Ferghana Valley

See also
Agriculture; Mining industry
Integrated Water Resource Management 
(IWRM), 269–70, 272, 276n74,
377
Intelligentsia, 185, 279, 286–87
International community relations
agriculture, 374.388n8
cultural arts, 156–58
geo-political powers, 380–83

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INDEX 421
International community relations 
(continued)
industry, 374, 377–78, 383
international organizations, 375–80, 382, 
383, 384–87
Islam, 373–74, 380–81, 382, 383
Kyrgyzstan, 373–82, 383, 384–86
labor migration, 381
militarization, 381, 382–83
nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 
384–85
organizational projects, 375–80, 385–87, 
388n10
population density, 374, 388n6
Tajikistan, 373–81, 382, 383, 384–85, 
386–87
“tinder-box” conditions, 373–74
transportation routes, 375, 385–87
Uzbekistan, 373–80, 381, 383, 384–85, 
386
water resources, 268–70, 272–73, 
276n70, 377–78, 379, 381–82
See also
specific city or country or 
organization
International Crisis Group, 377
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 233, 
234
Internet, 285
Interstate Commission for Water 
Coordination (ICWC), 260, 261, 
269
Iran
constitutional movement (1905–1911), 88
cultural identity (1991–present), 287, 
290
international community relations, 385, 
386
Islam, 308
language, 9, 19
since independence (1992–2008), 206, 
226, 227
trade relations, 9, 17, 60
World War II, 136, 139n30
Irdana Bey, 31–32
Iron Age, 6, 18
Iron mines, 18, 232
Irrigated agriculture
environmental degradation, 265–66, 
377–78
Ferghana Valley map
1928, 256f
1972, 257f
Irrigated agriculture (continued)
fertilizer, 266
historical overview, 253–59
hydromodules, 258
infrastructure, 266–67, 270–71, 272
inter-group conflict, 263–65
Khrushchev/Brezhnev era 
(1950s–1980s), 150–151
Kyrgyzstan, 254–55, 266–68, 270–71
pesticides, 266
pre-colonialism, 3–6, 8, 16, 18–19
prospects, 270–71
salinization, 265–66
socio-economic impact, 267–68, 
270–72
Tajikistan, 254–55, 266–68, 270–71
Uzbekistan, 254–55, 258f, 267–68, 
270–71
waterlogging, 266
Isabaev, Mamadiyar, 142
Isaeva, S., 197–98
Isfara
cultural identity (1991–present), 282, 
283, 284, 285, 288, 289
economic development (1991–present), 
244, 247
international community relations, 379
Islam, 359, 360
Khrushchev/Brezhnev era 
(1950s–1980s), 143, 165, 171
Lower Nesya, 14, 15
minerals, 18
perestroika (1985–1991), 196, 197
Stalinism (1929–1953), 120
Isfarangi, Saifi, 23
Ishak, Ilias ibn, 11
Ishans
, 33, 104, 120, 126, 175, 283
Ishhid
, 9
Islam
Andijan events (2005), 334–38
communist ideology, 303–4, 311, 317
cultural identity (1991–present), 280–83, 
286, 287, 288–89, 290
extremist groups, 322–38
film, 316, 334–36
ideology versus politics, 339–51
international community relations, 
373–74, 380–81, 382, 383
jihad, 21, 298, 299, 322–27
Khrushchev/Brezhnev era 
(1950s–1980s), 158–59, 170–71, 
174–75

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422 INDEX
Islam (continued)
Kokand Khanate (1709–1876), 39, 
57–58, 297–99
Kyrgyzstan, 126, 296, 315, 327, 339, 
340–51, 357, 359–60
literature, 23, 307–8, 309, 330, 331, 
332–34, 354
mosques, 312–15
Muslim shrines, 21, 280–81
official Islam, 119–20, 125–26
perestroika (1985–1991), 196, 197, 198, 
199–200
popular Islam, 125–26, 130–31
pre-colonialism, 11, 12, 21–22
pure Islam, 305, 311–12
re-Islamization, 310–11, 312, 336–38
religious education, 39, 85, 103, 130, 
170, 286, 298, 299–300, 301–3, 
305, 353–54
religious leadership, 21–22, 298–99, 305, 
306–7, 308, 309, 312, 313, 315–18, 
319–21, 323–24, 325–26, 327, 
329, 332–34, 343, 344, 348, 351, 
353–54, 355, 357–58, 359
religious revival, 304–12, 351–61
Russian colonization (1860–1917), 85, 
87, 89–91, 298
secularization and religion, 301–4
self-immolation, 154
since independence (1992–2008), 209, 
212, 213–16, 218, 221–23, 224–25, 
227–28
Soviet rule (1917–1930), 94–95, 96, 
97, 98–99, 100, 101–2, 103, 104, 
299–304
stabilization to religious revival,
304–12
Stalinism (1929–1953), 119–20, 125–26, 
129, 130–31, 132
Tajikistan, 126, 296, 306, 308, 315, 322, 
345, 346, 347, 350, 351–61
Uzbekistan, 126, 296, 297–301, 309, 
315, 316–21, 323–27, 329, 330, 
333, 334–38, 344, 345, 346, 347, 
350, 356, 357–58, 359–60
women’s rights, 126, 303–4