N., and Bakry, N. M. (2006)

Language: English
English
Publication Type: Journal Article
Classification: J 02822 Biosynthesis and physicochemical properties
Classification: X 24171 Microbial
Subfile: Toxicology Abstracts; Microbiology Abstracts B: Bacteriology

Antinolo, A., Carrillo-Hermosilla, F., Corrochano, A. E., Fernandez-Baeza, J., Lanfranchi, M., Otero, A., and Pellinghelli, M. A. ( 1999). Synthesis of new oxy and thiolate [hydro-tris(pyrazol-1-yl)borato] titanium and zirconium(IV) complexes. Molecular structure of [Ti(HB(3,5-Me2pz)3)Cl3]. Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 577: 174-180.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

Titanium/ Zirconium/ Pyrazolylborates/ Pyridine/ Pyrimidine/ Dynamic behavior The complexes [M(HB(3,5-Me2pz)3)Cl2(LL)] (pz=pyrazolyl, M=Ti, LL=2-oxy-6-methylpyridine, 2,4-dimethyl-6-oxypyrimidine; M=Zr, LL=4,6-dimethyl-2-thiolatepyrimidine) have been prepared by the reaction of the starting materials [M(HB(3,5-Me2pz)3)Cl3] (M=Ti, Zr) and one equivalent of the lithium salt or the protic form of the corresponding hydroxy or thiolato pyridine or pyrimidine. The complexes were characterized by spectroscopic methods. While the titanium complexes are rigid in solution, the zirconium complex is fluxional at room temperature, although limiting static spectra can be obtained at low temperature. The variable temperature 1H-NMR spectra indicate that a mechanism involving interchange of both nitrogen atoms of pyrimidine, in the coordination sphere of the zirconium atom, can explain this dynamic behavior. In addition, the molecular structure of the starting material [Ti(HB(3,5-Me2pz)3)Cl3] has been determined by X-ray diffraction methods.

APLADA-SARLIS, P., MALATOU PT, MILIADIS GE, and LIAPIS KS (1997). Residues of organophosphorous and organochlorine pesticides in raw agricultural products of plant origin imported in Greece. ANNALES DE L'INSTITUT PHYTOPATHOLOGIQUE BENAKI; 18 41-52.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: FATE.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. In 360 raw agricultural products imported in our country from countries non members of the European Union (245 of them were potatoes originating from Egypt) chemical analyses were performed for the determination of organophosphorus and organochlorine pesticide residues. In 14% of the samples, residues of organophosphorus and organochlorine pesticides were detected, while 1.7% of the samples contained residues above the Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) which have been established from European Union or other International Organizations. The analytical methods used include gas-chromatography and GC-Mass spectrometry, and were assessed for efficiency, accuracy, repeatability as well as for the succeeded sensitivity of the above pesticides. Biophysics/Methods/ Food Additives/Poisoning/ Food Additives/Toxicity/ Food Contamination/ Food Poisoning/ Food Preservatives/Poisoning/ Food Preservatives/Toxicity/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides

Applegate, V. C., Howell, J. H., Hall, A. E. Jr., and Smith, M. A. (1957). Toxicity of 4,346 Chemicals to Larval Lampreys and Fishes. Spec.Sci.Rep.Fish.No.207, Fish Wildl.Serv., U.S.D.I., Washington, D.C. 157 p.

EcoReference No.: 638

Chemical of Concern: 24DXY,DZ,HCCH,MLN,MP,ACL,NAA,NYP,CST,Cu,RTN,NaN3,Ni,CuS,PCP,NaPCP,NaCr,DBAC,Zn,ATZ,Cd,NaID,Pb,As,DCB; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: BEH,MOR; Rejection Code: NO ENDPOINT(ALL CHEMS).

Appleton, Henry T. and Nakatsugawa, Tsutomu (1972). Paraoxon deethylation in the metabolism of parathion. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 2: 286-294.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METABOLISM.

Monoethyl paraoxon has been shown to be a major in vivo urinary metabolite of parathion with several rat strains. The metabolite was identified by radiometric, chromatographic, and infrared analyses. Rats given monoethyl paraoxon excreted only a portion of the dose whereas practically all diethyl phosphoric acid was recovered in the urine. Degradation of O,O-diethyl phosphate triesters by O-dealkylation may be more prevalent than previously believed.

Areekul, S. (1987). Toxicity to Fishes of Insecticides Used in Paddy Fields and Water Resources. I. Laboratory Experiment. Kasetsart J.20(2):164-178(1986)(THI)(ENG ABS) /C.A.Sel.-Environ.Pollut. 12: 106-190732T.

EcoReference No.: 283

Chemical of Concern: CBL,CPY,DS,DZ,MLN,PRT,ADC,HPT,PPX,FNT; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: MOR; Rejection Code: NO FOREIGN.

Arias, Hugo Ruben (2000). Localization of agonist and competitive antagonist binding sites on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Neurochemistry International 36: 595-645.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: NO TOX DATA.

Identification of all residues involved in the recognition and binding of cholinergic ligands (e.g. agonists, competitive antagonists, and noncompetitive agonists) is a primary objective to understand which structural components are related to the physiological function of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR). The picture for the localization of the agonist/competitive antagonist binding sites is now clearer in the light of newer and better experimental evidence. These sites are located mainly on both [alpha] subunits in a pocket approximately 30-35 A above the surface membrane. Since both [alpha] subunits are identical, the observed high and low affinity for different ligands on the receptor is conditioned by the interaction of the [alpha] subunit with other non-[alpha] subunits. This molecular interaction takes place at the interface formed by the different subunits. For example, the high-affinity acetylcholine (ACh) binding site of the muscle-type AChR is located on the [alpha][delta] subunit interface, whereas the low-affinity ACh binding site is located on the [alpha][gamma] subunit interface. Regarding homomeric AChRs (e.g. [alpha]7, [alpha]8, and [alpha]9), up to five binding sites may be located on the [alpha][alpha] subunit interfaces. From the point of view of subunit arrangement, the [gamma] subunit is in between both [alpha] subunits and the [delta] subunit follows the [alpha] aligned in a clockwise manner from the [gamma]. Although some competitive antagonists such as lophotoxin and [alpha]-bungarotoxin bind to the same high- and low-affinity sites as ACh, other cholinergic drugs may bind with opposite specificity. For instance, the location of the high- and the low-affinity binding site for curare-related drugs as well as for agonists such as the alkaloid nicotine and the potent analgesic epibatidine (only when the AChR is in the desensitized state) is determined by the [alpha][gamma] and the [alpha][delta] subunit interface, respectively. The case of [alpha]-conotoxins ([alpha]-CoTxs) is unique since each [alpha]-CoTx from different species is recognized by a specific AChR type. In addition, the specificity of [alpha]-CoTxs for each subunit interface is species-dependent.In general terms we may state that both [alpha] subunits carry the principal component for the agonist/competitive antagonist binding sites, whereas the non-[alpha] subunits bear the complementary component. Concerning homomeric AChRs, both the principal and the complementary component exist on the [alpha] subunit. The principal component on the muscle-type AChR involves three loops-forming binding domains (loops A-C). Loop A (from mouse sequence) is mainly formed by residue Y93, loop B is molded by amino acids W149, Y152, and probably G153, while loop C is shaped by residues Y190, C192, C193, and Y198. The complementary component corresponding to each non-[alpha] subunit probably contributes with at least four loops. More specifically, the loops at the [gamma] subunit are: loop D which is formed by residue K34, loop E that is designed by W55 and E57, loop F which is built by a stretch of amino acids comprising L109, S111, C115, I116, and Y117, and finally loop G that is shaped by F172 and by the negatively-charged amino acids D174 and E183. The complementary component on the [delta] subunit, which corresponds to the high-affinity ACh binding site, is formed by homologous loops. Regarding [alpha]-neurotoxins, several snake and [alpha]-CoTxs bear specific residues that are energetically coupled with their corresponding pairs on the AChR binding site. The principal component for snake [alpha]-neurotoxins is located on the residue sequence [alpha]1W184-D200, which includes loop C. In addition, amino acid sequence 55-74 from the [alpha]1 subunit (which includes loop E), and residues [gamma]L119 (close to loop F) and [gamma]E176 (close to loop G) at the low-affinity binding site, or [delta]L121 (close to the homologous region of loop G) at the high-affinity binding site, are involved in snake [alpha]-neurotoxin binding. The above expounded evidence indicates that each cholinergic molecule binds to specific residues which form overlapping binding sites on the AChR.Monoclonal antibodies have been of fundamental importance in the elucidation of several aspects of the biology of the AChR. Interestingly, certain antibodies partially overlap with the agonist/competitive antagonist binding sites at multiple points of contact. In this regard, a monoclonal antibody directed against the high-affinity ACh binding site ([alpha][delta] subunit interface) induced a structural change on the AChR where the low-affinity ACh locus ([alpha][gamma] subunit interface) approached to the lipid membrane.The [alpha] subunits also carry the binding site for noncompetitive agonists. Noncompetitive agonists such as the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (-)-physostigmine, the alkaloid galanthamine, and the opioid derivative codeine are molecules that weakly activate the receptor without interacting with the classical agonist binding sites. This binding site was found to be located at K125 in an amphipathic domain of the extracellular portion of the [alpha]1 subunit. Interestingly, the neurotransmitter 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) also binds to this site and enhances the agonist-induced ion flux activity. This suggests that 5-HT may act as an endogenous modulator (probably as co-agonist) of neuronal-type AChRs. The enhancement of the agonist-evoked currents elicited by noncompetitive agonists seems to be physiologically more important than their weak agonist properties.

Arienzo, M., Crisanto, T., Sanchez-Martin, M. J., and Sanchez-Camazano, M. (1994). Effect of Soil Characteristics on Adsorption and Mobility of (14C)Diazinon. J.Agric.Food Chem. 42: 1803-1808.

Chem Codes: EcoReference No.: 45843
Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: NO SPECIES.

Arienzo M., Sanchez-Camazano M., Crisanto Herrero T., and Sanchez-Martin M. J. (1993). Effect of organic cosolvents on adsorption of organophosphorus pesticides by soils. Chemosphere 27: 1409-1417.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: FATE.

A study was conducted to describe the adsorption and mobility of diazinon and acephate in soils from aqueous medium and mixtures of methanol-water and hexane-water. Pesticide adsorption from aqueous system was related to organic matter content (viz. diazinon), and to content and composition of clay mineral fraction (viz. acephate). In the methanol-water systems, the adsorption of diazinon and acephate by soils decreases. In the hexane-water mixtures the adsorption of diazinon decreases, whereas the adsorption of acephate increases.

Arienzo M., Sanchez-Camazano M., Sanchez-Martin M. J., and Crisanto T. (1994). Influence of exogenous organic matter in the mobility of diazinon in soils. Chemosphere 29: 1245-1252 .
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: FATE.

The mobility of diazinon (O,O-diethyl-O-2-isopropyl-6-methylpyrimidin-4-yl phosphorothioate) in soil columns modified with three organic amendments and with hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide was studied. Based on the percolation curves and residual pesticide partitioning in the columns, all four amendments reduced leaching of the pesticide from soil. The effect was found to be related to the nature and carbon content of the amendments, the presence of soluble fractions in them and the soil texture.

Arienzo, M., Sanchez-Camazano, M., Sanchez-Martin, M. J., and Crisanto, T. (1994). Influence of Exogenous Organic Matter in the Mobility of Diazinon in Soils. Chemosphere 29: 1245-1252.
Chem Codes: EcoReference No.: 45842
Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: NO SPECIES.

Armstrong, Victoria T., Brzustowicz, Michael R., Wassall, Stephen R., Jenski, Laura J., and Stillwell, William (2003). Rapid flip-flop in polyunsaturated (docosahexaenoate) phospholipid membranes. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 414: 74-82.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

The transbilayer movement (flip-flop) of 7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl phosphatidylethanolamine (NBD-PE) in phosphatidylcholine (PC) membranes containing various acyl chains was measured by dithionite quenching of NBD fluorescence. Of specific interest was docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the longest and most unsaturated acyl chain commonly found in membranes. This molecule represents the extreme example of a family of important fatty acids known as omega-3s and has been clearly demonstrated to alter membrane structure and function. One important property that has yet to be reported is the effect of DHA on membrane phospholipid flip-flop. This study demonstrates that as the number of double bonds in the fatty acyl chains comprising the membrane increases, so does the rate of flip-flop of the NBD-PE probe. The increase is particularly marked in the presence of DHA. Half-lives t1/2 of 0.29 and 0.086 h describe the process in 1-stearoyl-2-docosahexaenoylphosphatidylcholine and 1,2-didocosahexaenoylphosphatidylcholine, respectively, whereas in 1-stearoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine t1/2=11.5 h. Enhanced permeability to dithionite with increasing unsaturation was also indicated by our results. We conclude that PC membranes containing DHA support faster flip-flop and permeability rates than those measured for other less-unsaturated PCs. Docosahexaenoic acid/ Flip-flop/ Lipid bilayer membranes

Arrebola, F. J., Martinez Vidal, J. L., Mateu-Sanchez, M., and Alvarez-Castellon, F. J ( 2003). Determination of 81 multiclass pesticides in fresh foodstuffs by a single injection analysis using gas chromatography-chemical ionization and electron ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Analytica Chimica Acta 484: 167-180.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: TCZ Rejection Code: CHEM METHODS.

A new anal. method has been proposed to det. 81 multiclass pesticide residues in vegetables. It is based on a fast extn. of the pesticides with dichloromethane and a further anal. of the ext. by gas chromatog.-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS-MS). For that, a single injection of the ext. is carried out using the optimum ionization mode (electron ionization (EI) or chem. ionization (CI)) for each pesticide. The presented method reduces the total time of anal. with respect to those which propose 2 different injections to analyze such no. of pesticides, being more suitable for its usage in routine labs. The method was validated to be applied to real samples. Recoveries in cucumber at 2 different fortification levels were evaluated and ranged between 73 and 108% for all pesticides. The relative std. deviation (R.S.D.%) was <22% in all cases. The calcd. limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were lower than the max. residue levels established by European legislations. Inter-day recoveries and precision were evaluated too. The method has been successfully applied to the anal. of .apprx.4000 real samples from El Ejido (Almeria', Spain). [on SciFinder (R)] pesticide/ detn/ vegetable/ GC/ MS Copyright: Copyright 2004 ACS on SciFinder (R))

Database: CAPLUS
Accession Number: AN 2003:361774
Chemical Abstracts Number: CAN 139:100041
Section Code: 17-1
Section Title: Food and Feed Chemistry
Document Type: Journal
Language: written in English.
Index Terms: Cucumis sativus; Food analysis; Food contamination; Pesticides; Vegetable (detn. of 81 multiclass pesticides in fresh foodstuffs by a single injection anal. using GC-chem. ionization and electron ionization tandem MS); Mass spectrometry (gas chromatog. combined with, tandem, chem. ionization and electron ionization; detn. of 81 multiclass pesticides in fresh foodstuffs by a single injection anal. using); Gas chromatography (mass spectrometry combined with, tandem, chem. ionization and electron ionization; detn. of 81 multiclass pesticides in fresh foodstuffs by a single injection anal. using)
CAS Registry Numbers: 55-38-9 (Fenthion); 58-89-9 (Lindane); 60-51-5 (Dimethoate); 62-73-7 (Dichlorvos); 114-26-1 (Propoxur); 115-32-2 (Dicofol); 116-29-0 (Tetradifon); 121-75-5 (Malathion); 122-14-5 (Fenitrothion); 298-00-0 (Parathion-methyl); 298-02-2 (Phorate); 298-04-4 (Disulfoton); 333-41-5 (Diazinon); 470-90-6 (Chlorfenvinphos); 563-12-2 (Ethion); 786-19-6 (Carbofenothion); 959-98-8 (a-Endosulfan); 1031-07-8 (Endosulfan sulfate); 1113-02-6 (Omethoate); 1897-45-6 (Chlorothalonil); 2310-17-0 (Phosalone); 2312-35-8 (Propargite); 2439-01-2 (Chinomethionat); 2540-82-1 (Formothion); 2921-88-2 (Chlorpyrifos); 5598-13-0 (Chlorpyrifos-methyl); 7786-34-7 (Mevinphos); 10265-92-6 (Methamidophos); 13194-48-4 (Ethoprophos); 13457-18-6 (Pyrazophos); 18181-80-1 (Bromopropylate); 22224-92-6 (Fenamiphos); 23103-98-2 (Pirimicarb); 23560-59-0 (Heptenophos); 25311-71-1 (Isofenphos); 29232-93-7 (Pirimiphos-methyl); 29973-13-5 (Ethiofencarb); 30560-19-1 (Acephate); 32809-16-8 (Procymidone); 33213-65-9 (b-Endosulfan); 36734-19-7 (Iprodione); 38260-54-7 (Etrimfos); 39515-41-8 (Fenpropathrin); 40487-42-1 (Pendimethalin); 41483-43-6 (Bupirimate); 43121-43-3 (Triadimefon); 50471-44-8 (Vinclozolin); 52315-07-8 (Cypermethrin); 52645-53-1 (Permethrin); 52918-63-5 (Deltamethrin); 53112-28-0 (Pyrimethanil); 55219-65-3 (Triadimenol); 57837-19-1 (Metalaxyl); 60168-88-9 (Fenarimol); 60207-90-1 (Propiconazole); 63284-71-9 (Nuarimol); 65907-30-4 (Furathiocarb); 66230-04-4 (Esfenvalerate); 66246-88-6 (Penconazole); 68085-85-8 (Cyhalothrin); 68359-37-5 (Cyfluthrin); 68694-11-1 (Triflumizole); 69327-76-0 (Buprofezin); 70124-77-5 (Flucythrinate); 71626-11-4 (Benalaxyl); 77732-09-3 (Oxadixyl); 79983-71-4 (Hexaconazole); 82657-04-3 (Bifenthrin); 84332-86-5 (Chlozolinate); 88283-41-4 (Pyrifenox); 88671-89-0 (Myclobutanil); 94361-06-5 (Cyproconazole); 95737-68-1 (Pyriproxyfen); 96489-71-3 (Pyridaben); 101007-06-1 (Acrinathrin); 107534-96-3 (Tebuconazole); 112281-77-3 (Tetraconazole); 112410-23-8 (Tebufenozide); 119446-68-3 (Difenoconazole); 131341-86-1 (Fludioxonil); 131860-33-8 (Azoxystrobin) Role: ANT (Analyte), POL (Pollutant), ANST (Analytical study), OCCU (Occurrence) (detn. of 81 multiclass pesticides in fresh foodstuffs by a single injection anal. using GC-chem. ionization and electron ionization tandem MS)
Arvinte, Tudor, Wahl, Philippe, and Nicolau, Claude (1987). Low pH fusion of mouse liver nuclei with liposomes bearing covalently bound lysozyme. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 899: 143-150.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

Lysozyme covalently bound to liposomes induces the fusion of liposomes with isolated mouse liver nuclei. The fusion behavior is very similar to the case of erythrocyte ghosts (Arvinte, T., Hildenbrand, K., Wahl, P. and Nicolau, C. (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83, 962-966). Kinetic studies showed that membrane lipid mixing was completed within 15 min, as indicated from the resonance energy transfer (RET) measurements. For the resonance energy transfer kinetic measurements the liposomes contained -[alpha]-dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DPPE), labeled at the free amino group with the energy donor 7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl (NBD) or with the energy acceptor tetramethylrhodamine. The lipid mixing at equilibrium was studied by the fluorescence recovery after photobleaching technique (FRAP). Liposomes (with/without lysozyme) containing Rh-labeled DPPE in their membranes were incubated with nuclei at 37[deg] C, pH 5.2, for 30 min. After washing of nuclei by three centrifugations, 60-70% of the initial amount of labeled DPPE was associated with the nuclei in the case of liposomes bearing lysozyme and only 7-10% in the case of liposomes without lysozyme. For the nuclei incubated with liposomes having lysozyme, about 70% of the total Rh-labeled lipids present in the nuclei diffused in the nuclear membrane(s) (lateral diffusion constant of D = (1.4 +/- 0.5) [middle dot] 10-9 cm2/s). By encapsulating fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled dextran of 150 kDa molecular mass into the liposomes and using a microfluorimetric method, it was shown that after the fusion a part of the liposome contents is found in the nuclei interior. In this lysozyme-induced fusion process between liposomes and nuclei or erythrocyte ghosts, the binding of lysozyme to the glycoconjugates contained in the biomembranes at acidic pH seems to be the determining step which explains the high fusogenic property of the liposomes bearing lysozyme. Membrane fusion/ Liposome/ Lysozyme/ Hepatocyte nuclei/ Resonance energy transfer/ Fluorescence photobleaching recovery/ (Mouse)

Arzone, A. and Patetta, A. (1989). Researches on the Action of Azinphos-Methyl, Diazinon, Dithianon, Hexythiazox, Omethoate, and Propargite on Honeybees (Esame Dell'azione Sull'ape di Azinphosmethyl, Diazinon, Dithianon, Hexythiazox, Omethoate e Propargite. Apic.Mod. 80: 253-261 (POR) (ENG ABS).
Chem Codes: EcoReference No.: 75553
Chemical of Concern: OMT,DZ,AZ Rejection Code: NON-ENGLISH.

Asaka, A., Sakai, M., and Tan, N. (1980). Influences of Certain Environmental Factors on Fish Toxicity of Cartap. J.Takeda Res.Lab. 39: 28-33(JPN)(ENG ABS).

EcoReference No.: 5301

Chemical of Concern: DZ; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: MOR; Rejection Code: NO FOREIGN.

Asensio, J. S., Barrio, C. S., Juez, M. T. G., and Bernal, J. G. (1991 ). Study of the decay of diazinon and chlorpyrifos in apple samples, using gas chromatography. Food Chemistry [FOOD CHEM.]. Vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 213-224. 1991.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: FATE.

ISSN: 0308-8146

Descriptors: pesticide residues
Descriptors: fruits
Descriptors: residues
Descriptors: crops
Abstract: This paper presents a study of the decay of diazinon and chlorpyrifos in samples of apple. After an initial study of the optimum method for extracting the two pesticides, and for determining them by gas chromatography (using a capillary column and NPD detector), the decay study itself was performed both in the laboratory (in vitro) and on the trees (in vivo). Samples of apple were treated with commercial products containing each compound, and these were measured at intervals. These two pesticides are found to degrade much more quickly in vivo than in vitro. In no case was either pesticide observed to penetrate inside the apple.
Language: English
English
Publication Type: Journal Article
Classification: X 24136 Environmental impact
Classification: P 5000 LAND POLLUTION
Classification: X 24120 Food, additives & contaminants
Subfile: Pollution Abstracts; Toxicology Abstracts

Atkins, E. L. and Kellum, D. (1986). Comparative Morphogenic and Toxicity Studies on the Effect of Pesticides on Honeybee Brood . J.Apic.Res. 25: 242-255.

EcoReference No.: 70351

Chemical of Concern: DZ,CPY,EN,CBL,ES; Habitat: T; Rejection Code: TARGET(DZ).

AUGER, J., BIRKETT MA, COATS, J., COHEN SZ, HAWKES TR, LUCCA, P., NARAYANAN KS, POTRYKUS, I., and ROBERTSON, A. (1998). All specialisations were catered for at the IUPAC conference (London, UK: August, 1998; IUPAC). INTERNATIONAL PEST CONTROL; 40 204-207.