N., and Bakry, N. M. (2006)

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: ABSTRACT.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Though it is obviously impossible to report on the vast number of papers and posters given at the IUPAC Congress in London in August, this small selection which caught the editor's eye shows that there was something for everyone, whatever his or her specialisation: food and pesticides; genetically engineered crops; natural pesticides and fumigants; formulation technology, resistance; and fate of pesticides. Plants/Cytology/ Plants/Genetics/ Food Technology/ Plants/Growth & Development/ Soil/ Plants/Growth & Development/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Grasses

Axelrad, J. C., Howard, C. V., and McLean, W. G. (2003). The effects of acute pesticide exposure on neuroblastoma cells chronically exposed to diazinon. Toxicology 185: 67-78.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: IN VITRO.

Speculation about potential neurotoxicity due to chronic exposure to low doses of organophosphate (OP) pesticides is not yet supported by experimental evidence. The objective of this work was to use a cell culture model of chronic OP exposure to determine if such exposure can alter the sensitivity of nerve cells to subsequent acute exposure to OPs or other compounds. NB2a neuroblastoma cells were grown in the presence of 25 [mu]M diazinon for 8 weeks. The OP was then withdrawn and the cells were induced to differentiate in the presence of various other pesticides or herbicides, including OPs and OP-containing formulations. The resulting outgrowth of neurite-like structures was measured by light microscopy and quantitative image analysis and the IC50 for each OP or formulation was calculated. The IC50 values in diazinon-pre-exposed cells were compared with the equivalent values in cells not pre-exposed to diazinon. The IC50 for inhibition of neurite outgrowth by acute application of diazinon, pyrethrum, glyphosate or a commercial formulation of glyphosate was decreased by between 20 and 90% after pre-treatment with diazinon. In contrast, the IC50 for pirimiphos methyl was unaffected and those for phosmet or chlorpyrifos were increased by between 1.5- and 3-fold. Treatment of cells with chlorpyrifos or with a second glyphosate-containing formulation led to the formation of abnormal neurite-like structures in diazinon-pre-exposed cells. The data support the view that chronic exposure to an OP may reduce the threshold for toxicity of some, but by no means all, environmental agents. Organophosphate/ Neurotoxicity/ In vitro/ Neurite/ Pesticide

Axelrad, J. C., Howard, C. V., and McLean, W. G. (2002). Interactions between pesticides and components of pesticide formulations in an in vitro neurotoxicity test. Toxicology 173: 259-268.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: IN VITRO.

Organophosphate (OP) pesticides are often used in combination with one another and with the components of formulations. Evidence already exists for interactions in the neurotoxic effects of OPs through interference with metabolism, but there is also potential for interactions related directly to cell damage. The purpose of this work was to investigate this possibility for OPs and the components of one of their common formulations in vitro. NB2a neuroblastoma cells were induced to differentiate in the presence of the OPs diazinon and chlorpyrifos, in combination with a commercial formulation (identified as Commercial Formulation 1) of the compounds and, independently, the components of that formulation. The compounds were tested in pairs in various proportions and the resulting inhibition of neurite outgrowth was measured by light microscopy and quantitative image analysis. Interactions were determined in terms of enhanced or reduced effects of the paired compounds in comparison with the expected additive effects estimated from the effects of each compound on its own. Synergism was detected between combinations of: 10 [mu]M chlorpyrifos and 500 nM pyrethrum; chlorpyrifos and one of the solvents (regular spirit) found in Commercial Formulation 1. All other combinations of OPs and products were additive in their neurotoxicity. The data suggest that exposure to multiple OP-containing pesticide formulations may lead to synergistic neurotoxicity by a direct mechanism at the cellular level. Organophosphate/ Neurotoxicity/ In vitro/ Neurite/ Pesticide

Azmi, M. Ahmed, Naqvi, S. N. H., Azmi, M. Arshad , and Aslam, M. ( Effect of pesticide residues on health and different enzyme levels in the blood of farm workers from Gadap (rural area) Karachi--Pakistan. Chemosphere In Press, Corrected Proof.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: HUMAN HEALTH.

Persons from 14 different fruit and vegetable farm stations from Gadap (rural area), Karachi--Pakistan were examined for the presence of pesticide (cypermethrin, deltamethrin, polytrin-C, diazinon, monocrotophos, DDT and DDE) residues in their blood samples. The present study is concerned with effects of residue on the enzyme levels (GPT, GOT and ALP) as well as the health hazards of pesticide exposed persons. There is a significant increased in the enzyme levels at different stations. Exposed persons complained about liver and kidney dysfunctions and RTI. It may be concluded that exposure of multiple pesticides for prolonged period has affected the normal functioning of different organ systems and possibly produced characteristics clinical effects such as hepatitis, dyspnea and burning sensation in urine. Pesticides/ Residues/ Blood/ Enzymes/ Health

Azuma, T., Niiro, M., and Motobu, H. (1994). Removal Of Pesticides From Wastewater At Golf Courses Using Plants, (Removal By Mung Beans; Phaseolus Radiatus L). 4: 127-137.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SZ, CHLOR Rejection Code: EFFLUENT.

biosis copyright: biol abs. many studies have been done on the removal of pollutants from wastewater using aquatic plants. water hyacinth has been the most widely-used plant, and systems using water hyacinth are well-established. these systems, however, have a few problems in their practical use. in a previous paper, we proposed a new system that could be used as a substitute for a conventional system or, as a secondary system to assist the conventional one. mung beans will be used to remove pollutants in this system. in the previous experiment, the removal characteristics of nutrient salts such as no2-, no3-, nh4+ and phosphorus salts from wastewater in residential areas were examined. mung beans exhibited good characteristics for removing these nutrient salts. at present, pesticides used at golf courses have become a severe environmental problem polluting water supplies. the purpose of this study was, therefore, to verify whether our new system using mung beans was also effective in removing pesticides from wastewater at golf courses. an experiment was conducted on seven different pesticides. they were three insecticides; diazinon, fenitrothion and chlorpyrifos, three fungicides; captan, isoprothiolane and chlorothalonil, and a herbicide; simazine. the experimental results showed that, under experimental conditions, the pesticides were rapidly removed and that they exhibited no harmful effects on the growth of the mung beans. mung beans may be used, therefore, to remove pesticides from wastewater at golf courses although further research is needed. biochemical studies-general/ toxicology-environmental and industrial toxicology/ public health: environmental health-air, water and soil pollution/ plant physiology, biochemistry and biophysics-metabolism/ plant physiology, biochemistry and biophysics-general and miscellaneous/ pest control, general/ pesticides/ herbicides/ leguminosae

Azuma, T., Niiro, M., and Motobu, H. (1994). Removal of Pesticides from Wastewater at Golf Courses Using Plants (Removal by Mung Beans; Phaseolus radiatus L). Bio-Med.Mater.Eng. 4: 127-137.

EcoReference No.: 70770

Chemical of Concern: SZ,DZ,CPY,Captan,FNT,CTN; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: GRO,ACC; Rejection Code: NO ENDPOINT(ALL CHEMS,TARGET-SZ).

Baatrup, E., Doving, K. B., and Winberg, S. (1990). Differential Effects of Mercurial Compounds on the Electroolfactogram (EOG) of Salmon (Salmo salar L.). Ecotoxicol.Environ.Saf. 20: 269-276.

EcoReference No.: 332

Chemical of Concern: DZ; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: PHY; Rejection Code: NO ENDPOINT(ALL CHEMS),NO COC(DZ).

Babcock, J. M. and Tanigoshi, L. K. (1988). Resistance Levels of Typhlodromus occidentalis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) from Washington Apple Orchards to Ten Pesticides. Exp.Appl.Acarol. 4: 151-157.

EcoReference No.: 74105

Chemical of Concern: CHX,FTT,PPG,AZ,DZ,MOM,CBL,FNV,ES,MDT; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR; Rejection Code: TARGET(DZ).

Babich, H., Rosenberg, D. W., and Borenfreund, E. (1991). In vitro cytotoxicity studies with the fish hepatoma cell line, PLHC-1 (Poeciliopsis lucida). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 21: 327-336.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: IN VITRO.

The PLHC-1 fish hepatoma cell line (Poeciliopsis lucida) was used in the neutral red assay to evaluate the acute cytotoxicities of direct-acting (alkylbenzenes, phthalate diesters, and pesticides) and metabolism-mediated (benzo[a]pyrene) toxicants. The sequence of cytotoxic potencies for the alkylbenzenes and phthalate diesters appeared to be a direct function of their hydrophobicity (as described by logarithmic octanol/water partition coefficients). The organochlorine pesticides (alachlor and p,p′-methoxychlor) were more cytotoxic than the organophosphorus pesticides (EPN, diazinon, and malathion). The PLHC-1 cell line apparently maintained sufficient xenobiotic-metabolizing capacity, as the hepatoma cells were able to metabolize benzo[a]pyrene to cytotoxic intermediates. Xenobiotic-metabolizing capacity was temperature dependent, with enzymatic activity increasing as the temperature was increased from 28 to 34 to 37[deg]C, was inducible by Aroclor 1254 (a chemical inducer of cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase activity), and was reduced by EPN (an inhibitor of P450 activity).

Baer, Hans H. and Radatus, Bruno (1986). Two syntheses of 3-amino-3-deoxy-[alpha]--altropyranosyl 3-amino-3-deoxy-[alpha]--altropyranoside, a new analog of [alpha],[alpha]-trehalose, involing reduction of a diazide and reductive amination of a diketone. Carbohydrate Research 157: 65-81.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

A new diamino sugar, 3-amino-3-deoxy-[alpha]--altropyranosyl 3-amino-3-deoxy-[alpha]--altropyranoside (5) was synthesized by two routes starting from [alpha],[alpha]-threhalose. The first route involved reduction and deprotection of a previously described, benzylidenated diazido analog. The second approach proceeded from the known 2,2′-di-O-benzyl-4,6;4′,6′-bis-O-benzylidene derivative of [alpha]--altropyranosyl [alpha]--altropyranoside, to the corresponding 3,3′-diketone, which was subjected to reductive amination with sodium cyanoborohydride and ammonium acetate. The major product, separated in 39% yield from by-products after N-acetylation, was deprotected to give 5. Four by-products were isolated in low yields and determined to be monoaminated analogs which comprise two epimeric, 3′-hydroxy structures and two 3′-epimeric, 3′-cyano-3′-hydroxy structures in their non-aminated residues. A number of observations concerning the 13C- and 1H-n.m.r. spectra of the products are discussed, especially with regard to chemical-shift dependencies for certain ring and substituent protons, and attention is drawn to some inter-residue shielding phenomena.

BAGHERWAL RK, SISODIA RS, SHARMA, A., DHANOTIYA RS, and GHOSAL SB (1995). In vitro studies on the susceptibility of the tick-Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum to acaricides using F.A.O. test kit. INDIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL; 72 332-335.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: IN VITRO.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. By using "F.A.O. acaricide resistance test kit", larvae of tick (Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum) were found susceptible to 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.6 percent coumaphos, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 percent diazinon and 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 percent cypermethrin impregnated papers. Larvae were 66 percent susceptible to 1.6 percent and 54 percent resistance to 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 percent dielderin. It is inferred from the present study that coumaphos, diazinon and cypermethrin are the effective and safe acaricides for control/eradication of H. a. anatolicum ticks but their extensive/frequent use at lower concentration must be avoided. Biochemistry/ Therapeutics/ In Vitro/ Tissue Culture/ Animal Diseases/Pathology/ Animal Diseases/Physiopathology/ Anthelmintics/Pharmacology/ Antiprotozoal Agents/Pharmacology/ Parasitic Diseases/Drug Therapy/ Animal/ Animals, Domestic/ Animals, Zoo/ Parasitic Diseases/Veterinary/ Anatomy, Comparative/ Animal/ Arthropods/Physiology/ Physiology, Comparative/ Pathology/ Arthropods

Baicu, T. (1982). Toxicity of Some Pesticides to Trichoderma viride Pers. Crop Prot. 1: 349-358.

EcoReference No.: 84809

Chemical of Concern: DZ,Zineb,Captan,Folpet,BMY,FRM; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP; Rejection Code: NO ENDPOINT(DZ),OK(Captan,Zineb).

Bailey, H. C., Deanovic, L., Reyes, E., Kimball, T., Larson, K., Cortright, K., Connor, V., and Hinton, D. E. (2000). Diazinon and Chlorphyrifos in Urban Waterways in Northern California, USA. Environ.Toxicol.Chem. 19: 82-87.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: EFFLUENT.

Bailey, H. C., Deanovic, L., Reyes, E., Kimball, T., Larson, K., Cortright, K., Connor, V., and Hinton, D. E. (2000). Diazinon and chlorpyrifos in urban waterways in northern California, USA. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry [Environ. Toxicol. Chem.]. Vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 82-87. Jan 2000.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: SURVEY.

ISSN: 0730-7268

Descriptors: Diazinon
Descriptors: Streams
Descriptors: Urban areas
Descriptors: Pesticides
Descriptors: Toxicity testing
Descriptors: Catchments
Descriptors: Sprays
Descriptors: Freshwater pollution
Descriptors: Water quality criteria
Descriptors: Immunoassays
Descriptors: Insecticides
Descriptors: Water pollution
Descriptors: Pollution surveys
Descriptors: Toxicity tests
Descriptors: Lethal limits
Descriptors: Agricultural pollution
Descriptors: Waterways
Descriptors: Toxicity
Descriptors: Water Analysis
Descriptors: Water Quality Standards
Descriptors: Catchment Areas
Descriptors: Comparison Studies
Descriptors: Ceriodaphnia dubia
Abstract: Samples collected from urban streams in the cities of Sacramento and Stockton, California, USA, during the precipitation season were analyzed for diazinon and chlorpyrifos. Concentrations were determined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays specific for each pesticide. Two hundred thirty-one samples from the two cities were analyzed for diazinon; 85% exceeded California Department of Fish and Game water-quality criteria for this pesticide. Chlorpyrifos was measured in 90 of the samples collected from Sacramento and Stockton; 80% exceeded the California Department of Fish and Game criterion for this pesticide. Thirty-six of 47 samples (76.6%) tested for toxicity produced total mortality within 72 h with Ceriodaphnia dubia. Toxicity identification evaluations on selected samples confirmed that toxicity was primarily due to one or both of these pesticides. Uses of diazinon and chlorpyrifos in urban areas include dormant sprays on fruit trees, professional landscape and maintenance uses, and structural pest control. Pesticide concentrations were lower in a catchment favoring commercial and industrial activities compared with a catchment receiving largely residential inputs. Aerial drift from agricultural applications may play a role in storm-water concentrations.
Annual review issue.
Language: English
English
Publication Type: Journal Article
Publication Type: Review
Classification: P 2000 FRESHWATER POLLUTION
Classification: Q5 01503 Characteristics, behavior and fate
Classification: SW 3020 Sources and fate of pollution
Classification: P 6000 TOXICOLOGY AND HEALTH
Classification: SW 3030 Effects of pollution
Subfile: Pollution Abstracts; Water Resources Abstracts; ASFA 3: Aquatic Pollution & Environmental Quality

Bailey, H. C., DiGiorgio, C., Kroll, K., Miller, J. L., Hinton, D. E., and Starrett, G. (1996). Development of procedures for identifying pesticide toxicity in ambient waters: Carbofuran, diazinon, chlorpyrifos. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. Vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 837-845. Jun 1996.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

ISSN: 0730-7268

Descriptors: pesticides
Descriptors: toxicity testing
Descriptors: diazinon
Descriptors: water sampling
Descriptors: insecticides
Descriptors: aquatic organisms
Descriptors: toxicity
Descriptors: pollution monitoring
Descriptors: testing procedures
Descriptors: indicator species
Descriptors: toxicity tests
Descriptors: Ceriodaphnia dubia
Abstract: The responses of carbofuran, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos to standard acute toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) procedures were characterized. The test species was Ceriodaphnia dubia. The TIE procedures included solid-phase extraction, recovery in methanol eluates, hydrolysis under acid and base conditions, and retention in specific methanol/water fractions. In addition, the effect of the metabolic inhibitor, piperonyl butoxide, on the toxicity of each of the pesticides was determined. Diazinon degraded quickly under acid conditions, whereas carbofuran degraded under base conditions. In both cases, concentrations were reduced to nontoxic levels within 6 h. Conversely, acidic or basic conditions were not effective in reducing the concentration of chlorpyrifos over the same time period. Solid-phase extraction removed at least 95% of diazinon and carbofuran from solution, but was less effective with chlorpyrifos. All three pesticides eluted separately in characteristic methanol/water fractions. Piperonyl butoxide ameliorated the toxicity of diazinon and chlorpyrifos, but not carbofuran. Up to 1.5% methanol did not interfere with the protective action of piperonyl butoxide. Case studies in which these techniques were applied to ambient water samples are also described.
Language: English
English
Publication Type: Journal Article
Environmental Regime: Freshwater
Classification: P 6000 TOXICOLOGY AND HEALTH
Classification: SW 3030 Effects of pollution
Classification: X 24221 Toxicity testing
Classification: Q5 01504 Effects on organisms
Classification: X 24131 Acute exposure
Subfile: ASFA 3: Aquatic Pollution & Environmental Quality; Toxicology Abstracts; Water Resources Abstracts; Pollution Abstracts

Bailey, H. C., Elphick, J. R., Krassoi, R., and Lovell, A. (2001). Joint acute toxicity of diazinon and ammonia to Ceriodaphnia dubia. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry [Environ. Toxicol. Chem.]. Vol. 20, no. 12, pp. 2877-2882. Dec 2001.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: EFFLUENT.

ISSN: 0730-7268

Descriptors: Diazinon
Descriptors: Pesticides (organophosphorus)
Descriptors: Insecticides
Descriptors: Ammonia
Descriptors: Synergism
Descriptors: Mixtures
Descriptors: Water Pollution Effects
Descriptors: Ecological Effects
Descriptors: Toxicity
Descriptors: Pesticides
Descriptors: Exposure
Descriptors: Experimental Data
Descriptors: Daphnia
Descriptors: Toxicity (see also Lethal limits)
Descriptors: Pollution (Water)
Descriptors: Crustaceans (Cladocera)
Descriptors: Pesticides (see also Bactericides, Weedkillers)
Descriptors: Pollution effects
Descriptors: Toxicity tests
Descriptors: Organophosphorus compounds
Descriptors: Ceriodaphnia dubia
Abstract: Diazinon is an organophosphorous pesticide widely found in municipal effluents as well as in agricultural and urban storm-water discharges. Ammonia is frequently also present in such effluents as a consequence of bacterial degradation of organic material. Because these two contaminants may occur concurrently, their relationship with respect to joint toxicity is of interest, particularly in regard to interpreting the results of effluent tests and subsequent toxicity identification evaluations (TIEs). In this particular case, we obtained an effluent sample that exhibited toxicity to Ceriodaphnia dubia. Toxicity identification evaluations manipulations suggested that ammonia (40 mg/L as total NH sub(3)) and diazinon (0.75 mu g/L) both contributed to toxicity. As part of the Phase 3 confirmation studies, an independent investigation was conducted to evaluate the interactions between these two toxicants using static tests that incorporated a 48-h exposure period. Chemical concentrations were verified analytically. Mortalities were measured at 24-h intervals and joint toxicity calculated on the basis of toxic units (TUs) for each toxicant. The 48-h LC50 values (lethal concentrations for 50% of the population) for the individual chemicals averaged 0.36 mu g/L and 1.11 mg/L for diazinon and un-ionized ammonia, respectively. Under the assumption of strict additivity, the sum of TUs contributed by each toxicant at the LC50 of the mixture should total unity. The TUs associated with the mixtures in laboratory water averaged 1.37 and 1.47, respectively, for 24- and 48-h exposure intervals. These results were similar to those obtained with the actual effluent sample and suggest that diazinon and ammonia exhibit less than additive toxicity when present together.
Language: English
English
Publication Type: Journal Article
Environmental Regime: Freshwater
Classification: X 24131 Acute exposure
Classification: SW 3030 Effects of pollution
Classification: AQ 00008 Effects of Pollution
Classification: Q5 01504 Effects on organisms
Classification: P 6000 TOXICOLOGY AND HEALTH
Subfile: Pollution Abstracts; ASFA 3: Aquatic Pollution & Environmental Quality; Aqualine Abstracts; Water Resources Abstracts; Toxicology Abstracts

Bailey, H. C., Krassoi, R., Elphick, J. R., Mulhall, A. M., Hunt, P., Tedmanson, L., and Lovell, A. (2000). Application of Ceriodaphnia dubia for whole effluent toxicity tests in the Hawkesbury-Nepean watershed, New South Wales, Australia: Method development and validation. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry [Environ. Toxicol. Chem.]. Vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 88-93. Jan 2000.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: EFFLUENT.

ISSN: 0730-7268

Descriptors: Effluents
Descriptors: Toxicity testing
Descriptors: Watersheds
Descriptors: Mortality
Descriptors: Reproduction
Descriptors: Sewage treatment plants
Descriptors: Diazinon
Descriptors: Wastewater discharges
Descriptors: Pesticides (organophosphorus)
Descriptors: Toxicity tests
Descriptors: Bioassays
Descriptors: Analytical techniques
Descriptors: Water quality
Descriptors: Hazard assessment
Descriptors: Insecticides
Descriptors: Toxicity
Descriptors: Testing Procedures
Descriptors: Wastewater Disposal
Descriptors: Catchment Areas
Descriptors: Standards
Descriptors: Survival
Descriptors: Comparison Studies
Descriptors: Ceriodaphnia dubia
Descriptors: Australia, New South Wales