Ferghana Valley

Basmachi
since independence (1992–2008), 223, 
299

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414 INDEX
Basmachi
(continued)
Soviet rule (1917–1930), 99, 100–101, 
102, 117n12
Stalinism (1929–1953), 119, 125, 134, 
135–36
Batken
Batken events (1999–2001), 373–74
cultural identity (1991–present), 283, 
284, 286, 288
economic development (1991–present), 
237, 240, 245
international community relations, 373–
74, 377, 379, 380–81, 382, 383
irrigation systems, ix
Islam, 341, 342, 343, 360
perestroika (1985–1991), 193–94
religious conflict, xiii
Bayat, 171, 358–59
Bayat-nomah
, 318, 365n64
Behbudi, Mahmudhodja, 85
Bei Shi
, 7
Beks
, 57, 59, 63
Belarus
Islam, 332
perestroika (1985–1991), 188
since independence (1992–2008), 205
Belbakchi Khan, 38
Besharyq, 120
Beshbarmak
, 284
Bezak, Adjutant General, 55, 56
Bibi-seshanbe
, 175
Bid’a
, 306
Bin Laden, Osama, 355
Biotins
, 282
Birlik Party, 220–21
Birth rate, 246–47
Bishkek
cultural identity (1991–present), 281, 
285
economic development (1991–present), 
233
Islam, 341, 349
since independence (1992–2008), 205, 
207, 211
Biskend, 14
Boborahim, Mashrab, 23
Bolsheviks, 94, 95–105, 119, 121
Border delineation
Khrushchev/Brezhnev era 
(1950s–1980s), 143–45, 193–94
perestroika (1985–1991), 193–94
since independence (1992–2008), 225
Border delineation (continued)
Soviet rule (1917–1930), 105–14
ethnic groups, 105, 106–8, 109–10, 
111–13, 115t, 116t
transportation routes, 122–124
Brezhnev, Leonid. See Khrushchev/
Brezhnev era (1950s–1980s)
Bridge building, 60
Bronze Age, 4–6, 18
Buddhism, 21, 31
Buhoro-i-Sharif
, 88
Buka, 191
Bukhara
border delineation (1917–1930), 105–6, 
111, 112, 113
cultural identity (1991–present), 289–90
Kokand Khanate (1709–1876), 32–35, 
37, 38, 41–42, 60
newspapers, 88
pre-colonialism, 11
Russian colonization (1860–1917), 70, 
71, 72, 88
Soviet rule (1917–1930), 97
Bulakbashi, 108–9
Burnamozor, 5
Buzruk-Hoja, 43
C
Cadet Party, 94, 97
Calligraphy, 63, 129
Canals. See Water canals
Cattle, 4, 5–6
See also
Livestock
Censorship, 168, 170, 175
Center for Preventive Action, 376–77
Central Asian Initiative for Secure Borders 
(2000), 383
Central Asian Regional Economic 
Cooperation (CAREC), 385, 387
Central Asia Project, 377
Central Committee of the All-Union 
Communist Party, 134
Ceramic pottery, 4, 5, 8, 16
Ceylon, 9
Chach (Tashkent), 11
Chadak, 14
Chador
, 126
Chagatai Uzbek language, 23
Chaikhanas
, xvii, 134, 196–97, 281
Chaldovar, 381
Chang Ch’ien, 6

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INDEX 415
Chanyshev, Mahdi, 97
Charbak, 379
Charkha
, 60
Chartak, 143
Chatkal Mountains, ix, 3, 14
Chemion (Isfara), 72
Cherniaev, Mikhail G., 46–48, 70, 298
Chigir
, 16
Chimildyk
, 174
Chimkent (Shymkent)
Kokand Khanate (1709–1876), 32–33, 
38, 46, 56
Russian colonization (1860–1917), 70
China
ancient alliance, 9–10
international community relations, 373, 
375, 377, 380–81, 382, 385, 386
Islam, 296–97, 339, 346
Kokand Khanate (1709–1876), 31–32, 
34, 36, 42–43, 60–61
pre-colonial chronicles, 6–8, 10, 18–19
since independence (1992–2008), 206, 
226
trade relations, 9, 17, 60–61, 233, 296–97
Chkalovsk, 143, 148