So just how do SAs differ from EIAs then?
In theory, but not yet in practice, SAs are meant to apply to all decisions in project development.
Sometimes they are even meant to apply to ‘whole of government’ decision-making.
13
The idea is that
all areas and agencies of government should weigh all policies, organizational structures, decisions
and actions against sustainability principles – not just a final project, plan or design. Thus SAs have
brought about some theoretical improvements over EIAs.
14
However, despite their wider scope and
technical advances, SAs still retain the basic intellectual construct underlying EIAs: the emphasis on
predicting and mitigating impacts upon the status quo. Consequently, they help us to choose the
least bad option, but not to transform whole systems or create healthy, ‘living’ environments. As
currently framed, therefore, SAs cannot adequately guide us towards net Positive Development, let
alone stimulate the design of positive impacts. Instead of front-loading creative processes, SAs can
even reinforce the defensive, negative impact mentality described in previous chapters. This is because
projects qualify as exemplary if they merely offset
irreversible
ecological losses with short-term social
and economic benefits. Again, substitution and tradeoffs do not satisfy the concept of sustainability
used in this text: expanding future options and natural security [Introduction]. So far, then, SAs have
merely broken the ice on the subject of sustainability.
Why aren’t these assessment methods adequate to achieve sustainability?
Like other environmental management tools, SA methods still reflect the idea that we can only
mitigate impacts and reduce risks. Because we cannot assess something until there is a design concept,
any resulting changes will tend to be at the margins. SAs examine alternatives for realizing certain
private investment goals. There is little evidence that they require examination of options to invest
in reversing the impacts of existing development, or in generating positive off-site impacts. Further,
assessment methods are geared for measuring and mitigating
future
damage from a retrospective
orientation. Accounting activities can buttress a non-unsustainable prototype of development against
fundamental design change. Throughout environmental management, the vast majority of resources
in sustainability are still invested in initiating, applying or modifying assessment processes, criteria
and indicators themselves. Changing the prefix from environmental to sustainability does not change
the outcome. More time and effort appears to go into developing means of assessing future projects
than in addressing existing system design problems. So while there is nothing wrong with impact and
risk assessment
per se
, they can cause designers, developers and local authorities to ignore problems
that could be fixed. The focus on future actions or projects also distracts public debate away from
existing inequities [Box 48]. Assessment methods should therefore be re-designed to find ways to be
more proactive and direct: to improve existing urban areas through new or retrofitted development
and encourage whole systems thinking or innovation.
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