers and yield of the mineral oil-diazinon treated vines were significantly reduced compared to untreated vines. After adjusting for differences in cane numbers per vine, yield losses ra Biochemistry/ Lipids/ Poisoning/ Animals, Laboratory/ Fruit/ Nuts/ Tropical Climate/ Fungi/ Plant Diseases/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Arachnida/ Entomology/Economics/ Fruit/ Nuts/ Arachnida/ Entomology/Economics/ Insecticides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Animal/ Disease/ Insects/Parasitology/ Plants/ Hemiptera