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How does this ‘defensive’ approach contrast with Positive Development?



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Positive Development From Vicious Circles to V

How does this ‘defensive’ approach contrast with Positive Development?
In the defensive approach that reflects the dominant environmental management paradigm, the 
impacts of the environment on the building or its occupants are ‘predicted and mitigated’. This is 
partly because the building will be evaluated according to its potential impacts on the environment 
(through rating tools, impact assessment, etc). If they are concentrating on environmental forces 
affecting the building site and occupants, designers will only try to reduce the impacts of the building 
upon the occupants and/or community. When in a defensive design mode, one does not try to 
improve ecological or human health or conditions beyond the site boundaries – even when altruistic 
design costs nothing extra. Thus input–output thinking in green design could be seen as the other 
side of the impact assessment ‘coin’ [Figure 9]. Both approaches are defensive. Even when designers 
claim to create buildings that are ‘like ecosystems’, the result is more like the life-support systems in 
hospitals, if not cryogenic capsules. The built environment needs to broaden its scope and provide 
life-support for ecosystems (the hospital) as well as species (patients), so to speak. Our buildings 
reflect the idea that we can support humans in a hostile atmosphere – as if we were in a spaceship. Yet 
there is no reason why buildings could not also create the infrastructure for ecosystems to flourish.
So how do we begin to think outside the building envelope when designing?
A flows approach would help get away from the standard reliance on cross-sections, floor plans or 
envelopes. It would help us to think beyond inputs and outputs at system boundaries. Whereas 
input–output thinking concentrates the mind on the building envelope, a flows approach would 
look at opportunities for design to add functions and values 
beyond
the site boundaries: ‘pushing the 
envelope’ as it were. By focusing on the building envelope, some green designs – like conventional 
design – create a sense of separation between the human and the natural environment. This reinforces 
the false belief that humans can be independent of nature, the life-support system. This in turn limits 


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Design Methods
our capacity to perceive new alternatives that would break down the physical and metaphorical 
division between humans and nature. A flows approach draws into question the very nature of the 
building envelope.
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So we might instead incorporate ecological space in indoor and outdoor areas 
– and in the envelope itself [Figure 10]. A building could be more like a space frame that combines 
space for ecosystems and biodiversity with walkways, balconies and other social space, while serving 
the many other practical functions of the building skin [Box 4]. Design for eco-services, as partially 
exemplified by Green Space Walls and Green Scaffolding, challenges the nature–society barrier. Such 
proposed structural concepts are potentially compatible with any style, and can be retrofitted into 
virtually any building.
The Green Space Wall is a set of demountable modules that would vary depending on the orientation of 
the wall as well as functional purposes. It would create an internal microclimate that not only helps to heat, 
cool and ventilate the building, but produces clean energy, air, water and soil. The modules support a range 
of visual and ecological functions, from gardens to butterfly breeding to food production (similar to the 
retrofitting version, Green Scaffolding). The modules are supported (off the ground) by a structural system 
which is integrated with solar stacks, ventilation systems and light-weight wind generators. In this example of 
a sustainability education centre, the floor plates are narrow, and wrap around internal courtyards, forming a 
diversity of virtual pathways to sustainability.
Figure 10 Sample Green Space Wall image

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