‘This is a wonderful book that should be on the desk of every architect and planner. It shows how


So just how do SAs differ from EIAs then?



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Positive Development From Vicious Circles to V

So just how do SAs differ from EIAs then?
In theory, but not yet in practice, SAs are meant to apply to all decisions in project development.
Sometimes they are even meant to apply to ‘whole of government’ decision-making.
13
The idea is that 
all areas and agencies of government should weigh all policies, organizational structures, decisions 
and actions against sustainability principles – not just a final project, plan or design. Thus SAs have 
brought about some theoretical improvements over EIAs.
14
However, despite their wider scope and 
technical advances, SAs still retain the basic intellectual construct underlying EIAs: the emphasis on 
predicting and mitigating impacts upon the status quo. Consequently, they help us to choose the 
least bad option, but not to transform whole systems or create healthy, ‘living’ environments. As 
currently framed, therefore, SAs cannot adequately guide us towards net Positive Development, let 
alone stimulate the design of positive impacts. Instead of front-loading creative processes, SAs can 
even reinforce the defensive, negative impact mentality described in previous chapters. This is because 
projects qualify as exemplary if they merely offset 
irreversible
ecological losses with short-term social 
and economic benefits. Again, substitution and tradeoffs do not satisfy the concept of sustainability 
used in this text: expanding future options and natural security [Introduction]. So far, then, SAs have 
merely broken the ice on the subject of sustainability.
Why aren’t these assessment methods adequate to achieve sustainability?
Like other environmental management tools, SA methods still reflect the idea that we can only 
mitigate impacts and reduce risks. Because we cannot assess something until there is a design concept, 
any resulting changes will tend to be at the margins. SAs examine alternatives for realizing certain 
private investment goals. There is little evidence that they require examination of options to invest 
in reversing the impacts of existing development, or in generating positive off-site impacts. Further, 
assessment methods are geared for measuring and mitigating 
future
damage from a retrospective 
orientation. Accounting activities can buttress a non-unsustainable prototype of development against 
fundamental design change. Throughout environmental management, the vast majority of resources 
in sustainability are still invested in initiating, applying or modifying assessment processes, criteria 
and indicators themselves. Changing the prefix from environmental to sustainability does not change 
the outcome. More time and effort appears to go into developing means of assessing future projects 
than in addressing existing system design problems. So while there is nothing wrong with impact and 
risk assessment 
per se
, they can cause designers, developers and local authorities to ignore problems 
that could be fixed. The focus on future actions or projects also distracts public debate away from 
existing inequities [Box 48]. Assessment methods should therefore be re-designed to find ways to be 
more proactive and direct: to improve existing urban areas through new or retrofitted development 
and encourage whole systems thinking or innovation. 

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