‘This is a wonderful book that should be on the desk of every architect and planner. It shows how

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ISBN: 978-1-84407-578-2 hardback
978-1-84407-579-9 paperback
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Printed and bound in the UK by MPG Books, Bodmin
Cover design by Rob Watts
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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Birkeland, Janis, 1945-
Positive development : from vicious circles to virtuous cycles through built environment design / 
Janis Birkeland.
p. cm.
ISBN 978-1-84407-579-9 (pbk.) -- ISBN 978-1-84407-578-2 (hardback) 1. Ecological engineering. 
2. Sustainable development. 3. Sustainable architecture. I. Title. 
GE350.B58 2008
628--dc22
2008011448
The paper used for this book is FSC-certified.
FSC (the Forest Stewardship Council) is an
international network to promote responsible
management of the world’s forests.

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To my ancestors, family and progeny 

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Contents
Figures and Tables 
x 
Preface 
xi
Acknowledgements 
xiii
Reader’s Map 
xiv
Introduction
: Sustainability versus Negativity 
xv
Section A: Redefining the Problem and Goals 
1
Chapter 1: Design for Eco-services
From design for sterility to design for fertility
3
Chapter 2: The Case for Eco-retrofitting
From impact mitigation to net positive impacts
23
Chapter 3: Sustainable Urban Form
From spatial minimization to spatial amplification 
43