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Can’t generic performance criteria or point systems ensure positive impacts?



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Positive Development From Vicious Circles to V

Can’t generic performance criteria or point systems ensure positive impacts?
Not really. In Australia, for example, some cities have developed sets of standard indicators to set 
minimum criteria for the design of different kinds of development, such as office, commercial or 
housing projects. In some jurisdictions in Australia, developers are given an extensive list of criteria 
out of which they must earn only, say, 60 out of 100 points. This flexibility avoids potential conflicts 
between the generic criteria and the functional objectives or site conditions of the project. While 
obtaining 60 points is relatively easy, this list provides options or ideas for consideration that might 
‘enhance’ a development from environmental, urban design or other perspectives. In some cases
council planners might try to revitalize a socially and economically disadvantaged area by encouraging 
the development of an eco-industrial park nearby. The promulgation of guidelines for eco-industrial 
parks then provides a ‘signal’ that proposals for such developments are encouraged.
17
Planners might 
also designate sites that would be beneficial to developers simply because, for instance, the location 
is or can be serviced by trains or public transport. Guidelines for ‘buildings types’ are not sufficient, 
however [Box 22]. First, projects are reliant on developers initiating proposals. Second, the criteria 
are nearly always environmental (ie human comfort), not ecological. Even enlightened zoning and 
green design guidelines do not encourage positive ecological improvements.
But aren’t such criteria the only way we can encourage sustainable land uses?
They may encourage sustainable land uses if they are based on whole systems criteria such as carrying 
capacity [Chapter 12]. Attracting green development is an improvement over what was sometimes 
called ‘proactive’ planning in the 1980s. Back then, planners tried to attract 
any
development to the 


123
Urban Sustainability Assessment
municipality to promote economic development. But zoning and incentives still start from the ‘type’ 
of development – they are based on anticipating economic trends, like technology parks. They do 
not start with the health and wellbeing of humans, nature and land. Development control guidelines 
and indicators sometimes pay lip service to the value of ‘ecosystem integrity’, or the ability of natural 
systems to maintain themselves. However, they do not seek increases to the ecological base or 
space that would increase ecosystem integrity. SA systems are beginning to call for ‘contributions 
to sustainability’ (or similar phrases). But to the extent that they associate terms like positive 
gain, adaptability, cultural diversity and biodiversity with conventional urban development, they 
are ‘greenwash’. Eco-services need to be integrated into actual physical infrastructure, to support 
indigenous species and enhance human and ecosystem health through design. When only 60 out 
of 100 design points need to be achieved, developers have little incentive to do their best. Cities can 
gradually increase the number of points in ‘boom’ periods. However, developments built to low 
initial specifications or points will be there for a long time. Conventional design is irreversible, so 
the ‘opportunity cost’ of ordinary development is incalculable.

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