4
The Everyday Life of Mathematics Schools
A substantial amount has been written about the life of mathematics
schools. In addition to the already-mentioned publications, we would
name Chubarikov and Pyryt (1993), Grigorenko and Clinkenbeart
(1994), Karp (1992), Koval’dzhi (2006), and Tokar (1999). In what
follows, we will inevitably skip over many details — to describe the life
of many schools over a half-century is impossible — and concentrate
on characteristics that may be said to be representative and in some
sense idealized; we will focus on positive experience.
We must begin with the fact that mathematics schools were not
much more expensive for the state than ordinary schools, if at all. In
principle, these schools were financed according to the same schema
as for all others. Admittedly, boarding schools virtually from the
beginning of their existence had the option of paying for two teachers
of some specialized classes (and Kolmogorov’s boarding school, as
far as is known to us, could even hire three teachers), which, in
conjunction with their permission to organize classes more flexibly
(for example, to conduct lectures for three or four classes at the
same time), created certain opportunities for additional financing for
certain clubs and circles, among other purposes. However, even in
boarding schools, these sums were very modest; as for city schools,
they operated mostly on a standard school budget, using funds for
electives and mathematics circles, and subsequently also for other
forms of individualized and consultation work that appeared much
more recently. For a large part of the history of specialized schools,
parents’ resources were not solicited directly, although, of course, so-
called sponsoring organizations were welcome in all Soviet schools, and
the sponsoring organizations of mathematics schools were often more
inclined to help out (for example, by donating their less than brand-
new equipment to the schools). Even in recent years, as far as can be
judged, the absolutely overwhelming majority of classes in mathematics
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schools have remained free for students. In general, even in cases where
the budget of a mathematics school did turn out to be somewhat larger
than the budget of an ordinary school, the significant differences had
not so much concerned the school’s equipment, let alone its facilities,
as the human contribution to the school, which very frequently was
made without compensation. Below, for example, we will describe a
system that has evolved in Moscow’s school No. 57, which involves
the presence of five or six teachers in the same class. It is important
to recognize that “extra” teachers receive no salary for such work or a
salary that is purely symbolic (Davidovich, 2005).
Work in specialized schools was (and to a certain extent remains)
prestigious. The opportunity to serve the mathematics community,
the opportunity to work with an interesting group, the opportunity
to interact with leading research mathematicians in school, the oppor-
tunity to make up one’s own curriculum and implement one’s own
projects and not someone else’s, the opportunity to return to the
school from which one had graduated in a new capacity: all of these
opportunities sustained the enthusiasm of those who had spent hours
working with schoolchildren.
When specialized schools were first formed, they were made up
of only the two highest grades, 9 and 10 (10 and 11 in the new
system). In the 1980s, however, specialized classes for grades 7 and
8 (8 and 9) began to appear and rather quickly became common.
Their proliferation was stimulated, on the one hand, by competition
between specialized schools, which strove to attract the most capable
students as early as possible, and, on the other hand, by the fall in
the level of ordinary education — specialized schools preferred to
prepare their own students for themselves, using the curriculum of the
eight-year school (nine-year school). Note that the 1974 report quoted
above already expressed the thought that specialized schools needed
to include an eighth grade. Usually, specialized schools had several
parallel tracks. For example, Kolmogorov et al. (1981) indicated that
the Kolmogorov boarding school admitted 150 students for two-year
schooling and 60 more students for one-year schooling (p. 11).
The work week in a specialized school is long. The number of hours
allocated for mathematics and physics is considerably greater than that
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