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in ordinary schools. Standard Ministry of Education curricula from the
end of the 20th century provide for the study in specialized schools of
two mathematical subjects in grades 8–9 — algebra (5 hours per week)
and geometry (3 hours per week); and in grades 10–11, they provide
for the study of algebra and calculus (5–6 hours per week in grade 10
and 5 hours per week in grade 11, respectively) and geometry (3 hours
per week) (Kuznetsova, 1998, p. 35). However, schools also had so-
called elective hours, which at some specialized schools were made
mandatory for all students; in addition, the standard class schedule
included hours allocated for so-called productive labor, part of which
usually went to programming and computational mathematics. The
number of hours devoted to mathematics could thus reach 10, 11, or
even 12 per week.
Other subjects were studied in accordance with the normal curricu-
lum without any abridgments (for example, Kolmogorov et al., 1981,
p. 62). Moreover, although the number of hours allocated for other
subjects was the same as in ordinary schools, not infrequently their
actual requirements turned out to be higher, if for no other reason
than simply that the students were on the whole stronger than usual.
Learning was not limited to ordinary classes, however. Extracurric-
ular work was considered no less important. Schools usually offered
many different clubs and electives (this time really not meant for all
students). Their subject matter could be very diverse and could include
quite advanced courses, which sometimes touched on unsolved prob-
lems [for example, the books of Alekseev (2001) and Zalgaller (1966)
are based on the experience of such work with students]. Kolmogorov
et al. (1981) mentioned such courses as “Finite Fields and Finite
Geometries,” “Hyperbolic Geometry,” “Galois Theory,” “Elementary
Mathematical Logic,” and “Elementary Number Theory” (p. 20).
Such classes could also be devoted to various additional topics in school
mathematics or, finally, to solving Olympiad problems.
Olympiad-related work occupies a very prominent place in special-
ized schools. For example, in school No. 30 in Leningrad (St. Peters-
burg), two “official” rounds of the school Olympiad were usually held
every year. The first, a written round, was held instead of regular classes
(three hours), and all students of the school participated in it. The
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Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
winners were invited to take part in the second round, which, like the
citywide round of the St. Petersburg Olympiad, was oral: the students
explained their solutions to jury members, usually graduates of the
same school (Karp, 1992). The level of problems in the second round
usually approached that in the citywide round.
In addition, school No. 30 conducted annual tournaments of so-
called “math battles” (Fomin et al., 1996). Each class sent a team of
seven students to such an event. To select the members for a team, a
teacher (often with the help of graduates) would sometimes conduct
an “unofficial” Olympiad within a class. Problem-solving contests, in
both the written and the correspondence format, were also held at the
school (Karp, 1992). Students from mathematics schools were also the
most active participants in Olympiads outside the schools — in which,
as has already been noted, they won the overwhelming majority of
prizes.
Along with the “systematic” activities listed above, presentations by
famous scientists, which periodically took place at the schools, played an
important role. Andrey Kolmogorov gave regular presentations at the
Moscow boarding school and even taught courses there. Other major
mathematicians appeared in schools more rarely, but nonetheless it is
clear that their lectures and their very presence were an important factor
in the students’ development. Not infrequently was it also possible to
organize work for students under the direct supervision of research
mathematicians on some research problem. Kolmogorov et al. (1981)
noted that “once every two weeks a meeting of the Students’ Scientific
Society takes place, at which students report on their work” (p. 21). In
other schools, school conferences were conducted; citywide and even
All-Union (All-Russia) conferences were held as well, in which students
from mathematics schools actively participated (Karp, 1992).
Extracurricular work was by no means limited to subjects related to
physics and mathematics. Gnedenko recalled how Kolmogorov himself
“lectured the students about the work of wonderful Russian and
Soviet poets, about music, painting” (Kolmogorov et al., 1981, p. 5).
Lectures of this kind were read at mathematics schools, naturally, not
only by mathematicians but also by representatives of the humanities;
significantly, this was fully encouraged and promoted (at least as long as
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