The Coming into Force of the Contract



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Bog'liq
Business Project Management and Marketing Mastering Business Markets-201-403

Preliminary inquiry
phase & problem
identification
Ends with
preliminary study
Proposal
preparation phase
Ends with proposal
Customer 
negotiation phase
Ends with contract
Implementation
phase
Ends with
project approval
Warranty
phase
Ends at the end of the
warranty period
Preliminary inquiry
phase
Ends with inquiry/ 
tender
Proposal prepa-
ration phase
Ends with submis-
sion of a proposal
Customer nego-
tiation phase
Ends with
order receipt
Project implementation and 
warranty phase
Ends at the end of the warranty period
Initiation phase 
Ends with submission of a proposal
Customer 
negotiation phase
Ends with 
order receipt
Implementation phase
Ends with fulfillment
of the contract
Preliminary inquiry
& initiation phase
Ends with 
problem definition
Negotiation phase
Ends with conclusion of a contract 
or failure of the negotiation
Implementation and
warranty phase
Ends with fulfillment
of the contract
Backhaus/Günter (1976)
Koch (1987)
Utikal (2001)
Geiger (2007)
Time
Fig. 1
Phase models for the temporal definition of the negotiation (Geiger
2007
, p. 18)
210
I. Geiger


degrees of duties of cooperation may be assigned to the principal. This may include
the provision of the necessary infrastructure (construction of roads, rail connections
or a port) or the execution of approval processes, especially for major technical
plants. This requires permanent coordination between the parties, which is fre-
quently based on the concluded contract. Genuine renegotiations may become
necessary if unforeseen events occur. The following considerations are also appli-
cable for any renegotiations, although they are not the explicit focus of the
deliberations. An overview of the supplier and customer activities in the various
phases is displayed in Table
1
.
1.3
Organizational Characteristics
Another specification relating to “negotiation” in the context of the industrial plant
and project business lies in the description of the parties involved (Geiger
2007
,
p. 22 et seq.). In his earlier research on the subject of negotiations in the capital
Table 1
Activities in the transaction process phases (Geiger
2007
, p. 20)
Supplier activities
Intercompany interactions
Customer
activities
Preliminary inquiry and initiation phase
Customer acquisition
Establishment of contact
Consulting/preliminary study
Recording of customer problems
Exchange of information to
define the customer problem
Identification of
requirements
Problem
identification
Review of
fundamental
realization
options
Negotiation phase
Inquiry selection
Proposal preparation
Conception of an appropriate overall
package to resolve the problem
(technical design, services
accompanying the product)
Commercial and legal proposal
preparation
Delivery schedule
Formulation of the inquiry
Clarification of queries for
proposal preparation
Contractual negotiation
Agreement or disagreement
on
technical offering features and
the scope of the overall package
Order modalities (economic and
legal conditions)
Preparation of
inquiries
Supplier
preselection
Proposal
evaluation
Proposal
comparison
Implementation and warranty phase
Order processing
Technical and commercial
specification and implementation of
the solution
Delivery, installation and assembly
After-sales support
Information exchange to
coordinate the supplier and
customer activities as part of the
service creation
Delivery/assembly
Qualification/approval
Processing of warranty claims
Possible renegotiations
Supporting the
supplier’s
service creation
Use of the plant
Negotiation Management
211


goods sector, Koch (
1987
) stated that a genuine negotiation network particularly
exists for the marketing of industrial plants. This means that various individuals as
well as departments and
third parties
are involved in the central customer
negotiations between supplier companies and customer organization on both
sides, at least indirectly. This kind of negotiation hierarchy is displayed in Fig.
2
.
In particular, for major industrial projects, consulting companies (such as for
engineering services), financial service providers (banks, credit insurance
companies, project finance institutions) and public authorities may be involved in
the negotiations on both the supplier and the customer side (Backhaus and Voeth
2010
, p. 351 et seq.; Engelhardt and Gu¨nter
1981
, p. 109 et seq.). It is frequently
also the case that a proposal is not just received from a single supplier company
alone, but rather that a
supplier consortium
is involved in major projects, so that a
considerable need for negotiation exists between the individual consortium
companies themselves (see Chap.
8
). Negotiations also take place within the
individual organizations on both the supplier and the customer side based on the
differing interests of the individual departments and managers. This type of inter-
action has already been extensively investigated, at least descriptively, in studies on
the
Buying
and
Selling Center
(e.g. Hutt et al.
1985
; Johnston and Bonoma
1981
;
Venkatesh et al.
1995
).
Even though both internal negotiations as well as those between the individual
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