N., and Bakry, N. M. (2006)

Alam, M. K. and Maughan, O. E. (1993). Acute Toxicity of Selected Organophosphorus Pesticides to Cyprinus carpio and Barilius vagra. J.Environ.Sci.Health Part B 28: 81-89.

EcoReference No.: 7219

Chemical of Concern: DZ,MLN; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: MOR; Rejection Code: NO CONTROL(ALL CHEMS).

Albanis, T., Danis, T., Voutsa, D., and Kouimtzis, T. (1995). Evaluation of chemical parameters in Aliakmon River Northern Greece. Part III. Pesticides. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part a Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control 30 : 1945-1956.

Chem Codes: SZ,MTL Rejection Code: NO SPECIES.

ABSTRACT: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. A two-year survey on the water quality characteristics of Aliakmon liver in northern Greece is described. Pesticides were determined and their concentration levels were related to the flow characteristics of the river and the influence from agricultural activities. Eight herbicides, alachlor, atrazine, 2,4-D, EPTC, MCPA, metolachlor, simazine and trifluralin were identified in river waters at eight sampling stations. Four insecticides, diazinon, fenthion, lindane and methyl parathion were also detected in the same places. Peak concentrations of some pesticides were observed corresponding to their application in the fields. Episodic peaks in concentrations occur during the period from May to August. Highest concentrations were determined for the pesticides: alachlor (0.21 mug), atrazine (2.16 mug/L), MCPA (1.56 mug/L), methyl parathion (0.21 mugL), metolachlor (0.34 mug/L), simazine (0.34 mug/L) and trifluralin (0.55 mug/L).

KEYWORDS: Ecology
KEYWORDS: Biochemical Studies-General
KEYWORDS: Toxicology-Environmental and Industrial Toxicology
KEYWORDS: Public Health: Environmental Health-Air
KEYWORDS: Pest Control
KEYWORDS: Hominidae

Albanis, T A, Hela, D G, Sakellarides, T M, and Konstantinou, I K (1998). Monitoring of pesticide residues and their metabolites in surface and underground waters of Imathia (N. Greece) by means of solid-phase extraction disks and gas chromatography. Journal Of Chromatography. A 823: 59-71.

Chem Codes: SZ,MLT,ADC,CBF,MTL Rejection Code: CHEM METHODS.

Seasonal variations of pesticide residues in surface waters and ground waters of the Imathia area of Central Mecedonia (N. Greece) were determined for the period from May 1996 to April 1997. The sampling cruises included eight sites in rivers Aliakmon, Loudias, Tripotamos, Arapitsa and Canal-66, seven water springs in the mountain Vermion, seven rainfall water collection stations and one hundred underground points. Solid-phase extraction disks followed by gas chromatographic techniques with flame thermionic detection, electron capture detection and mass-selective detection were used for the monitoring of various pesticides their transformation products in environmental waters. The most commonly encountered pesticides in underground waters, were alachlor, atrazine, desethylatrazine (DEA), metolachlor, molinate, propanil, simazine, carbofuran, diazinon and parathion methyl. The above compounds including propazine, trifluralin, malathion, parathion ethyl, lindane, alpha-benzene hexachloride (alpha-BHC), beta-BHC, 4,4'-DDE and heptachlor were determined in river waters. The higher concentrations in underground waters were measured during the period from May to August, 1996, following seasonal application and diminished significantly during the autumn and winter. Water pollution by triazine and chloroacetanilides was highest in the estuarine areas; showing that many of these compounds are transported significant distances from their application sites. The major inputs of atrazine, alachlor, simazine and metolachlor occurred in May and June just after their application. Atrazine, DEA, diazinon and metolachlor were also detected in spring waters at concentration levels below 0.006 microgram/l. Finally, atrazine, DEA, carbofuran, simazine, diazinon, parathion ethyl and parathion methyl were detected in rainfall water samples collected in the agricultural area of Imathia (central part of the plain). [Journal Article; In English; Netherlands] http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-45D8421-VS/2/db661a366def736d1b8d569dc8273b5e

Albanis, T. A., Lambropoulou, D. A., Sakkas, V. A., and Hela, D. (2003). Monitoring of priority pesticides using SPME (solid phase microextraction) in river water from Greece.
Chem Codes: CBF Rejection Code: METHODS/SURVEY.

A solid phase microextraction (SPME) method was applied for the extended monitoring survey of priority pesticides for the European Union, for 12 months, in Kalamas River water samples (Epirus region in northwestern Greece) to determine their concentration levels and seasonal variations. For this purpose, polydimethylsiloxane-coated fiber has been utilized. The samples were screened using gas chromatography with flame thermionic detection. Detections were confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (MS). The most frequently detected pesticides were some of the more commonly used herbicides such as EPTC, trifluralin, atrazine, desethylatrazine, terbuthylazine, alachlor and insecticides such as carbofuran, diazinon, disulfoton, methyl parathion, ethyl parathion, fenthion and ethion. Concentrations of individual compounds ranged from 0.050 to 0.3 mu g/L. Greater pesticide concentrations occurred during application seasons. A comparison with a well established SPE (C18-disks) procedure was performed for the samples of high season application (May-September) to confirm the effectiveness of the SPME technique. The results demonstrate the suitability of the SPME method for routine screening multi-residue analysis in natural waters. Greece, Epirus, Kalamas R. Water Pollution. Pesticides. Surveys. Data Collections. Seasonal Variations. Chemical Analysis. Analytical Methods. Gas Chromatography. Mass Spectrometry. Pollutant Identification. Pollution (Water). Survey. Seasons. Chemical analysis (see also Individual techniques). Spectrometry (Mass). Greece, Epirus, Kalamas R. Conference: 3. World Water Congress of the International Water Association, Melbourne (Australia), 7-12 Apr 2002

ISSN: 1606-9749
Language: English
Subfile: Water Resources Abstracts; Aqualine Abstracts

Albanis, T. A., Pomonis, P. J., and Sdoukos, A. T. (1986). Organophosphorus and carbamates pesticide residues in the aquatic system of Ioannina basin and Kalamas River (Greece). Chemosphere. Vol. 15, no. 8, pp. 1023-1034. 1986.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: SURVEY.

ISSN: 0045-6535

Descriptors: pesticide residues
Descriptors: pollution monitoring
Descriptors: pollution levels
Descriptors: pesticides
Descriptors: residues
Descriptors: agricultural pollution
Descriptors: organophosphorus compounds
Descriptors: Greece, Kalamas R.
Abstract: Organophosphorus and carbamates pesticide residues have been monitored in the aquatic system of Ioannina basin an its natural outlet, Kalamas River, for the period September 1984, to October 1985. The concentrations of detected molecules of azinphos-methyl, parathion-methyl, diazinon, carbofuran and carbaryl were found to follow a seasonal fluctuation with maxima during summer and minima during winter months. The results are discussed in relation to the amounts of those pesticides used for farming as well as the seasonal rainfall in the vicinity of Ioannina basin.
Language: English
English
Publication Type: Journal Article
Environmental Regime: Freshwater
Classification: D 04801 Pollution monitoring and detection
Classification: X 24136 Environmental impact
Classification: Q2 02443 Monitoring and surveillance
Classification: Q1 01501 General
Classification: P 2000 FRESHWATER POLLUTION
Classification: H SE5.1 BASIC APPROACHES, CONCEPTS, AND THEORY
Subfile: Health & Safety Science Abstracts; Pollution Abstracts; ASFA 1: Biological Sciences & Living Resources; ASFA 2: Ocean Technology Policy & Non-Living Resources; Toxicology Abstracts; Ecology Abstracts

Albanis, T. A., Pomonis, P. J., and Sdoukos, A. Th. (1986). Organophosphorous and carbamates pesticide residues in the aquatic system of ioannina basin and Kalamas river(Greece). Chemosphere 15: 1023-1034.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: SURVEY.

Organophosphorus and carbamates pesticide residues have been monitored in the aquatic system of Ioannina basin and its natural outlet, Kalamas river, for the period September 1984, to October 1985. The concentrations of detected molecules of azinphos-methyl, parathion-methyl, diazinon, carbofuran and carbaryl were found to follow a seasonal fluctuation with maxima during summer and minima during winter months. The results are discussed in relation to the ammounts of those pesticides used for farming as well as the seasonal rainfall in the vicinity of Ioannina basin.

Albanis, Triantafyllos A. and Hela, Dimitra G. (1995). Multi-residue pesticide analysis in environmental water samples using solid-phase extraction discs and gas chromatography with flame thermionic and mass-selective detection. Journal of Chromatography A 707: 283-292.
Chem Codes: SZ,MLT,ADC,CBF Rejection Code: CHEM METHODS.

A multi-residue analysis for 25 pesticides was developed as a rapid screening method for organic contaminants in river, lake and sea water samples. Gas chromatography with flame thermionic detection (GC-FTD) and mass selective detection (GC-MSD) using two different capillary columns, DB-1 and HP-5, was employed for the identification of 25 selected pesticides belonging to triazines, organophosphorus compounds and substituted ureas, carbamates, anilides, anilines and amides. The extraction of various natural waters spiked with pesticide mixtures was affected with C18 Empore solid-phase extraction discs and filter-aid glass beads. The triazine compounds (atrazine, simazine, propazine, prometryne and cyanazine) were recovered from distilled and underground water samples at relative high levels (73.5-105%) compared with the river waters (39.9-80.5%), lake water (54.6-81.8%) and marine water (38.6-79.9%). The organophosphorus compounds studied (monocrotophos, terbufos, diazinon, methyl parathion, ethyl parathion, malathion and ethion) were also recovered from distilled and underground water samples at relatively high levels (62.4-118%) compared with river waters (27.3-98.9%), lake water (41.0-85.2%) and marine water (33.4-81.3%). The substituted ureas (monuron, diuron and linuron), substituted anilines and anilides (trifluralin, propanil, propachlor and alachor), carbamates (EPTC and carbofuran) and other compounds (molinate, picloram, captan and MCPA isooctyl ester) were recovered at the same level as triazines. Confirmation of pesticide identity was performed by using GC-MS in the selected-ion monitoring mode. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6TG8-4007DWM-4F/2/07a7e8a5a1a83e00d9c58414f048116f

Albert, A. (1981). Selective Toxicity: The Physio-chemical Basis of Therapy. 6th Edition, The Chaucer Press Ltd., Bungay, Suffolk, England.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: NO TOX DATA.

Alexander, J. P. (1983). Probable diazinon poisoning in peafowl: A clinical description. Veterinary Record [VET. REC.]. Vol. 113, no. 19-20, 470 p. 1983.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: INCIDENT.

ISSN: 0042-4900

Descriptors: Indexing in process
Descriptors: Pavo cristatus
Abstract: Diazinon toxicity in livestock is well recognised. This occurrence was in a group of mixed age ornamental peafowl allowed free range in the palace grounds of the ruler of Oman, Sultan Qaboos. Initially two young birds of approximately four months old were found dead overnight and the next day a further one young and two adult birds were ill. Investigation uncovered the fact the diazinon granules (basudin 10G; Ciba-Geigy, Basle) has been spread to control wireworms in the lawns; the manager of the gardens also stated that; "if the granules could be easily seen, then the product was being applied far too heavily". It could not be ascertained whether birds were eating granules directly or eating affected insects.
Language: English
English
Publication Type: Journal Article
Classification: X 24120 Food, additives & contaminants
Subfile: Toxicology Abstracts

Ali, Mezher A., Hough, Leslie, and Richardson, Anthony C. (1992). Thio and epidithio derivatives of methyl [beta]-lactoside. Carbohydrate Research 216: 271-287.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

Treatment of methyl [beta]-lactoside with triphenylphosphine-carbon tetrabromide in pyridine gave the 3′,6′-anhydro-6-bromo-6-deoxy derivative, from which 6-thio derivatives were prepared, and methyl 3′,4′-O-isopropylidene-[beta]-lactoside gave the 6,6′-dibromo-6,6′-dideoxy derivative. A dibromide was prepared also from methyl 4′,6′-O-benzylidene-[beta]-lactoside by bromination with Ph3P-CBr4, acetylation, and then treatment with N-bromosuccinimide. Various 6,6′-dithio derivatives were prepared from the 6,6′-dibromide by nucleophilic substitution reactions. Reaction of the 6,6′-dibromide with thiourea led to the 6,6′-epidithio derivative and, with potassium trithiocarbonate, the bridged 6,6′-trithiocarbonate was formed. The 6,6′-dibromo derivative underwent selective nucleophilic substitution to give a variety of 6′-bromo-6-thio derivatives. Likewise, with azide, the 6-azide was formed first, followed by the 6,6′-diazide and the product of elimination, the 6-azido-5′-ene. Raney nickel-mediated desulphuration of the various 6,6′-dithio derivatives afforded methyl 6,6′-dideoxy-[beta]-lactoside, and desulphuration of the 6′-bromo-6-thio derivatives could be accomplished without reductive dehalogenation to give methyl 6′-bromo-6,6′-dideoxylactoside.

ALI, S., HAQ, R., KHALIQ, M., and SHAKOORI AR (1997). Use of ultra-violet spectrophotometry for determination of insecticides and aromatic hydrocarbon pollutants. PUNJAB UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY; 12 31-34.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Insecticides and other aromatic hydrocarbons are major pollutants in our environment. Their biodegradation studies involve determination of the quantity of these compounds, their residues or intermediates left over during the process. Their determinations involve high cost instruments and tedious preparations. In the present report UV absorption picture of some aromatic hydrocarbons (phenol and sodium benzoate) and insecticides (diazinon, chlorfenvinphos, fenitrothion, chlorpyriphos, methyl parathion, monocrotophos, profenophos, methomidophos and dichlorvos) was taken which showed a definite pattern of absorption ranges and the wavelength scans indicated a specific wavelength at which the absorption was maximum. These UV absorption spectra were indicated to be useful and economical for evaluation of the pesticides and determination of their biodegradation. Biochemistry/ Air Pollution/ Soil Pollutants/ Water Pollution/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides

Allen Miller, J. and Oehler, Delbert D. (1988). A reservoir neckband system for delivery of organophosphorus insecticides to cattle. Journal of Controlled Release 8: 73-78.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

Because of the problem of pyrethroid resistance in the horn fly, alternatives to the controlled-release insecticidal ear tags are being explored. In laboratory studies, the rate of 5 selected organophosphorus insecticides from polymeric reservoirs of 10 different compositions was determined. Based on the results of the laboratory studies, chlorfenvinphos, diazinon, and crotoxyphos were loaded into thin-walled poly(vinyl chloride) reservoirs and fabricated into neckbands for cattle. In field trials, reservoir neckbands containing chlorfenvinphos, diazinon and crotoxyphos provided 91%, 88% and 53% control of horn flies, respectively.

Allender, W. J. and Britt, A. G. (1994). Analyses of Liquid Diazinon Formulations and Breakdown Products: An Australia-Wide Survey. Bull.Environ.Contam.Toxicol. 53: 902-906.
Chem Codes: EcoReference No.: 45840
Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: NO TOX DATA/SURVEY.

Allison, D. T. (1977). Use of Exposure Units for Estimating Aquatic Toxicity of Organophosphate Pesticides. EPA-600/3-77-077, U.S.EPA, Duluth, MN 25 p. (U.S.NTIS PB-272796).

EcoReference No.: 9931

Chemical of Concern: DZ; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: GRO,MOR,REP; Rejection Code: NO CONTROL,ENDPOINT(DZ).

Altuntas, I., Kilinc, I., Orhan, H., Demirel, R., Koylu, H., and Delibas, N. (2004). The effects of diazinon on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in erythrocytes in vitro. Human & Experimental Toxicology [Hum. Exp. Toxicol.]. Vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 9-13. Jan 2004.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: IN VITRO.

ISSN: 0960-3271

Descriptors: Enzymes
Descriptors: Antioxidants
Descriptors: Diazinon
Descriptors: Pesticides (organophosphorus)
Descriptors: Erythrocytes
Descriptors: Lipid peroxidation
Abstract: Diazinon is one of the most widely used organophosphate insecticides (OPI) in agriculture and public health programs. The aim of this study was to investigate how an OPI, diazinon, affects lipid peroxidation (LPO) and the antioxidant defense system in vitro. For this purpose, two experiments were carried out. In experiment 1, the effects of various concentrations of diazinon on LPO and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (CAT) in erythrocytes were studied. Each diazinon concentration was incubated with a previously prepared erythrocyte samples at +4 degree C for 0, 60 and 180 min. After incubation, the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and the activities of SOD, GSH-Px and CAT were determined. In experiment 2, in order to determine the direct effect of diazinon on the activities of SOD, GSH-Px and CAT, the erythrocytes were haemolysed and incubated with the various concentrations of diazinon at +4 degree C for 0, 60 and 180 min. In experiment 1, MDA levels and the activities of SOD and GSH-Px increased with increasing diazinon concentration and incubation period, but CAT activity remained unchanged. In experiment 2, SOD activity was significantly decreased, and GSH-Px activity was significantly increased. From these results, it can be concluded that in vitro administration of diazinon results in the induction of erythrocyte LPO and changes the activities of antioxidant enzymes, suggesting that reactive oxygen species may be involved in the toxic effects of diazinon.
DOI: 10.1191/0960327104ht408oa
Language: English
English
Publication Type: Journal Article
Classification: X 24135 Biochemistry
Subfile: Toxicology Abstracts

Amato, J. R., Mount, D. I., Durhan, E. J., Lukasewycz, M. T., Ankley, G. T., and Robert, E. D. (1992). An Example of the Identification of Diazinon as a Primary Toxicant in an Effluent. Environ.Toxicol.Chem. 11: 209-216.

Chem Codes: EcoReference No.: 13557
Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: MIXTURE.

Anderson, B. G. (1960). The Toxicity of Organic Insecticides to Daphnia. In: C.M.Tarzwell (Ed.), Biological Problems in WAter Pollution, Trans.2nd Seminar, April 20-24, 1959, Tech.Rep.W60-3, U.S.Public Health Service, R.A.Taft Sanitary Engineering Center, Cincinnati, OH 94-95.

EcoReference No.: 2157

Chemical of Concern: DZ,MLN; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: BEH; Rejection Code: NO ENDPOINT(DZ).

Anderson, B. S., De Vlaming, V., Larsen, K., Deanovic, L. S., Birosik, S., Smith, D. J., Hunt, J. W., Phillips, B. M., and Tjeerdema, R. S. (2002). Causes of ambient toxicity in the Calleguas Creek Watershed of southern California. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment [Environ. Monit. Assess.]. Vol. 78, no. 2, pp. 131-151. 1 Sep 2002.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: SURVEY.

ISSN: 0167-6369

Descriptors: Pesticides
Descriptors: Water pollution
Descriptors: Contamination
Descriptors: Chlorpyrifos
Descriptors: Watersheds
Descriptors: Toxicity testing
Descriptors: Chemical analysis
Descriptors: Water quality measurements
Descriptors: Diazinon
Descriptors: Ammonia
Descriptors: Bioassays
Descriptors: Catchment areas
Descriptors: Toxicity (see also Lethal limits)
Descriptors: Water quality (Natural waters)
Descriptors: Crustaceans (Cladocera)
Descriptors: Algae (Green)
Descriptors: Fish (Cyprinid) (Minnow or carp family)
Descriptors: Water Pollution Sources
Descriptors: Water Pollution Effects
Descriptors: Ecological Effects
Descriptors: Toxicity
Descriptors: Data Collections
Descriptors: Spatial Distribution
Descriptors: Temporal Distribution
Descriptors: Pollution effects
Descriptors: Water quality
Descriptors: Zooplankton
Descriptors: Phytoplankton
Descriptors: Freshwater fish
Descriptors: Ceriodaphnia dubia
Descriptors: Pimephales promelas
Descriptors: Selenastrum capricornutum
Descriptors: USA, California, Callegcias Creek
Descriptors: USA, California, Calleguas Creek
Abstract: A combination of toxicity tests, chemical analyses, and Toxicity Identification Evaluations (TIEs) were used to investigate receiving water toxicity in the Calleguas Creek watershed of southern California. Studies were conducted from 1995 through 1999 at various sites to investigate causes of temporal variability of toxicity throughout this system. Causes of receiving water toxicity varied by site and species tested. Investigations in the lower watershed (Revolon Slough, Santa Clara Drain, Beardsley Wash) indicated that toxicity of samples to the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia dubia was due to elevated concentrations of the organophosphate pesticide chlorpyrifos, while causes of intermittent toxicity to fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) and the alga Selanastrum capricornutum were less clear. Investigations at sites in the middle and upper reaches of the watershed (Arroyo Simi and Conejo Creek) indicated that the pesticide diazinon was the probable cause of receiving water toxicity to Ceriodaphnia. Elevated ammonia was the cause of toxicity to fathead minnows in the upper watershed sites. Results of these and previous studies suggest that biota are impacted by degraded stream quality from a variety of point and non-point pollution sources in the Calleguas Creek watershed. Water quality resource manager's efforts to identify contaminant inputs and implement source control will be improved with the findings of this study.
Language: English
English
Publication Type: Journal Article
Environmental Regime: Freshwater
Classification: X 24136 Environmental impact
Classification: P 2000 FRESHWATER POLLUTION
Classification: AQ 00003 Monitoring and Analysis of Water and Wastes
Classification: SW 3030 Effects of pollution
Classification: Q5 01504 Effects on organisms
Classification: EE 40 Water Pollution: Monitoring, Control & Remediation
Classification: P 6000 TOXICOLOGY AND HEALTH
Classification: SW 3020 Sources and fate of pollution
Subfile: Environmental Engineering Abstracts; ASFA 3: Aquatic Pollution & Environmental Quality; Pollution Abstracts; Aqualine Abstracts; Water Resources Abstracts; Toxicology Abstracts

Anderson, B. S., Hunt, J. W., Phillips, B. M., Nicely, P. A., Gilbert, K. D., De Vlaming, V., Connor, V., Richard, N., and Tjeerdema, R. S. (2003). Ecotoxicologic Impacts of Agricultural Drain Water in the Salinas River, California, USA. Environ.Toxicol.Chem. 22: 2375-2384.