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it did not meet with objections from the authorities, which, however,
from the second half of the 1960s on, was by no means a rare
occurrence — see, for example, Sossinsky, 2010). Literary evenings,
collective readings of classics or modern authors, group field trips, and
so on (see, for example, Karp, 2007) were all important components
in the life of a mathematics school.
The enormous workload of students at mathematics schools meant
that they had to be rigorously selected. Kolmogorov et al. (1981)
related that admissions to the Kolmogorov boarding school were
conducted in three rounds. The first round consisted of a written exam
in mathematics and physics, administered in regional centers on the
same days as the regional Olympiad (to save strong students from
villages and small towns from extra travel). All students who could
show a recommendation from their teachers would be allowed to take
this exam. The second round was an oral exam for the winners of the
written round. Based on the results of this round, some students would
be invited to a selective summer camp (20 days), where, based on the
results of their work in classes, final admissions would take place.
The selection of students for school No. 30 in St. Petersburg
takes into account the results of Olympiads and contests, as well as
recommendations by teachers of mathematics circles, and is made
on the basis of “consultations” with the students (basically exams),
which usually take place over several rounds — some written, some
oral. It is important to hold several rounds in order to minimize the
influence of accidents, reduce stress, and even acquaint students with
the requirements; the ability to solve a problem better the second time
around is considered an important indicator in the selection process
(Karp, 1992). Moscow’s school No. 57 selects its classes literally
over a period of several years, observing the successes of students in
Olympiads, inviting them to participate in mathematics circles, and
conducting numerous consultations with them (Demidovich, 2005).
We have already noted that schools and classes with an advanced
course of study in mathematics are not all identical. As an extreme
case, particularly in recent decades, one can point to classes for which
students are selected entirely from one ordinary school: the school
administration and the teachers’ council divide ninth graders into
several tracks, based on their grades and, to some extent, on their
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wishes. Thus, for example, three classes might appear: a “mathematical”
class, a “normal” class, and perhaps a “humanities-oriented” class (for
which students might be selected on the basis of poor performance in
mathematics, as will be discussed below). But in such “mathematical
classes” the workload is usually considerably lighter.
In concluding this section, let us say a word about the teachers
of mathematics schools (see also Karp, 2010b). When they first
opened, mathematics schools needed remarkable people and attracted
remarkable people. One example of such an unusual teacher was
Anatoly Vaneev, whose higher education had been interrupted by
World War II; after serving in the army, he spent a number of years
in Stalin’s labor camps. There, he came into contact with Lev Karsavin,
one of Russia’s major religious philosophers, and subsequently Vaneev
himself became a notable religious thinker (Vaneev, 1990), which, not
surprisingly, remained a secret from his students at school No. 30, and
later from the teachers who attended his lectures at the Institute for the
Continuing Education of Teachers. One of his school students, who
subsequently became a well-known teacher at school No. 30 himself,
was Vladimir Ilyin. As Ilyin (2005) recalled:
Vaneev exerted a serious influence on me, although, of course, I found
out about many things — the labor camps, the theology, etc. —
only after graduating from school. But this, of course, could be felt
in the breadth of his personality. I had a very good history teacher,
Solomon Natanovich Ezersky. It was an absolute revelation to me that
a history teacher could have other interests — Solomon Natanovich
was a very active contributor to the magazine Yunost’, wrote novels,
short stories. And what shocked me most of all was the fact that this
could be discussed with students in class. This was one of the aspects
of that special attitude that teachers had toward students, which had
previously been completely unknown to me and which had a serious
influence on me.
Other schools also had teachers of nonmathematical subjects who
exerted a considerable influence on their students (see, for example,
Sossinsky, 2010). Outstanding mathematics teachers came from differ-
ent backgrounds. They included mathematicians — scientific workers,
already mature or only starting out, who, coming to the school,
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were able to become wonderful teachers, finding ways to convey
their understanding of and interest in mathematics to the children.
They also included professional schoolteachers, who had previously
worked in ordinary schools and who, coming to mathematics schools,
were able to broaden their knowledge and horizons in a way that
genuinely enabled them to teach their highly gifted students. Practically
everyone who came to a mathematics school initially had to receive
some additional education (in mathematics or practical pedagogy),
but the very environment in the school — contacts and interac-
tions with colleagues and research mathematicians and, most impor-
tantly, with strong students — facilitated the teachers’ growth (Karp,
2010b).
In should be noted that during the period when specialized schools
were being formed, their administrations were usually able to find
and support remarkable people; and subsequently, too, a teacher
who had educated a number of outstanding students (Olympiad
winners, prominent young scientists, and so on) usually commanded
a certain amount of respect, and hence enjoyed the administration’s
support. Specialized schools, which were based on selection, valued
their reputations — that is to say, first and foremost, their teachers.
Naturally, there were limits here as well. The wonderful Leningrad
teacher I. Ya. Verebeychik, because of whom school No. 121 achieved
the Olympiad successes described above, was fired from the school
during the aforementioned crackdown: the authorities determined that
he was the least experienced teacher at the school, if only because he
did not attend professional development courses (Verebeychik, 2005).
One can also point to cases in which, instead of being a community
of people interested in mathematics and in science and culture in
general, a school becomes simply a place where students can be decently
prepared for college entrance exams, in an atmosphere that differs from
the one described above. Yet, such developments are to some degree
prevented by the intensive curriculum of the schools and the many long
hours of work done together by students and teachers, which nurtures
special relationships that last for years after the students graduate and
which subsequently attracts graduates to return and help out in the
schools.
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