N., and Bakry, N. M. (2006)

Abstract: Use of Ceriodaphnia dubia for whole effluent toxicity testing programs is widespread in North America. However, the methods used for this species in the United States and Canada have not been validated in Australia for use in local waters with the local variant of the species. Consequently, we compared the effects of container size and volume, diet, and dilution water on the survival and reproduction of the local variant of C. dubia (the Sydney clone). We also evaluated the results of control performance and reference toxicant tests with potassium chloride and diazinon obtained over the course of a whole effluent toxicity testing program conducted on effluents discharged from sewage treatment plants into the Hawkesbury-Nepean drainage basin. Our data indicate that the general guidelines published by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for conducting acute and chronic toxicity tests with C. dubia can be successfully applied to the Sydney clone with minor modifications and that both acute and chronic tests can be conducted with a high degree of success, provided that appropriate procedures are followed. Moreover, tests with a variety of chemicals indicated that the Sydney clone responded comparably to its North American counterparts, suggesting that existing databases for C. dubia can be applied to the Sydney clone. In addition, the use of test volumes between 20 and 200 ml did not affect the acute toxicity of the organophosphorous pesticide diazinon to this strain.
Annual review issue.
Language: English
English
Publication Type: Journal Article
Publication Type: Review
Classification: P 6000 TOXICOLOGY AND HEALTH
Classification: X 24221 Toxicity testing
Classification: Q5 01502 Methods and instruments
Classification: SW 3010 Identification of pollutants
Classification: P 2000 FRESHWATER POLLUTION
Classification: SW 3030 Effects of pollution
Subfile: Pollution Abstracts; Water Resources Abstracts; ASFA 3: Aquatic Pollution & Environmental Quality; Toxicology Abstracts

Bailey, H. C., Krassoi, R., Elphick, J. R., Mulhall, A. M., Hunt, P., Tedmanson, L., and Lovell, A. (2000). Whole effluent toxicity of sewage treatment plants in the Hawkesbury-Nepean watershed, New South Wales, Australia, to Ceriodaphnia dubia and Selenastrum capricornutum. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry [Environ. Toxicol. Chem.]. Vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 72-81. Jan 2000.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: EFFLUENT.

ISSN: 0730-7268

Descriptors: Sewage treatment plants
Descriptors: Toxicity testing
Descriptors: Effluents
Descriptors: Watersheds
Descriptors: Pesticides
Descriptors: Organophosphorus compounds
Descriptors: Toxicity tests
Descriptors: Bioaccumulation
Descriptors: Pollution surveys
Descriptors: Indicator species
Descriptors: Sewage
Descriptors: Toxicity
Descriptors: Testing Procedures
Descriptors: Wastewater Facilities
Descriptors: Selenastrum
Descriptors: Selenastrum capricornutum
Descriptors: Ceriodaphnia dubia
Descriptors: Australia, New South Wales
Abstract: This paper describes the results of whole effluent toxicity tests conducted with Ceriodaphnia dubia and Selenastrum capricornutum on sewage treatment plant effluents in the Hawkesbury-Nepean watershed in New South Wales, Australia. Effluents from 18 sewage treatment plants were evaluated for acute and chronic toxicity. Toxicity identification evaluations were performed on toxic samples to determine the cause of toxicity. Fifteen of the facilities sampled exhibited acute or chronic toxicity to C. dubia. Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) (e.g., diazinon, chlorpyrifos, and chlorfenvinphos) accounted for toxicity in the majority of samples. Ammonia also contributed to toxicity in one sample, an unidentified OP was responsible for toxicity in another sample, and unidentified transient toxicant(s) were present in four samples. Transient toxicity was not due to surfactants (methylene blue active substances, cobalt thiocyanate active substances, or nonyl- or octylphenolethoxylates) or to a polymer used to dewater the sludge. The most likely cause of the transient toxicity was chlorpyrifos, which rapidly dissipated when stored in polyethylene containers. Only two effluent samples reduced the cell numbers of S. capricornutum. In both cases, toxicity dissipated too rapidly to identify its cause.
Annual review issue.
Language: English
English
Publication Type: Journal Article
Publication Type: Review
Classification: P 3000 SEWAGE & WASTEWATER TREATMENT
Classification: X 24151 Acute exposure
Classification: Q5 01504 Effects on organisms
Classification: SW 3030 Effects of pollution
Subfile: Pollution Abstracts; Water Resources Abstracts; ASFA 3: Aquatic Pollution & Environmental Quality; Toxicology Abstracts

Bajpai, V. N. and Perti, S. L. (1969). Resistance to Malathion. Pesticides 3: 43-45.

EcoReference No.: 60753

Chemical of Concern: MLN,DZ,DLD,DDT,HCCH,CBL,FNTH; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: MOR; Rejection Code: NO CONTROL(ALL CHEMS).

Balch, Curtis, Morris, Randal, Brooks, Elwood, and Sleight, Richard G. (1994). The use of N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole-4-yl)-labeled lipids in determining transmembrane lipid distribution. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids 70: 205-212.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

Transbilayer lipid distribution of small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs) and large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) was measured using 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, chemical modification with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) and dithionite reduction of N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole-4-yl)-labeled lipid (NBD-lipid). The dithionite assay was the most reproducible of the three assays, with 1.2% error for SUVs and 3.9% error for LUVs. The dithionite assay also agreed best with theoretical inner:outer leaflet ratios, based on vesicle diameters determined by electron microscopy (Thomas et al. (1989) Biochem. Biophys. Acta 978, 85-90). Dithionite assay measurements were within 2.7% of theoretical ratios for SUVs and 2.3% for LUVs, while the NMR assay for SUVs was 14% lower than theoretical ratios and 23% lower for LUVs. The accuracy of NBD-lipids as markers for total transbilayer lipid was investigated. NBD-labeled phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol were accurate markers for total transbilayer lipid distribution, as their distributions were in close agreement with theoretical ratios. However, NBD-labeled phosphatidylethanolamine displayed a slight preference for the inner leaflet at low mole fractions of phosphatidylethanolamine, while native phosphatidylethanolamine showed a preference for the outer leaflet at the same concentration. NBD-labeled phosphatidic acid also showed a slight preference for the inner leaflet. We conclude that although dithionite-based assessment of NBD-labeled lipids across membrane bilayers can be a powerful analytical tool, caution must be used in the interpretation of results. Lipids/ Phospholipids/ Fluorescence/ Liposomes/ Asymmetry

Banert, Klaus (1985). Synthesis of new bi-2H-azirin-3-yl compounds from diazides. Tetrahedron Letters 26: 5261-5264.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

Starting with 2,3-diazido-1,3-butadienes 4 or 10 successive loss of molecular nitrogen by thermolysis or photolysis leads to new bi-2H-azirin-3-yl compounds 2 or 3.

Banks, Kenneth E., Hunter, David H., and Wachal, David J. (2005). Chlorpyrifos in surface waters before and after a federally mandated ban. Environment International 31: 351-356.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: SURVEY.

Samples collected from rural and urban streams in the City of Denton, Texas, USA were analyzed for the organophosphorus pesticides diazinon and chlorpyrifos during the years preceding and following a United States Environmental Protection Agency ban on many chlorpyrifos uses. A network of 70 monitoring stations, based mainly on topography and hydrological considerations, were established within the three main watersheds of Denton. Monitoring stations were sampled monthly from March through August during periods of normal flow (baseflow), resulting in a total of 308 samples and 311 samples collected during 2001 and 2002, respectively. Pesticide concentrations were determined using commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) specific for each pesticide. Results from this temporally and spatially dense monitoring effort were used to illustrate the impacts of a ban on most chlorpyrifos sales that was imposed in December 2001. The total number of samples exhibiting concentrations above method lower limits of detection (LLD) decreased between 2001 and 2002 for both chlorpyrifos and diazinon. The total number of sites exhibiting at least one sample with concentrations above the LLD for chlorpyrifos, however, significantly decreased (Fisher's exact test, pn=70) when comparing 2001 (before the ban) with 2002 (after the ban). Similar analyses indicated no significant difference (Fisher's exact test, p=0.50, n=70) in the number of sites exhibiting detectable diazinon concentration between 2001 and 2002. Our results indicate that the cessation of retail chlorpyrifos sales at the end of 2001 resulted in a highly significant decrease in the surface water occurrences of this pesticide during 2002. Diazinon/ Chlorpyrifos/ Ban/ Urban watersheds/ Immunoassay/ ELISA

Banks, Kenneth E., Hunter, David H., and Wachal, David J. (2005). Diazinon in surface waters before and after a federally-mandated ban. Science of The Total Environment 350: 86-93.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: SURVEY.

Samples collected from rural and urban streams in the City of Denton, Texas, USA were analyzed for the organophosphorus pesticide diazinon during the years preceding and following a United States Environmental Protection Agency ban on many diazinon uses. A network of 70 monitoring stations, based mainly on topography and hydrological considerations, were established within the three main watersheds of Denton. Monitoring stations were sampled monthly from March through August during periods of normal flow (baseflow), resulting in a total of 1243 samples collected during the years of 2001-2004. Pesticide concentrations were determined using commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) specific for diazinon. Results from this temporally and spatially dense monitoring effort illustrated the impacts of a decrease in diazinon production during 2002, followed by a ban on most outdoor, non-agricultural diazinon retail sales imposed during 2003. The total number of samples exhibiting diazinon concentrations above the lower limits of detection (LLD) significantly decreased between 2001 through 2004 (Mantel-Haenszel Chi-Square test, pn=1243) and decreased significantly during the four monitoring years (Cochran-Armitage Trend test, z=-17.94, pn=1243). The total number of stations exhibiting at least one sample above the LLD during the four monitoring years showed similar patterns (Mantel-Haenszel Chi-Square test, pz=-3.21, p=0.0007; n=276). Results indicate that the phased reduction of outdoor, non-agricultural diazinon uses led to a highly significant decrease in surface water occurrences of this pesticide. Diazinon/ Ban/ Urban watersheds/ Immunoassay/ ELISA

Bankwitz, Uwe, Sohn, Honglae, Powell, Douglas R., and West, Robert (1995). Synthesis, solid-state structure, and reduction of 1,1-dichloro-2,3,4,5-tetramethylsilole. Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 499: C7-C9.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

The previously unknown 1,1-dichloro-2,3,4,5-tetramethyl-1-silacylopenta-2,4-diene (3) was prepared in a three-step synthesis starting from zirconocene dichloride, 2-butyne, and n-butyllithium via bis(cyclopentadienyl)-2,3,4,5-tetramethyl-1-zirconacyclopenta-2,4-diene (1) and 1,4-diiodo-1,2,3,4-tetramethylbuta-1,3-diene (2).3 was characterized by NMR spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Reaction of the new silole 3 with 4 equivalents of lithium in THF gives the corresponding dianion 4. 1H-, 13C-, and 29Si-NMR chemical shifts of 4 compared with 3 indicate some aromatic character for the ionic species. Trapping of 4 with Me3SiCl gives 1,1-bis(trimethylsilyl)-2,3,4,5-tetramethysilole (5) in quantitative yield. Silicon/ Zirconium/ Lithium/ Silole/ Crystal structure/ Dianon

Banu, N., Mustafa, G., Khan, A. M., and Ahmed, M. (1984). Histopathological Effects of Diazinon on the Gonads of Freshwater Catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch). Dhaka Univ.Stud.Part B 32(1): 17-23.

EcoReference No.: 11577

Chemical of Concern: DZ; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: CEL; Rejection Code: NO ENDPOINT(DZ).

Baron, Anne, Rakotoarisoa, Lala, Lepretre, Nathalie, and Mironneau, Jean (1994). Inhibition of L-type Ca2+ channels in portal vein myocytes by the enantiomers of oxodipine. European Journal of Pharmacology: Molecular Pharmacology 269: 105-113.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: IN VITRO.

We studied the effects of the enantiomers of the dihydropyridine derivative, 4-(2,3 methylenedioxyphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-3 carboxyethyl-5-carboxymethyl-pyridine (oxodipine), on voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels of rat portal vein myocytes by combining electrophysiological techniques and binding studies. (+)- and (-)-oxodipine depressed the L-type Ca2+ current in a concentration-dependent manner, with similar IC50 values (around 10 nM) but had no appreciable effect on the intracellular Ca+ stores. The steady-state inactivation curve for the Ca2+ current was shifted along the voltage axis to negative membrane potentials indicating that the block of the Ca2+ current by oxodipine enantiomers increased with depolarization. The voltage-dependent inhibitory property of oxodipine was related to an increase in [3H](+)-4-(benzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)-1,4-dihydro-2, 6-dimethylpyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid 3-isopropyl, 5-methyl ester (isradipine) binding affinity without change in binding capacity. In normally polarized intact strips, interactions of (+)- and (-)-oxodipine with [3H](+)-isradipine binding indicated a stimulation of the radioligand binding at low concentrations of (+)-oxodipine while the (+) enantiomer seemed to act as a competitive ligand. Depolarization of intact strips with 135 mM K+-solutions increased the apparent affinity of the enantiomers of oxodipine, and abolished the stimulating effect of (-)-oxodipine on the binding of [3H](+)-isradipine. Inhibition of Ca2+ current was increased in the simultaneous presence of 1 nM of (+)- and (-)-oxodipine when compared to the inhibitions induced by 2 nM of each enantiomer. In addition, the Hill coefficients of the Ca2+ current inhibition curves for (+)- and (-)-oxodipine were found to differ from unity. Taken together these results suggest the existence of two cooperatively interacting high affinity binding sites for 1,4-dihydropyridines in L-type Ca2+ channels of vascular smooth muscle cells. Ca2+ channel/ Dihydropyridine/ Enantiomer/ Vascular myocyte/ Patch-clamp/ Radioligand

Barr, D. B., Bravo, R., Weerasekera, G., Caltabiano, L. M., Whitehead, R. D. Jr, Olsson, A. O. , Caudill, S. P., Schober, S. E., Pirkle, J. L., Sampson, E. J., Jackson, R. J., and Needham, L. L. (2004). Concentrations of Dialkyl Phosphate Metabolites of Organophosphorus Pesticides in the U.S. Population. Environmental Health Perspectives [Environ. Health Perspect.]. Vol. 112, no. 2, pp. 186-200. Feb 2004.
Chem Codes : Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: HUMAN HEALTH.

ISSN: 0091-6765

Descriptors: Pesticides (organophosphorus)
Descriptors: Ethnic groups
Descriptors: Metabolites
Descriptors: Urine
Descriptors: USA
Abstract: We report population-based concentrations, stratified by age, sex, and racial/ethnic groups, of dialkyl phosphate (DAP) metabolites of multiple organophosphorus pesticides. We measured dimethylphosphate (DMP), dimethylthiophosphate (DMTP), dimethyldithiophosphate (DMDTP), diethylphosphate (DEP), diethylthiophosphate (DETP), and diethyldithiophosphate (DEDTP) concentrations in 1,949 urine samples collected in U.S. residents 6-59 years of age during 1999 and 2000 as a part of the ongoing National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). We detected each DAP metabolite in more than 50% of the samples, with DEP being detected most frequently (71%) at a limit of detection of 0.2 mu g/L. The geometric means for the metabolites detected in more than 60% of the samples were 1.85 mu g/L for DMTP and 1.04 mu g/L for DEP. The 95th percentiles for each metabolite were DMP, 13 mu g/L; DMTP, 46 mu g/L; DMDTP, 19 mu g/L; DEP, 13 mu g/L; DETP, 2.2 mu g/L; and DEDTP, 0.87 mu g/L. We determined the molar sums of the dimethyl-containing and diethyl-containing metabolites; their geometric mean concentrations were 49.4 and 10.5 nmol/L, respectively, and their 95th percentiles were 583 and 108 nmol/L, respectively. These data are also presented as creatinine-adjusted concentrations. Multivariate analyses showed concentrations of DAPs in children 6-11 years of age that were consistently significantly higher than in adults and often higher than in adolescents. Although the concentrations between sexes and among racial/ethnic groups varied, no significant differences were observed. These data will be important in evaluating the impact of organophosphorus pesticide exposure in the U.S. population and the effectiveness of regulatory actions.
DOI: 10.1289/ehp.6503
Language: English
English
Publication Type: Journal Article
Classification: X 24136 Environmental impact
Subfile: Toxicology Abstracts

Bartlett, Danny, Glaser, Michael, and Welti, Ruth (1997). Membrane penetration depth and lipid phase preference of acyl-labeled dansyl phosphatidylcholines in phosphatidylcholine vesicles. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 1328: 48-54.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

The dansyl fluors of 1-oleoyl-2-[4-(dansyl)amino]butyl]-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (18:1,4-dansyl PC) and 1-palmitoyl-2-[11-[(dansyl)amino)]undecanoyl]-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (16:0,11-dansyl PC) were shown to reside at similar depths in phosphatidylcholine vesicles at pH 7. Analysis of fluorescence emission maxima showed that the dansyl groups of both 18:1,4-dansyl PC and 16:0,11-dansyl PC in phosphatidylcholine vesicles experienced environments more polar than methanol, suggesting that the dansyl group attached to the terminus of the undecanoyl chain must fold back toward the bilayer surface. Fluorescence polarization measurements in solid/fluid lipid mixtures show that both probes partition strongly into fluid phase lipid. The very low polarization values of 16:0,11-dansyl PC in lipid vesicles are consistent with the notion that the dansyl fluor of 16:0,11-dansyl PC existed in an environment allowing a high degree of motional freedom due to folding back of the dansyl group attached to the undecanoyl chain. Dansyl phosphatidylcholine/ Spin-labeled lipid/ Lipid phase/ Parallax analysis/ Steady-state fluorescence polarization/ Fluorescence emission maximum

Barzu, Tereza, Cuparencu, Barbu, and Hantz, Andrei (1973). Action of organophosphorus compounds on cell organelles--I : Effect of tetraethyl dithio pyrophosphate on lysosomal hydrolases. Biochemical Pharmacology 22: 185-194 .
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: IN VITRO.

The effect of asymmetric tetraethyl dithio pyrophosphate, a potent anticholinesterase compound, on rat brain and liver acid hydrolases from lysosomes was studied in vivo and in vitro. In both situations activation of “latent” acid hydrolases and labilization of lysosomal membrane have been observed. Three other derivatives, tetraethyl pyrophosphate, tetraethyl monothiono pyrophosphate and tetraethyl dithiono pyrophosphate, were tested for anticholinesterase action as well as for the action on cell organelles. The correlation between the data obtained in vivo and in vitro, as well as the relationship between this effect and anticholinesterase power is discussed.

BATEMAN, P. (1993). GOOD PEST CONTROL IN FOOD PROCESSING IS POSSIBLE WITH MINIMUM PESTICIDE USAGE. INT PEST CONTROL; 35 68-69.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: HUMAN HEALTH.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM FOOD INDUSTRY SHELF LIFE HYGIENE BUILDING DESIGN LEGISLATION UK Legislation/ Organization and Administration/ Biology/ Biochemistry/ Food Technology/ Food-Processing Industry/ Food Technology/ Disease Vectors/ Disinfection/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Public Health Administration/ Statistics/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Arachnida/ Disease Vectors/ Entomology/ Sanitation/ Animals

Batenburg, A. M., Hibbeln, J. C. L., Verkleij, A. J., and de Kruijff, B. (1987). Melittin induces HII phase formation in cardiolipin model membranes. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 903: 142-154.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

The interaction of melittin with bovine heart cardiolipin model membranes was investigated via binding assays, 31P-NMR, freeze-fracture electron microscopy, small angle X-ray diffraction and fluorescence based fusion assays. A strong binding (Kd -7 M) appeared to be accompanied by the formation of large structures, resulting from a fusion process of extremely fast initial rate. As the melittin content is increased, bilayer structure is gradually lost and from a cardiolipin to melittin ratio of about 6 the lipid starts to organize itself in an hexagonal HII phase. At lower temperatures (T 31P-NMR signal and giving rise to sharp X-ray reflections, most probably a cubic phase, as suggested also by freeze-fracture images, showing orderly stacked particles. The results are discussed in relation to contrasting observations on the structural changes induced by melittin in the zwitterionic phospholipid system of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (Dufourcq, J. et al. (1986) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 859, 33-48). The biological relevance of the observations with respect to the process of protein insertion into membranes is indicated. Protein-lipid interaction/ Melittin/ Cardiolipin/ Hexagonal HII phase/ Phosphatidylcholine/ NMR 31P-/ Freeze-fracture electron microscopy/ Model membrane/ (Bovine heart)

Bathe, R., Sachsse, K., Ullmann, L., Hormann, W. D., Zak, F., and Hess, R. (1975). The Evaluation of Fish Toxicity in the Laboratory. Proc.Eur.Soc.Toxicol. 16: 113-124 .

EcoReference No.: 7199

Chemical of Concern: SZ,ATZ,DZ,MDT,DDT,AMTR,PRO,FMU,PPHD; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: MOR,ACC,CEL; Rejection Code: NO CONTROL(ALL CHEMS).

Bauer, N. J., Seidler, R. J., and Knittel, M. D. (1981). A Simple, Rapid Bioassay for Detecting Effects of Pollutants on Bacteria. Bull.Environ.Contam.Toxicol. 27: 577-582.

Chem Codes: EcoReference No.: 60988
Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: BACTERIA.

Bay, S., Burgess, R., and Nacci, D. (1993). Status and Applications of Echinoid (Phylum Echinodermata) Toxicity Test Methods. In: W.G.Landis, J.S.Hughes, and M.A.Lewis (Eds.), Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment, ASTM STP 1179, Philadelphia, PA 281-302.

EcoReference No.: 45087

Chemical of Concern: Cu,NH,Cd,DZ; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: REP,GRO; Rejection Code: NO CONTROL(ALL CHEMS).

Beliles, R., Scott, W., and Knott, W. (1965). Diazinon Summary of Safety Evaluation on Fish and Wildlife. U.S.EPA-OPP Registration Standard.

EcoReference No.: 13008