‘This is a wonderful book that should be on the desk of every architect and planner. It shows how


Shouldn’t only those directly affected be considered in assessment processes?



Download 3,71 Mb.
Pdf ko'rish
bet165/467
Sana27.06.2022
Hajmi3,71 Mb.
#707769
1   ...   161   162   163   164   165   166   167   168   ...   467
Bog'liq
Positive Development From Vicious Circles to V

Shouldn’t only those directly affected be considered in assessment processes?
Good design would leave everyone better off than before, a decision rule that we will call the ‘Green 
Optimum’ [Chapter 9]. After all, sustainability is about preserving the rights of future as well as 
present generations. They are also ‘stakeholders’ in planning decisions. Offset systems allow current 
residents to, in effect, ‘negotiate’ compensation. Thus the immediate beneficiaries of development 
determine acceptable levels of environmental impacts and reductions in the public estate that future 
generations will have to bear. Despite community input, developers can win support for controversial 
development by, in effect, ‘buying off’ the local community. For example, Alaska receives about 85 
per cent of its revenue from oil royalties, so parochial forms of ‘democracy’ are not likely to prevent 
the granting of oil rights to wilderness areas. The fact that local or even aboriginal people decide 
what will compensate for the damage to their environment and loss of resource stocks or cultural 
heritage does not constitute sustainable decision-making. Compensating current beneficiaries for 
future generations’ access to natural resources does not create net positive outcomes. An ecologically 
terminal process, over time, violates the rights of future generations to the means of survival. Further, 
by allowing the alienation of green field sites and wilderness areas to development, incremental 
approvals implicitly assume that we are still operating well within ecological thresholds. But even if 
the development is relatively short lived, it changes an ecologically sensitive site for all time. Instead 
of allowing offsets for the harm we are going to do in the future, then, sustainability would require 
that we reverse and/or offset the harm we have already done [Chapter 11].
What about just requiring ‘extra’ positive offsets or exactions?
It would not be enough. We also have to move towards increasing future options and responsible 
choices, which are rapidly disappearing in the built and natural environment. Exactions or impact 
fees generally do not cover the direct costs of development to civil society. They only reduce the 
public costs of providing services to private development, such as the costs to a city of providing piped 
services to new suburbs or shopping malls. This means that developers may be required to provide 
some of the services that governments used to provide wholly at public expense to encourage growth.
This approach can only offset negatives, not increase positives. Where such impact fees are negotiated, 
the outcome will depend on the relative power of the parties represented at the table – usually just 
staff and developers.
23
The point at which public benefits appear to outweigh the costs will depend 
on precedents, the media and changing power relationships – not the ecological base. Planners have 
been losing power since the 1970s (at least in some English-speaking democracies), with the move 
towards smaller government.
24
Thus if a city council got more concessions from a developer than 
they had managed to obtain in recent years, the benefits would be deemed to outweigh the costs.
Planners cannot push for too much, as the developers might react politically or through the courts.
They must, of course, simultaneously placate the community for the same reasons. This is what is 
usually meant by the ‘balance’ between conservation and development. We balance off more of the 
public estate each year to ‘resolve’ conflict by appeasing current stakeholders.


128
Positive Development

Download 3,71 Mb.

Do'stlaringiz bilan baham:
1   ...   161   162   163   164   165   166   167   168   ...   467




Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©hozir.org 2024
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling

kiriting | ro'yxatdan o'tish
    Bosh sahifa
юртда тантана
Боғда битган
Бугун юртда
Эшитганлар жилманглар
Эшитмадим деманглар
битган бодомлар
Yangiariq tumani
qitish marakazi
Raqamli texnologiyalar
ilishida muhokamadan
tasdiqqa tavsiya
tavsiya etilgan
iqtisodiyot kafedrasi
steiermarkischen landesregierung
asarlaringizni yuboring
o'zingizning asarlaringizni
Iltimos faqat
faqat o'zingizning
steierm rkischen
landesregierung fachabteilung
rkischen landesregierung
hamshira loyihasi
loyihasi mavsum
faolyatining oqibatlari
asosiy adabiyotlar
fakulteti ahborot
ahborot havfsizligi
havfsizligi kafedrasi
fanidan bo’yicha
fakulteti iqtisodiyot
boshqaruv fakulteti
chiqarishda boshqaruv
ishlab chiqarishda
iqtisodiyot fakultet
multiservis tarmoqlari
fanidan asosiy
Uzbek fanidan
mavzulari potok
asosidagi multiservis
'aliyyil a'ziym
billahil 'aliyyil
illaa billahil
quvvata illaa
falah' deganida
Kompyuter savodxonligi
bo’yicha mustaqil
'alal falah'
Hayya 'alal
'alas soloh
Hayya 'alas
mavsum boyicha


yuklab olish