‘This is a wonderful book that should be on the desk of every architect and planner. It shows how


Isn’t environmental preservation really up to voters, not planners?



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Positive Development From Vicious Circles to V

Isn’t environmental preservation really up to voters, not planners?
Voting usually comes too late for the environment, let alone for the voters. Many communities still 
assume that if they allow their resources and amenity to be exploited, they will still be able to enjoy 
nature reserves in other regions. This is a variation on the ‘tragedy of the commons’ (a vicious circle).
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On the other hand, as noted earlier, there is a growing public willingness to approve bonds to buy back 
urban open space and reserves.
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But there are also countervailing forces at work. For example, many 
local governments can still increase their tax base by allowing green field development within their 
boundaries. As land gets scarcer, property values go up. The cost of housing, in turn, puts pressure on 
politicians and planners to open up more land for development (another vicious circle). As recently 
as 2006, the (then) Australian Prime Minister urged states to release more land for more suburbs 
on green field sites which, again, councils cannot afford to service because they do not consider the 
option of resource autonomous homes.
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He did so, hopefully unintentionally, while cutting the 
ribbon on an urban eco-village. In addition, the best land in terms of ecology is usually allocated to 
development first, as it often has the best views and other environmental amenities. The remaining 
land has fewer natural values to protect, so has less appeal to public protection.
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Thus, despite the 
consumer demand for urban open space, regional parks and wilderness areas, the development of 
relatively natural areas will continue until they are eventually gone. The public debate increasingly 
centres on which nature reserves are most expendable – rather than how to protect them.
Surely in a democracy, such choices are up to society, even if unwise?
Cutting off the choices of future generations through an incremental resource allocation and wealth 
concentration process is not democratic. Further, the outcomes are not a result of direct or deliberate 
public decision-making, because the cumulative loss of the public estate is concealed by EIAs or 
SAs. They examine proposals in terms of what seems the best development option available at a 
given point in time. Impact assessments only present options that currently have financial backing, 
not what might otherwise have been proposed in different economic circumstances. This process 
does not provide a genuine opportunity for voters to make a considered choice. It only responds 
to relative pressure. Moreover, the fact of a case-by-case framework in itself will divert thought 
away from increasing options. With each incremental project approval, we are making irreversible 
‘planning’ decisions that cut off future options: ‘one more green field development cannot hurt’. The 
increasingly complex development assessment framework means that few intellectual, financial and 
institutional resources are directed at fixing market, political and design failure [Chapter 14]. Because 


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Urban Sustainability Assessment
the opportunity cost is ignored, community engagement is often limited to visual design aspects of 
particular developments. People are usually only notified if a development proposal is going to affect 
their property anyway. This limited view reflects the influence of the Pareto Optimum on decision-
making frameworks. That is to say, we only try to ensure that no-one is unduly harmed, or that the 
tradeoffs are not so negative as to constitute an injustice.

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