Ferghana Valley

Chodar
, 174
Choigashtak
, 172
Choir, 156, 158
Chokaev, Mustafa, 94, 97, 98, 117n9, 
135–36
Choparlar
, 330
Choriakkoron
, 120
Chorkukh
cultural identity (1991–present), 288
perestroika (1985–1991), 197
Stalinism (1929–1953), 120
Christianity, 300, 330–31
Chui Valley, 17, 45, 341
Chukurgan hydroelectric plant, 148
Churbanov, Iurii, 182
Churchill, Winston, 300
Churi
, 39–40
Churlu, M., 169
Chust
pre-colonialism, 4–6, 18, 19
Russian colonization (1860–1917), 72
Soviet rule (1917–1930), 100
urban development, 143
Civil administration
Kokand Khanate (1709–1876), 57–58
Russian colonization (1860–1917), 
71–74
Civil war
pre-colonialism, 13–14
Tajikistan, 211–17, 281
Classism
Soviet rule (1917–1930), 103, 104–5
Stalinism (1929–1953), 120, 122, 132
Coal mines
economic development (1991–present), 
232, 243
Khrushchev/Brezhnev era 
(1950s–1980s), 145, 147, 148
pre-colonialism, 18
Russian colonization (1860–1917), 82
Cocteau, Jean, 291–92
Coin mints, 12, 14, 15, 16, 38
Collective farms
Khrushchev/Brezhnev era 
(1950s–1980s), 149–51, 166
Stalinism (1929–1953), 121–22, 127–28
See also
Land ownership
Collective Security Treaty Organization 
(CSTO), 227, 380, 381, 382, 390n39
Committee on the Protection of State 
Borders, 380
Common Customs Tariff, 233
Commonwealth of Independent States
economic development (1991–present), 
233
international community relations, 375
perestroika (1985–1991), 179, 188
Communication systems, 152
Communism
Islam, 303–4, 311, 317
Khrushchev/Brezhnev era 
(1950s–1980s), 140–42, 151, 155, 
158–59, 175
Stalinism (1929–1953), 126–28, 
133–36
Communist Party
collective farms, 151
Issyk Kul, 179
Kyrgyzia, 194–95
Kyrgyzstan, 141–42, 196
Russia, 106
Soviet Union, 158–59, 178, 185
Tajikistan, 141, 142, 179–80, 187–88, 
193–94
Turkestan, 101
Uzbekistan, 134, 140–41, 142, 179, 190, 
199
Consitutional Democrats, 94
Copper mines, 4, 232

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416 INDEX
Corn, 96
Cotton
economic development (1991–present), 
232, 241
irrigated agriculture, 255, 271
Khrushchev/Brezhnev era 
(1950s–1980s), 141, 145, 148, 
149–51, 165
Kokand Khanate (1709–1876), 58
Russian colonization (1860–1917), 74, 
77–78, 80–81, 82
since independence (1992–2008), 223
Soviet rule (1917–1930), 96
Stalinism (1929–1953), 122
Cotton Affair (1983), 141, 178, 179, 
180–83, 193
Cotton gins, 82
Council on Foreign Relations, 376–77
Crimean Autonomous Region, 145
Crimean War (1853–1856), 70
Criminal justice, 39
Cultural arts
censorship, 168, 170, 175
cultural influences, 8
culture of resistance, 169
international community relations,
156–58
Khrushchev/Brezhnev era 
(1950s–1980s), 154–59, 164–71, 
175
Kokand Khanate (1709–1876), 53, 
61–63
perestroika (1985–1991), 185, 197–98, 
199
pre-colonialism, 22–23
Russian colonization (1860–1917), 
83–91
See also
Literature; specific art
Cultural identity (1991–present)
cultural context, 280–81
education, 286–87
intelligentsia, 279, 286–87
Islam, 280–83, 286, 287, 288–89, 290
Kyrgyzstan, 278–80, 281, 283–85, 
286–87, 288, 291
literature, 279, 291–93
music, 289–90
political symbols, 279–80, 281
radio, 284–86
social interactions, 287–89
Tajikistan, 278–80, 281–83, 284–86, 
287–90, 291
Cultural identity (continued)
television, 284–86
Uzbekistan, 278–80, 281, 284–86, 
287–88, 290, 291