Ferghana Valley

El-bairogi
, 88
Eldik Kenesh, 211
Electricity. See Hydroelectric plants
Emirs
, 134
Employment
economic development (1991–present), 
241, 244–46

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418 INDEX
Employment (continued)
income, 232–33, 244–45
inventors and innovators movement, 
146–47
Khrushchev/Brezhnev era 
(1950s–1980s), 145–47, 165–67
Kokand Khanate (1709–1876), 58–59
labor force, 145–47, 150–51, 165–67
labor migration, 245–46, 381
shock worker, 145
since independence (1992–2008), 206, 
223–24
surplus labor, 246
women’s rights, 166–67
England
Islam, 331
Kokand Khanate (1709–1876), 53–57
World War II, 136, 139n30
Environmental degradation, 265–66, 
377–78
Epstein, Jean, 291–92
Ergash, Mullah, 100, 101
Ergashbai, 97, 98, 100
Ergashev, K., 182
Erk Party, 221, 348
Ershi City, 7–8
Eski Ahsi, 7–8, 10
Ethnic groups
border delineation (1917–1930), 105, 
106–8, 109–10, 111–13, 115t, 116t
Ferghana Province (1917), 115t
Ferghana Province (1926), 116t
irrigated agriculture conflict, 263–65
Khrushchev/Brezhnev era 
(1950s–1980s), 144–45, 171–72, 
176
Kokand Khanate (1709–1876), 31, 36, 
58, 70
perestroika (1985–1991), 185, 188–93, 
194–96
pre-colonialism, 9, 19–20
Russian colonization (1860–1917), 70, 
71, 79–80
since independence (1992–2008), 209, 
212–13, 220, 224
Soviet rule (1917–1930), 100, 101, 105, 
106–8, 109–10, 111–13, 115t, 116t
Stalinism (1929–1953), 126–28, 
131–33
Etikodoti Islomia
, 88
Eurasian Economic Community 
(EurAsEC), 380
Euro-Atlantic Emergency Response 
Center, 378
Europe, 225–26, 228
European Union (EU), 268, 375, 379–80, 
385–86
F
Fakirs
, 283
Falak
, 289
Family life
funerals, 282, 287
income, 232–33, 244–45
Khrushchev/Brezhnev era 
(1950s–1980s), 166, 167, 172–75
kinship, 172–74, 212–13, 283, 287–88
living standards, 152, 234, 244–45
marriage, 167, 172, 174–75, 199–200, 
281, 282, 287
perestroika (1985–1991), 199–200
since independence (1992–2008), 212–13
Famine, 74
Faqihs
, 323
Farab, 16
Farabi, al, 16
Farandji
, 126
Fargonachi
, 132, 138n23
Fatwas
, 301, 316, 331, 345, 362n18
Ferghana City
cultural identity (1991–present), 285, 
289–90
international community relations, 374
Islam, 299, 301, 356
Khrushchev/Brezhnev era 
(1950s–1980s), 152, 165, 167
perestroika (1985–1991), 181, 182, 185, 
191
since independence (1992–2008), 220
Stalinism (1929–1953), 132
Ferghana events (1989), 179, 185, 188–93
Ferghana Mountains, ix, 3, 4, 14
Ferghana School of poetry, 169, 279, 
291–93
Ferghana Valley
maps, x, xi
research approach, xiii–xix
Ferghana Project, xiv–xix
framework for, xvi–xix
research conclusions, 393–403
research introduction, ix–xiii
See also
Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; 
Uzbekistan; specific city

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INDEX 419
Ferghani, Abu-al-Abbas Ahmed ibn 
Muhammad ibn Kasir al-, 22, 23
Ferghani, Ahmed ibn Abdullo al-, 23
Fertilizer, 266
Film
cultural identity (1991–present), 291–92
Islam, 316, 334–36
Khrushchev/Brezhnev era 
(1950s–1980s), 156, 157
perestroika (1985–1991), 197
Fiqh
, 352–53
Firdausi, Abulkosim, 280
Fitrat, Abdurauf, 85
Five-Year Plan (1951–1955), 146
Food for Peace, 378
Foreign investment, 240–41
Foreign trade. See Trade relations
Forsyth, Douglas, 57
Fort Perovskii, 69
Fotiha
, 174
Friday Mosque, 33, 312, 313
Frunze, Mikhail, 102
Frunze (now Bishkek)
Khrushchev/Brezhnev era 
(1950s–1980s), 165
Stalinism (1929–1953), 123, 133
Funerals, 282, 287
Furkat, Zakirdjan, 62, 83–84
G
Gafurov, Bobojon, 141, 143, 147–48, 170
Gaipov, R., 182
Gamburg, B.S., 157
Gans, Abel, 291–92