samādhi.
Formerly the Tathāgata once came here through supernatural power and
sat on this rock in the
samādhi
of complete cessation for an entire night. The
deva
s, spiritual beings, and saints made offerings to him, performed celestial
music, and heavenly flowers rained down. After the Tathāgata had emerged
from the state of
samādhi
the heavenly beings, out of feelings of respect and
admiration, constructed a stupa with gems, gold, and silver, but over the
course of time the precious substances have turned into stone. Since ancient
times nobody has ever visited the stupa. Looking from afar at the high moun-
tain one can see strange beings, long snakes, and fierce animals circumam-
bulating to the right around the stupa, and
deva
s, immortals, spirits, and saints
coming one after another to sing praise. On a hillock to the east of the moun-
tain is a stupa built at the place where the Tathāgata once walked and stopped
to look back at the country of Magadha.
At a spur of a hill over thirty
li
to the northwest of the mountain there is
a monastery built on an elevated place backed by a ridge, with lofty pavilions
excavated on the precipices. There are more than fifty monks, all of whom
study the Mahayana teachings. This was the place where Guṇamati (known
as Dehui, “Virtue-wisdom,” in Chinese) Bodhisattva subdued the heretics.
There was once on this mountain a brahman named Mādhava, who was
a follower of the theories of the Sāṃkhya school and practiced the same
accordingly. He was an expert in both Buddhist and heretical doctrines and
could speak well on the principles of nonexistence and existence. His fame
excelled that of his predecessors and his virtue won the respect of his con-
temporaries. The king esteemed him as national treasure and the ministers
and common people honored him as their personal teacher. Scholars of neigh-
boring countries accepted his style of learning, respected him for his virtue,
and regarded him as a pioneer. He was indeed a learned and erudite man. He
lived on the fief of two cities in an abode surrounded by feudal lands.
At that time Guṇamati Bodhisattva of South India had been a person of
intelligence since his childhood. He was exquisite in learning in his early
days, had thoroughly mastered the Tripiṭaka, and perfectly understood the
Four Noble Truths. When he heard that Mādhava’s theories were most pro-
found and abstruse he decided to frustrate his vainglory. He sent a disciple
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to the brahman with the following message, “I respectfully inquire after
Mādha va’s health and hope you are living in peace and happiness. It befits
you to forget about fatigue and make a good review of your past learning.
In three years I shall put an end to your good repute.” In the second and third
years he repeated the message to the brahman. When he was about to start
out on the journey [to see the brahman] he wrote another letter to him, saying,
“The time is drawing to an end. How is the progress of your studies? You
should know that I am coming soon.” Greatly worried and afraid, Mādhava
warned his disciples and feudal tenants that from then on they should not
take in any
śramaṇa
or heathen, and he told them to pass the notice to all
others and to not infringe the admonition.
At that time Guṇamati Bodhisattva came with his pewter staff to of Mā -
dhava’s fief but the tenants, in keeping with the prearrangement, refused to
give him lodging. The brahman reproached him, saying, “With a tonsured poll
and dressed in a unusual costume, what a strange figure you are! It befits you
to go away quickly and not stay here!” Guṇamati wished to defeat the brahman
and desired to stay in the latter’s feudal land, so he said in polite language with
a mind of compassion, “You people are pure ascetics following the worldly
truth, while I am a pure ascetic practicing the superior truth. Since we all are
pure ascetics, why do you reject me?” The brahman would not speak with him
but instead drove him away. Having been driven out of the feudal land Guṇamati
entered a great forest in which packs of fierce animals wrought havoc.
A pure believer, fearing that Guṇamati might be hurt by the animals, came
with a torch and a staff in hand and said to the bodhisattva, “A Guṇamati
Bodhisattva of South India whose fame has spread far is coming to hold a
debate. Thus the lord of the fief, fearing that his good name might be lost in
the polemic, issued a strict order to his people to not give overnight lodging
to any
śramaṇa
. Fearing that he may be harmed by wild animals, I have come
here to help him. He may go his way in safety without worry.” Guṇamati
said, “I must tell you, pure believer, that I am Guṇamati.” Having heard these
words the pure believer showed still deeper respect to Guṇamati and said to
him, “If that is the case, you should quickly leave here.” So they came out
of the dense forest and halted in an open marshland, where the pure believer
built a fire. Holding a bow in his hand he walked all around. When the night
had passed he said to Guṇamati, “You should go now, lest people get wind
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of you and come to injure you.” Guṇamati said with thanks, “I will never
forget your kindness.”
He then went to the palace and said to the gatekeeper, “A
śramaṇa
coming
from a great distance wishes to obtain the permission of the king to hold a
debate with Mādhava.” Having heard this announcement, the king was
amazed and said, “This man must be crazy!” Then he ordered a messenger
to go to the place of Mādhava to declare his edict, saying, “A strange
śramaṇa
has come and begged to hold a debate [with you]. The ground for the argu-
mentation has been swept clean and an announcement has been sent out far
and near. I hope you will kindly attend the meeting with your gracious pres-
ence.” Mādhava asked the messenger, “Is the man the
śāstra
master Guṇamati
of South India?” The messenger said, “Yes.” Mādhava was greatly displeased
to hear this but he could not decline the invitation, so he went to the venue
of contention. The king and his ministers, as well as scholars, common peo-
ple, and nobles, gathered at the meeting, wishing to listen to the learned
discussion.
Guṇamati put forward his proposition first, but up until sunset Mādhava
refused to offer a retort, on the excuse that because of his his advanced age
he could not give a prompt reply but had to leave and quietly ponder the
question before returning to give his refutation. For every new point [raised
by his opponent] he always said that he must leave before making a reply.
The next morning, after he had taken his seat in the discussion, he could
not utter a word in refutation and on the sixth day he died, vomiting blood.
On his deathbed he said to his wife, “You are a woman of great talent and
you must not forget the shame I have suffered.” Mādhava’s death was kept
secret and his wife, attired in gorgeous dress, came to the meeting. The
people in the assembly made a hubbub and said among themselves, “Mā -
dhava is self-conceited and is too shy to face Guṇamati, so he has sent his
wife to come to the meeting. It is apparent who is superior and who is infe-
rior.” Guṇamati Bodhisattva said to Mādhava’s wife, “The one who can
subjugate you has been subjugated by me.” The woman then beat a hasty
retreat in the face of these difficulties.
The king said [to Guṇamati], “What secret words did you say that made
the woman go away in silence?” Guṇamati said, “What a pity! Mādhava is
dead! His wife came with the intention of holding the debate with me.” The
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king said, “How do you know this? Please tell me.” Guṇamati said in reply,
“When she came she had a sorrowful look of mourning and her voice betrayed
her feelings of grief and sadness. That is how I knew that Mādhava had died.
By saying ‘the one who can subjugate you,’ I was referring to her husband.”
The king then sent someone to see what had happened and he found that the
situation was just as had been described. The king said in self-reproach, “The
buddha-dharma is abstruse and wonderful and has brilliant sages coming
forth in succession; nonaction is the way that benefits living beings. According
to the original institutions and regulations of our country, I shall praise and
honor people of virtue in the usual manner.” Guṇamati said, “Stupid as I am,
I practice the Way and abide by chastity; I observe the precepts of contentment
and self-restraint and study the means to help others. Whenever I attempt to
induce someone [to the right path] I always first suppress his arrogance and
then convert him in an appropriate way. Now it is time for me to request
Your Majesty to assign all the tenants of Mādhava’s fiefs to become [monks]
in the monastery for innumerable generations, so as to leave an example for
people in the future and transmit the fame of these good deeds forever. As
for the pure believer who gave me protection, I hope he will live blissfully
in the world and enjoy the same provisions that are given to the monks, in
order to persuade people to have pure faith, as well as to exalt his profound
goodness.” Thus this monastery was constructed for the glorification of this
superior event.
When Mādhava was first vanguished in the debate, dozens of brahmans
fled to take refuge in a neighboring country, and they informed the brahmans
of that land about the shameful affair. They recruited brilliant scholars and
returned home to seek vengeance for the former insult. As the king respected
Guṇamati, he went in person to invite the latter, saying, “Some heretics who
overrate their own abilities have organized a party, formed cliques, and ven-
tured to sound the drum to demand that a debate be held. I hope that you,
Venerable Sir, will crush these heretics.” Guṇamati said, “The debaters may
be called to an assembly.” The heretical scholars were delighted to hear this
and said among themselves in consolation, “We shall certainly win the case
today!” Then the heretics expounded their theoretical principles. Guṇamati
Bodhisattva said, “These heretics here have taken refuge in a distant land
and, according to the king’s former ordinance, they have become contemptible.
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How can I debate with them face to face?” At that time Guṇamati had a page
to serve him as a seat carrier, and that man often heard his master’s supereroga-
tory disputations and had become adept in discussing the gist of subtle teach-
ings. As he stood by the side of his master, listening to his eloquent talk,
Guṇamati clapped his seat and said, “Seat carrier, you may debate with them.”
All the people in the assembly were surprised by this. The page then began
to raise questions. His words of deep meaning flowed like a spring and his
clear eloquence echoed in the air. In three rounds the heretics were vanquished
in the disputation, the sharpness of their tongues blunted and the shafts of
the fletching of their arrows broken. Because they had been defeated in the
debate they were made feudal tenants of the monastery.
More than twenty
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