Could developers benefit from such costly impact assessment processes?
Developers increasingly understood that assessment processes could lead to economic benefits
through greater efficiencies in development. Thus EIAs contributed to a gradual acceptance on the
part of development interests of greater public oversight of design. Instead of seeing these studies
as a necessary burden, they are becoming an integral part of business planning today. In fact, some
developers now go ‘beyond compliance’ and actively market their firm’s ecological sensitivities.
7
They realize that EIAs can demonstrate ‘good will’ on the part of industry, much like corporate
environmental management and reporting processes [Chapter 9]. Green measures are increasingly
incorporated in development approvals through various kinds of point systems. However, a
proposal that evinces any green development measures at all tends to be approved, despite overall
environmental harm (‘it is the thought that counts’). So while many architecture firms now market
‘green credentials’, what passes for sustainable development is often conventional development with
green features.
8
The EIA process does identify project alternatives, but the alternatives explored are
usually mitigation measures. So far, assessment processes do not take basic alternatives seriously.
9
The initial design concept usually remains the same. There is a need for processes that step back and
consider fundamental
sustainability
considerations, such as the best ecological use of land.
Why would developers be interested in identifying the best use of land?
They would not be. That is why we need planners, ecologists and others involved. Developers usually
look for the best site for a given type of project from an economic perspective, whether a fast food
outlet or apartment block. Alternative kinds of land uses for a particular site are seldom on the table,
even if the assessment addresses the ‘no development’ option. Starting with a given project and
looking for the best economic location is quite different from trying to optimize the ecological and
other potential public good values and functions of the site. Project proponents, of course, have no
reason to try to find better land uses for a particular site, let alone the best ecological use. This is one
of the roles of government master plans. Currently, however, even ‘sustainable’ master plans start
with how to accommodate growth with fewer impacts, instead of starting from how to enhance the
ecological base [Chapter 12]. Planners promulgate criteria and indicators for certain land uses (eg
office, residential or commercial), and the market determines the site according to land availability and
price. Sometimes, planners may provide site analyses and site-specific criteria for prime development
sites.
10
Logically, a sustainability assessment (SA) process would determine the best land uses (since
master plans and zoning schemes seldom do), in order to optimize social and ecological factors.
11
However, SAs tend to be just EIAs with a triple-bottom-line framework.
12
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Positive Development
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