li,
I
reached the
bodhi
tree. The surrounding walls are built high and strong out
of brick; they are long from east to west and narrow from south to north, and
are about five hundred paces in circuit. Exotic trees and famous flowers cast
continuous shade on the ground, and fine sand and strange plants cover the
earth with a green quilt. The main gate opens east toward the Nairañjanā
River and the southern gate is near a large flower pool. The west side is an
inaccessible natural barrier, while the northern gate leads to a big monastery.
Inside the enclosure the sacred sites are connected with one another. The
stupas or shrines were all built by monarchs, ministerial officials, and nobles
of various countries of Jambudvīpa as memorials to their acceptance of the
bequeathed teachings of the Buddha.
At the center of the enclosure of the
bodhi
tree is the diamond seat, which
came into existence together with the great earth at the beginning of the
bhadrakalpa.
It is in the middle of the three-thousand great chiliocosm, reach-
ing down to the golden wheel below the surface of the earth. It is made of
diamond and is over a hundred paces in circuit. Because the one thousand
buddhas of the
bhadrakalpa
all sit on it to enter the diamond
samādhi,
it is
called the diamond seat, and because it is the place for realizing the sacred
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The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
Way it is also called the
bodhimaṇḍa
(“seat for realizing buddhahood”).
Whenever the earth quakes this spot alone remains stable. Thus, when the
Tathāgata was about to attain enlightenment, the four corners of this seat
trembled in the directions of where he had traveled to, but when he came
here it was calm and quiet, without agitation. Since the beginning of the
period of decline at the end of the
kalpa,
when the right Dharma started to
deteriorate, this site was covered by sand and earth and was lost to view.
After the Buddha’s nirvana the monarchs of various countries set up two
sitting statues of Avalokiteśvara facing east at the southern and northern
limits of the enclosure, according to the Buddha’s description as they had
heard from the tradition. Some old people said that when the statues of [Avalo-
kiteśvara] disappear and become invisible the buddha-dharma will come to
an end. The statue at the south corner has already sunk down up to the chest.
The
bodhi
tree at the diamond seat is a
pipal
tree, which was several hun-
dred feet tall in the time of the Buddha, and although it has been cut down
or damaged several times it still remains forty or fifty feet high. Because the
Buddha attained full enlightenment while sitting under this tree, it is called
the
bodhi
tree (“tree of enlightenment”). The trunk of the tree is yellowish-
white in color and its branches and leaves are always green; they never wither
nor does their luster decrease, whether in winter or summer. Each year on
the day of the Tathāgata’s nirvana the leaves fade and fall but they grow out
again very soon. On that day the monarchs of various countries and monks
and laypeople from different places, thousands and myriads in number, gather
here of their own will to water and bathe the tree with scented water and
milk, accompanied by music. With arrays of fragrant flowers and lamps burn-
ing uninterruptedly, the devotees vie with each other in making offerings to
the tree.
After the Tathāgata’s demise, when King Aśoka first ascended the throne
he believed in heretical doctrines and he destroyed the sites left by the Buddha.
He sent his troops and came in person to cut down the
bodhi
tree. He chopped
the roots, stalks, branches, and leaves into small pieces and had them heaped
up at a spot a few tens of paces to the west, where fire-worshiping brahmans
were ordered to burn the pile as a sacrifice to their god. Before the smoke
and flames had dissipated, however, two trees with luxuriant and verdant
leaves grew out of the furious fire; these trees were thus called ash
bodhi
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Fascicle VIII
trees. On seeing this strange sight, King Aśoka repented his misdeeds and
water the remnant roots with sweet milk. When it was nearly dawn the tree
grew up as before. The king, greatly exhilarated to have seen this spiritual
wonder, made offerings to the tree in person with such delight that he forgot
to return home. The queen, a heretical believer, secretly sent someone to cut
down the tree after nightfall. When King Aśoka went to worship the tree at
dawn he was very sad to see only the stump of the tree. He prayed earnestly
and watered the stump with sweet milk, and in a few days the tree grew up
once again. With deep respect and astonishment the king built a stone enclo-
sure to the height of more than ten feet around the tree, which is still in exis-
tence. Recently King Śaśāṅka, a heretical believer, denounced the buddha-
dharma out of jealousy, destroyed monasteries, and cut down the
bodhi
tree
[again]. He dug the ground so deep as to reach spring water but he could not
get at the ends of the roots, so he set fire to burn it and soaked it with sugarcane
juice with the intention of making it rotten and prevent it from sprouting.
Several months later, King Pūrṇavarman (known as Manzhou, “Full Armor,”
in Chinese) of Magadha, the last descendant of King Aśoka, heard about the
event and said with a sigh of regret, “The Sun of Wisdom has sunk and only
the Buddha’s tree remained in the world; now that the tree has been destroyed
what else is there for living beings to see?” He prostrated himself on the
ground and wept piteously. He watered the tree with milk obtained from sev-
eral thousand cows and it grew up to some ten feet high in one night. Fearing
that people of later times might cut it down [again], he surrounded it with a
stone enclosure to the height of twenty-four feet. Thus the
bodhi
tree at
present is behind the stone wall, and more than ten feet of branches grow
out above the wall.
To the east of the
bodhi
tree is a shrine, one hundred and sixty or seventy
feet high, built on a base whose front side is more than twenty paces wide.
It was built with brick and plastered with lime. In all the niches arranged in
tiers there are golden images, and on the four walls are marvelous carvings
in the shapes of strings of pearls or figures of spirits. On top is installed a
gilded copper
āmalaka
fruit (also said to be a precious bottle or a precious
pot). It is connected with a storied pavilion at the east, the eaves of which
are in three layers. The rafters, pillars, ridgepoles, beams, doors, and windows
are adorned with gold and silver carvings and studded with a mixture of
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The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
pearls and jade. The innermost chamber of the shrine has three doors con-
necting with the other parts of the structure. On each side of the outer door
there is a niche containing an image of Avalokiteśvara Bodhisattva on the
left side and one of Maitreya Bodhisattva on the right side, both cast in silver
and more than ten feet in height.
Formerly King Aśoka built a small shrine at the site of the [present] shrine
and a brahman later extended it. There was once a brahman who did not
believe in the buddha-dharma but worshiped the deity Maheśvara. He heard
that the deity was living in the Snow Mountains, so he went with his younger
brother to seek the fulfillment of his wishes from the deity. The deity said,
“Your wishes can be fulfilled only when you have done meritorious deeds.
It is not that you can get things by merely saying prayers, nor can I make
you satisfied.” The brahman said, “What meritorious deed should I do so
that my mind can be satisfied?” The deity said, “If you wish to plant the seed
of goodness you should find the field of blessedness. The
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