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How can green design methods marginalize ecological considerations?



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Positive Development From Vicious Circles to V

How can green design methods marginalize ecological considerations?
There appear to be two typical approaches to design from the author’s observations: the ‘inside–out’ 
or 
human
-centred method and the ‘outside–in’ or 
resource
-centred method [Box 24]. These two basic 
approaches are not mutually exclusive, of course. However, due to the tendency to address problems 
in a linear sequential (although iterative) way, most designers start from one direction or the other.
Those that prioritize the individual building ‘user’ tend to start the design process from the inside.
They often begin with a bubble diagram that translates into a two-dimensional floor plan (which 
is then extruded into three dimensions). This approach emphasizes the manipulation of natural 
and built systems to achieve a comfortable and productive environment for the occupants. This is 
similar to ergonomics in product design, where design is matched to the needs of people, particularly 
human characteristics and behaviours (rather than social and ecological interdependencies).
48
Human 
factors, such as privacy or even spatial hierarchy (eg more prestigious spaces for executives), often 
drive the inside–out approach. Designers then ‘add value’ through things like 
unusual
interior spaces, 
shapes or ‘journeys’ that aim to affect the sensory experience of the user. To impress the user, they 
may try to create ‘wow’ experiences.
So how does the outside–in approach differ from the inside–out approach?
The outside–in approach tends to emphasize building forms over interior spaces, although better 
designers aim for both, of course. Those that prioritize exterior environmental factors often start 
from the building site and context (although sometimes starting with two-dimensional cross-sections 
and projecting these into three dimensions). Urban design considerations include the relationships 
between the project and other urban functions, such as pedestrian and traffic access, public spaces, 
and symbolic forms or features that might distinguish the project. Such considerations result in an 


110
Positive Development
emphasis on the exterior shape (or style), which can be modified to accommodate interior spatial 
requirements. These may then be reconciled with environmental factors impacting on the site (eg sun 
or overshadowing, noise, pollution, security and privacy, or wind and fire prevention). The resulting 
building skin is then modified to achieve an optimal combination of human comfort factors, such 
as heat, light, ventilation, views, air and noise (ie not the ecology). Those concerned with building 
form will tend to massage a building design to impress the general public or spectators, more than 
the building users. Value adding within this outside–in approach often appears through such visible 
statements as public art and impressive entrances or plazas, which can constitute positive social 
and cultural amenities. Both approaches thus often 
add
personal and/or social value, but still only 
‘mitigate’ environmental impacts and forces. The inside–out method is really the flipside of the 
outside–in method, and the results are not too dissimilar.

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