Sustainability
. The future of the marketing phenomena depends on changes that
involve consumer experiences, marketing networks, and sustainable development (Catoiu
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& Tichindelean, 2012). Sustainable marketing begins simultaneously with the product
development cycle (Achrol & Kotler, 2012). Sustainability firmly knits with the
background of traditional societies, which includes wealth, rising materialistic tendencies
and technology, but with inadequate marketing efforts short-term profit is limited with
the possibility of threats to the ecosystem (Mohamed, 2013). Although the fundamental
process in marketing is consumption, marketing science should focus on creating a
healthy consumption environment and protecting the consumer from overconsumption
(Achrol & Kotler, 2012). Barkay (2012) stated one strategy for sustainability is the
development of corporate social responsibility guidelines including the development of
socially responsible managerial systems and adoption of firm-specific and industry-wide
codes of conduct.
Some of the negative impacts of marketing include rapid consumption of limited
natural resources, lack of restraints on the wants marketing encourages, and over-
fulfillments of consumers’ materialistic desires (Achrol & Kotler, 2012). Marketing
practitioners face the challenge of a never-ending supply and a declining value in
marketing due to global sustainability crisis because of misguided efforts (Baker, 2013).
Sustainable or green marketing includes the elements of Porter’s marketing mix
consisting of product, price, promotion, and place (Yan & Yazdanifard, 2014). The two
types of carrying capacity for sustainable marketing are market capacity and resource
capacity, where market capacity concerns whether society’s present consumption level is
too high to permit the next generation to consume the same level of goods and services
(Achrol & Kotler, 2012). The ecological consequences of a mass consumption are rapidly
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depleting scarce resources, environmental degradation, dangerous pollutants, emissions,
waste due to logistics and distribution, and waste products due to the consumption and
post-consumption processes (Achrol & Kotler, 2012). The two business strategies for
ecological sustainability are transitional and transformational strategies because some
business leaders adopt transitional strategies before moving toward a transformational
strategy (Borland & Lindgreen, 2013).
Arseculeratne and Yazdanifard (2014) indicated that green marketing has become
an important entity for business leaders looking for ways and means of being receptive to
environmental issues by ensuring marketing activities for businesses geared to be
responsive to minimizing environmental hazards. Green Marketing has a worldwide
interest due primarily to environmental concerns, climate change, water management
problem, and deforestation, which most customers would rather buy products from
environmentally responsible companies (Yan & Yazdanifard, 2014). Many company
leaders promote green marketing to maintain their competitive edge because the green
movement holds business organizations accountable to ensure company leaders conduct
their activities to cause minimum harm to the environment (Yan & Yazdanifard, 2014).
For example, Xerox introduced Revive 100% recycled paper in 2012 to introduce green
marketing of photocopier paper (Yan & Yazdanifard, 2014). Mike Lloyd, a member of
Kimberly-Clark global sustainability team, stated that Kimberly-Clark’s 2015
sustainability objectives focus on the water footprint of the organization’s manufacturing
sites, waste management, and environmental compliance by creating a program called
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Water for Life to provide 200 million gallons of water per year in water-stressed regions
(see Mizera, 2013).
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