negotiation. This applies regardless of which categorization of frames the reader
leans towards. In any case, this section has hopefully made it clear that frames, as
glasses worn by negotiators, have a considerable impact on their perception and
information processing.
3.3.2
Perception: The Window to Subjective Reality
The first fundamental psychological process that a negotiator uses to establish a
connection with their social environment and the negotiation situation is their
perception
. An important objective of perception in negotiations is the correct
reception and interpretation of what the other party says and attempts to transmit.
The extent to which this is achieved depends on many factors, including the frames
that a negotiator (consciously or unconsciously) uses, their prior knowledge and
experience, personality variables (intelligence, empathy), the role (for example, in
team negotiations a person may be assigned just to listen and so has a more
comprehensive and sharper perception than the chief negotiator in the same
team), their mental and physical condition or the external conditions of the negoti-
ation (temperature, noise, local environment, etc.).
Perception itself is a complex physiological and psychological process, which
includes the detection, selection and interpretation of sensory stimuli to create
meaning for the individuals (Lewicki et al.
2010
, p. 139). The interpretation and
attribution of meaning in relation to the stimuli received is almost exclusively
relative, i.e. relates to a certain reference value (exception: people with perfect
pitch are able to state the pitch of a sound without a benchmark). Whether a
negotiator is perceived as more aggressive or conciliatory depends on factors
such as their reputation or past history (Hilty and Carnevale
1993
).
Given that a negotiator’s environment is generally extremely complex and that it
contains a vast number of stimuli, perception from an individual’s perspective
always involves a reduction of the number of stimuli that can be incorporated. As
a result, perception is always selective perception, a type of subjective window to
the negotiator’s reality. As shown in Fig.
9
, the perception process includes the
steps of attention, recognition and translation.
The need to address perception, as a specific psychological process in connec-
tion with negotiation, is especially necessary due to the fact that perceptual biases
regularly and systematically occur in negotiations, and the view of reality through
the subjective window does not always show the true reality. Perceptual biases
cannot always be selectively distinguished from cognitive biases, which we look at
in greater detail in the next section and which deal more with information
processing.
Stimulus
Attention
Recognition
Translation
Behavior
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: