‘This is a wonderful book that should be on the desk of every architect and planner. It shows how


But surely SAs would favour eco-retrofitting over new developments?



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Positive Development From Vicious Circles to V

But surely SAs would favour eco-retrofitting over new developments?
No. SAs are applied to development proposals and usually do not compare new buildings to eco-
retrofitting alternatives. If they did, the costs of maintaining urban areas and buildings and suburbs 
would probably not be considered in the assessments anyway. Existing development needs ongoing 
investment in upgrades and revitalization. Yet relatively little attention has been paid to measuring 
the maintenance costs of new developments, let alone the environmental impacts of maintenance and 
renovations in the future. The resource costs entailed in maintaining old (‘fossil fuelled’) urban areas 
in their present condition, or the waste entailed in demolition, seldom appear in the balance sheets.
Therefore new development seems better value than retrofitting. When a proposed development is 
assessed, the future negative impacts on the urban environment are considered, of course. Things 
like increased congestion and wind tunnel effects can be marginal, however, in comparison to total 
urban resource flows. Assessments may look at the relative incremental social and economic impacts 
of new or retrofitted development on its surrounds. They seldom if ever compare the ecological health 
of the whole urban area before and after construction. A true sustainability assessment would assess 
the pre-existing and ongoing social and environmental impacts in the surrounding urban area, to 
see what urban conditions can be improved by the project. It would not just determine whether the 
additional harm of a proposal appeared to be ‘acceptable’.
How could planners assess the urban context along with project proposals?
They would compare what the urban ecology and eco-services would be like before and after the 
proposed development [Box 38]. Failure to look at the health of a whole area is one reason why new 
shopping malls were allowed on prime agricultural land outside of central business districts, to the 
detriment of inner city commercial areas. The decisions only considered the future costs and benefits 
that might be caused by a particular new development – as if the existing urban context were cost-free 
or impact-neutral. The social, economic and environmental costs of maintaining or decommissioning 
the old shopping areas or business districts were not really factored in. Nor were the effects of the 
new regional shopping malls on total resource flows in or through cities assessed. Consequently, 
many inner city commercial areas have been subjected to a vicious circle of social and economic 
deterioration, while continuing to leak greenhouse gases, energy and pollutants. Analyses that help 
us to predict and measure negative impacts and their ramifications do not help us to identify areas 
where we can reduce resource flows through either eco-retrofitting or urban acupuncture. Planners 
must stimulate investment in eco-retrofitting – the market cannot address design failure on its own.
Today, SAs continue the tradition of examining proposals within small systems boundaries in a case-
by-case framework. This framework reinforces the biases against eco-retrofitting.

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