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Has impact assessment improved environmental decision-making overall?



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Positive Development From Vicious Circles to V

Has impact assessment improved environmental decision-making overall?
Certainly. We have come a long way since the early 1970s, when environmental impact assessment 
processes (EIAs) were introduced and adopted in many countries around the world.
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In the post-war 
period, when planners determined an area was rundown it was essentially earmarked for bulldozing 
and ‘redevelopment’, with infamous results. Although EIAs were only intended to discipline the 
decision-making process, rather than to actually protect the environment, they created a wedge into 
the hegemony of government authorities. EIAs did not stop government agencies and developers 
from continuing to replace ‘unruly’ natural systems with capital- and resource-intensive infrastructure 
and development projects. They did, however, make people in built environment professions more 
aware of the environmental and social consequences of development. Further, EIAs shifted the 
organizational culture by necessitating more government staff being drawn from different disciplines, 
such as chemistry and biology. They also exposed bureaucracies to direct public oversight through 
more inclusive information processes. These changes, in turn, contributed to a greater appreciation of 
the legitimacy of different values, stakeholder preferences and types of knowledge. More important, 
there is now more scepticism of scientific expertise. It became apparent, for example, that some 
scientists could be found to support virtually any position. So today, there is less public patience 
with obfuscation and/or volumes of confusing data that had become institutionalized with EIAs. The 
overall outcome has been a growing demand for more transparent and accessible analyses and more 
democratic decision processes in planning.
Has public involvement in planning and assessment affected outcomes?
To an extent. EIAs almost never stop proposed developments. However, increasing public 
engagement in project approvals generated by assessment processes has made more people aware of 
the externalities and subsidies entailed in development.
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Simultaneously, it has made them aware that 
many fundamental decisions impacting upon the environment are still outside the public purview.
Special interests whose power transcends governments will always control the outcomes of any major 


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Urban Sustainability Assessment
resource allocation decisions. Issues of fundamental importance on the whole systems level, such as 
whether to develop nuclear power, are still usurped by power politics.
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Once a ‘green light’ for nuclear 
power is decided by cabinet, for instance, EIAs will be conducted on the technicalities of individual 
nuclear plant proposals only, not the concept itself or their alternatives. In total, EIAs have cost untold 
sums of money, but have resulted in few significant modifications to development proposals – even 
where many citizens believe the projects would create an environmental catastrophe. On the other 
hand, participatory processes and requirements to prepare EIAs have discouraged some proposals 
from being developed in the first place, and these outcomes are not generally reported.
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Unfortunately, 
however, EIAs were not very well integrated with design. Thus, while beneficial in many ways, they 
were costly in relation to benefits.

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