133
Regional
Sustainability Audits
world’s means of survival (land and water equivalence) than ‘Third World’ countries.
EF analysis is
useful for visualizing the problem of over-consumption. It is also able to portray the often inverse
relationship between population size and per capita consumption. As environmentalists have long
pointed out, children from wealthy nations can consume over 400 times more than an average child
from an impoverished nation.
6
This deflates the common position that population growth in poor
nations is
the
problem – a view that may have helped some to ignore systematic genocide in Africa.
Both consumption and population are critical issues in all countries, but in different respects. On the
one hand, poverty drives environmental destruction, such as land clearing and poaching for food. On
the other hand, over-consumption in some nations is made possible by poverty in other places, for
example the exploitation of cheap foreign resources and labour. It also helps to communicate the idea
that urban land use has a significant relationship to regional carrying capacity, and that humans as a
whole are using more resources than the Earth can sustain. So EF analysis conveys the importance
of
inequitable
consumption of resources in reducing increasing total global resource consumption.
Does EF analysis point to ‘solutions’ to the global inequities it exposes?
Not directly. The EF is an abstracted and generalized measure of
negative
impacts.
It converts
completely incommensurate issues, like air pollution and timber consumption, to a common
factor.
That factor, however, is ‘tangible’. Land or carrying capacity is more concrete than rubbery
concepts like willingness to pay, satisfaction or money, which are subject to inflation and political
spin-doctoring. For example, we can print more money, which would affect the value of money, but
not necessarily relative happiness [Box 34]. The tensions in relationships between consumption,
population, land area and carrying capacity depend on the specific biophysical and socio-political
context. Solutions therefore also depend on that site-specific context. Further, the EF does not
measure what is arguably the most fundamental equity issue in sustainability.
Specifically, that
access to the means of survival is being transferred from civil society and placed in the control of
private corporate interests and bureaucracies.
We have noted that, over time, this tends to close off
future social options and democratic choice. An EF analysis may communicate that water is being
consumed at an unsustainable rate, but
not
how much water has been allocated to private (corporate
or bureaucratic) control.
It does not register how, in many parts of the world, water is being sold out
from under the poor, who now cannot afford what was once a widely accessible means of survival.
7
In recent years, for example, many farmers have committed suicide in public protest over the loss of
their water and/or land.
8
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