‘This is a wonderful book that should be on the desk of every architect and planner. It shows how


So just what difference in outcomes do these approaches have?



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Positive Development From Vicious Circles to V

So just what difference in outcomes do these approaches have?
The inside–out approach takes the perspective of the user, and the outside–in approach takes the 
perspective of the external observer. While neither is exclusive, of course, it is often obvious which 
approach has been prioritized. For example, an office building with an interior, windowless office 
space can result from a priority on the building shape as seen from the outside (outside–in design).
Buildings with windows that reflect heat and glare on neighbours can result from a priority on creating 
exciting interior spaces and views (inside–out). Both methods tend to be concerned primarily with 
the building envelope. Whether designers work from the inside out or outside in, they meet at the 
building skin, so to speak. This, of course, oversimplifies the process. Any design process will be 
informed by diagrams, checklists, site analyses and other studies, in addition to the client’s ‘design 
brief’. But the process is often one of trading off space for quality materials, shapes and fixtures. The 
activities, physical requirements and spaces needed to accommodate the ‘brief’ will be arranged on the 
site plan. The spaces will be reconciled with the allowable floor area, set back, height and other city 
planning restrictions. The specification of optimal floor space considered necessary for each function 
or activity already establishes a mindset that assumes spaces need to be divided up. When functional 
activity is constrained by space reduction, and minimalism is seen as a virtue, then natural amenities 
and eco-services are inevitably sacrificed. Designers usually add economic, social or ‘environmental’ 
value (or triple bottom line considerations), but virtually none aim to add net positive ecological 
gains. Green design is thus still tokenistic. 
So these two approaches are seen in green as well as in conventional building?
Yes. The inside–out approach mitigates environmental impacts on the user and the outside–in 
approach mitigates environmental impacts on the building. Green design today likes to compare a 
building envelope to a ‘skin’. The inside–out green design approach tends to focus on environmental 
forces affecting the user’s skin, or human comfort. The outside–in approach tends to focus on 
environmental forces acting on the building skin. Both conventional and green design approaches thus 
arguably reflect input–output thinking. That is, figuratively speaking, both draw a boundary around 
the design problem, and then find ways to mitigate impacts or forces impinging upon the human and/
or building skin. Although thinking outside or inside the box comes fairly naturally to most green 
designers, both inside–out and outside–in approaches can create mental visors. Just as in LCA, if we 
focus on the inputs and outputs, we will draw boundaries around a problem, and thus concentrate 
on mitigating environmental impacts of inputs and outputs. In other words, environmental factors 


111
Design Methods
are perceived as 
impacts
on users or 
forces
on the buildings that must be manipulated, mitigated and 
controlled. This negative mindset means that we are not inclined to think of:

Turning those forces around for advantage (eg creating and storing additional cooling 
potential versus just preventing excessive heat)
• 
Increasing environmental flows (eg generating additional oxygen and warmth or coolness) 
versus sealing off and heating smaller spaces
• 
Generating off-site positive environmental impacts to create ecological gain for the
community versus adding social offsets to compensate for ecological losses

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