Record of India
that in the old days,
after King Aśoka had built eighty-four thousand stupas, he still had five
dou
of [the Buddha’s] relics. Therefore he constructed five more stupas in a dif-
ferent style from that of other places. Miracles occurred from time to time
to testify to the fivefold spiritual body of the Tathāgata. Some impious people
discussed the matter in private, saying that these stupas were constructed by
King Nanda of yore to store his seven kinds of treasures. Later a king of little
faith heard about the rumor and, covetous of the treasures, he sent his troops
under his personal supervision to excavate the stupas. But the earth quaked,
the mountains collapsed, clouds enshrouded the sun, and the stupas issued
a loud sound of thunder. The soldiers fell dead and the elephants and horses
fled in fear. Since then no one has dared another attempt [to excavate] the
stupas. Some people have said that there were different accounts of this
matter, but this could not be unascertained. We may get the true facts by fol-
lowing the records of ancient books.
To the southeast of the old city is Kukkuṭārāma Monastery (known as
Jiyuan, “Rooster Garden,” in Chinese), which was built by way of performing
good deeds with veneration by King Aśoka when he first had faith in the
buddha-dharma. He summoned one thousand monks, both ordinary people
and saints, [to this monastery], offered them the four monastic requisites,
and provided them with other articles for daily use. The monastery has been
in ruins for a long time and only the foundations are still in existence. Beside
this monastery is a great stupa called Āmalaka, which is the name of a sort
of medicinal fruit (
āmalaka;
myrobalan) of India.
King Aśoka, lying ill on his deathbed, knew that he was incurable and he
intended to give up his gems and jewels for the performance of good deeds,
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but his influential ministers had seized power and would not allow him to
do what he desired. Later he kept an
āmalaka
fruit from his meal and played
with it until it had become half spoiled. Holding the fruit in his hand, he said
to his ministers with a long sigh, “Who is now the lord of Jambudvīpa?” The
ministers said in reply, “Your Majesty is the sole lord of Jambudvīpa.’’ The
king said, “No! I am not the lord now! I have sovereign power only over this
half a fruit. What a pity! Worldly wealth and nobility are more easily extin-
guished than a candle burning in the wind. My position entitled me to control
the whole country and my title is the highest of all designations, yet I am
poor on my deathbed, under the command of powerful ministers. Even though
I have lost the empire I still possess half a fruit.” Then he ordered his attending
official, “Take this half a fruit to Kukkuṭārāma Monastery and offer it to the
monks with the following message: ‘I, the former lord of the whole of Jambud-
vīpa, now the king of half an
āmalaka
fruit, beg to pay homage in front of
the monks of great virtue. I hope that you will accept my last alms. I have
lost all that I once possessed, except for this half a fruit, which is somehow
at my disposal. Please have pity on my poverty and let my seeds of blessedness
grow and increase.’” The senior monk of the community said, “King Aśoka
used to be generous in almsgiving but he now suffers from a serious illness
and treacherous ministers have usurped his power. His accumulated wealth
is no longer his own property and he has only half a fruit to give as alms. By
the king’s order we will distribute the fruit to all the monks.” So the senior
monk instructed the steward monk to cook the fruit in a thick soup and then
collected the kernel, for which a stupa was built. Since the monks had received
the king’s great beneficence it was fitting that they fulfill his last wish.
In an old monastery to the northwest of Āmalaka Stupa there is a stupa
known as Bell Striking. Formerly there were about a hundred monasteries
in this city. The monks were solemn and respectful and had great learning,
and they had silenced the heretical scholars [in debate]. In the course of time
the monks eventually died and their successors failed to maintain the tradition
of learning. The heretical teachers taught their students to become perfect in
knowledge and they then summoned their schoolmates, thousands and myriads
in number, to assemble at the monastic buildings, shouting aloud, “Strike
the bell to call up all your scholars!” Groups of ignorant monks came together
and wantonly sounded the bell and they reported to the king, requesting him
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The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
to be the judge of the contest. The heretical teachers were highly talented
scholars of good learning, and even though there were numerous monks
their arguments were shallow and superficial. The heretics announced, “We
are the winners of the debate. From now on no monastery should strike the
bell to call assemblies.” The king sanctioned the request, according to the
precedent regulations of debate. Having been put to shame, the monks with-
drew in disgrace and for twelve years they did not strike the bell.
At that time, Nāgārjuna Bodhisattva (known as Longmeng, “Dragon
Valor,” in Chinese, formerly mistranslated as Longshu, “Dragon Tree”) of
South India had enjoyed a good reputation from his youth, and he enjoyed
unique fame when he had grown up he. He renounced the world of lust and
love and became a monk to cultivate his learning. He made a profound study
of the wonderful principles and attained the first stage [of a bodhisattva]. He
had a great disciple named Deva, a person of wisdom and cleverness with
wits and good understanding. Deva said to his teacher [ Nāgārjuna], “The
scholars of Pāṭaliputra were defeated in debate by the heretics, and time
passes so quickly that twelve years have passed since they stopped striking
the bell. I would venture to demolish the hill of erroneous views and light
the torch of the Dharma.” Nāgārjuna said, “The heretics of Pāṭaliputra are
erudite scholars and you are no match for them. I must go in person.” Deva
said, “To cut off rotten grass is it necessary to overturn the whole mountain?
Under your instruction I venture to refute the heterodox scholars. May you,
my great teacher, raise an argument in favor of the heretical theories and
let me analyze the points against them, and we shall see who will be the
winner before we plan our action.” Nāgārjuna then proposed a thesis of the
heretical theories, and Deva refuted his teacher as the latter tried to maintain
his viewpoints. At the end of seven days Nāgārjuna had failed to uphold his
proposition. He said with a sigh, “Erroneous views can be easily refuted
and it is difficult to defend wrong theories. You may now go; you can surely
defeat them.”
Deva Bodhisattva had always been a man of high renown. When the
heretics of Pāṭaliputra heard about his arrival they assembled and hurriedly
went to report to the king, saying, “Your Majesty has formerly condescended
to hear our suggestion that a rule be made to prevent the monks from striking
the bell. We pray that a decree be issued to order the guardians of the city
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gates not to allow a foreign monk from a neighboring country to enter the
city, lest he conspire to recklessly overturn the former rule.” The king con-
sented to their proposal and ordered the guardians to keep strict watch. Thus
when Deva arrived he was barred from entering the city. Hearing about he
restriction, he changed his clothes, folded his
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