But surely SAs would favour eco-retrofitting over new developments?
No. SAs are applied to development proposals and usually do not compare new buildings to eco-
retrofitting alternatives. If they did, the costs of maintaining urban areas and buildings and suburbs
would probably not be considered in the assessments anyway. Existing development needs ongoing
investment in upgrades and revitalization. Yet relatively little attention has been paid to measuring
the maintenance costs of new developments, let alone the environmental impacts of maintenance and
renovations in the future. The resource costs entailed in maintaining old (‘fossil fuelled’) urban areas
in their present condition, or the waste entailed in demolition, seldom appear in the balance sheets.
Therefore new development seems better value than retrofitting. When a proposed development is
assessed, the future negative impacts on the urban environment are considered, of course. Things
like increased congestion and wind tunnel effects can be marginal, however, in comparison to total
urban resource flows. Assessments may look at the relative incremental social and economic impacts
of new or retrofitted development on its surrounds. They seldom if ever compare the ecological health
of the whole urban area before and after construction. A true sustainability assessment would assess
the pre-existing and ongoing social and environmental impacts in the surrounding urban area, to
see what urban conditions can be improved by the project. It would not just determine whether the
additional harm of a proposal appeared to be ‘acceptable’.
How could planners assess the urban context along with project proposals?
They would compare what the urban ecology and eco-services would be like before and after the
proposed development [Box 38]. Failure to look at the health of a whole area is one reason why new
shopping malls were allowed on prime agricultural land outside of central business districts, to the
detriment of inner city commercial areas. The decisions only considered the future costs and benefits
that might be caused by a particular new development – as if the existing urban context were cost-free
or impact-neutral. The social, economic and environmental costs of maintaining or decommissioning
the old shopping areas or business districts were not really factored in. Nor were the effects of the
new regional shopping malls on total resource flows in or through cities assessed. Consequently,
many inner city commercial areas have been subjected to a vicious circle of social and economic
deterioration, while continuing to leak greenhouse gases, energy and pollutants. Analyses that help
us to predict and measure negative impacts and their ramifications do not help us to identify areas
where we can reduce resource flows through either eco-retrofitting or urban acupuncture. Planners
must stimulate investment in eco-retrofitting – the market cannot address design failure on its own.
Today, SAs continue the tradition of examining proposals within small systems boundaries in a case-
by-case framework. This framework reinforces the biases against eco-retrofitting.
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