Мuzaffar Choriyev Мuхаmmаdi G‘opporov

Should + have +P.P.	O’tgan zamondagi ish-harakatga nisbatan ishlatilib, biror shaxs burchini
He should have helped them. U ularga yordam berishi kerak edi. You shouldn’t have gone there yesterday. Siz u yerga kecha borishingiz kerak edi.
		bajarmaganligini yoki to’g’ri ish qilmaganligini bildirib ta’nani, tanbehni ifodalaydi

Will

1	Will + V	2- va 3- shaxs birlik va ko‘plikda kelasi zamonni ifodalaydi.	He will come to London soon. You will see him tonight. Will you have a meeting tomorrow?
2	Will + V	1-shaxs birlik va ko‘plikda kelasi zamonda modallashib ishlatiladi va istakni, niyatni, rozilikni, kelishuvni yoki va’dani ifodalaydi	I will call on you tomorrow. We will help him.
3	Will + ega + V?	Iltimosni ifodalaydi	Will you close the door? Eshikni yopib yuborasizmi? Eshikni yoping, iltimos. Will you pass me the salt? Tuzni uzatib yuborasizmi? Tuzni uzatib yuboring, iltimos. Won’t you have a glass of water? Bir piyola suv ichasizmi?

Would

1	Would + V	Bosh gapdagi fe’l o‘tgan zamonda bo‘lganda ergash gapdagi kelasi zamonni ifodalash uchun ishlatiladi	He said that he would come soon I told him that you would leave London on Monday.
2	Would + V	1-shaxs birlik va ko‘plikda modallashadi va kelasi zamondagi niyatni, istakni yoki rozilikni bildiradi	I said that I would help hem. We said that we would come to see him.
3	Would + V	Hozirgi zamondagi noreal shart gapli qo‘shma gapning bosh gapida ishlatiladi	He would go there if he had time.
4	Would + have + P.P.	O‘tgan zamondagi noreal shart gapli qo‘shma gapning bosh gapida ishlatiladi	You would have caught the train if you had walked faster.
5	Wouldn’t + V	Bo‘lishsiz gaplarda barcha shaxslar bilan birlik va ko‘plikda ishlatiladi va biror ish qilishni qattiq istamaslikni bildiradi	He tried to persuade me, but I wouldn’t listen to him. U meni ishontirishga harakat qilardi, lekin men unga quloq solmasdim I asked him several times to giv up smoking, but he wouldn’t. Men undan bir necha marta chekishni tashlashni so’radim, lekin u tashlamadi.
6	Would + V	Barcha shaxslar bilan birlik va ko‘plikda o‘tgan zamondagi takrorlanib turgan ish-harakatni bildiradi. Would + V = used to + V lekin ikkinchisi og‘zaki nutqda ko‘proq ishlatiladi.	He would sit for hours on the shore and (would) look at the sea. U qirg‘oqda soatlab o‘tirar va dengizga tikilar edi. I would call on him on my way home. Men uyga qaytishda unikiga kirb o‘tardim.
7	Would + ega + V?	Iltimosni ifodalaydi	Would you mind passing me the salt? Would you tell me the time?

Can

	Can + V	Qobiliyat va imkonioyatni ifodalaydi hozirgi va kelasi zam,onga nisbatan ishlatiladi	I can do it now. I can speak english. He can finish his work next week This work can be done at once. The steamer can be discharged tomorrow.
	Can = to be able to		I can do it = I am able to do it. I could do it. = I was able to do it I shall be able to do it

May

t.r.	Formula	Tushuntirish	Misollar
1	May + V	Faqat hozirgi zamonda ruxsatni	You may take my dictionary. Siz mening lug‘atimni olishingiz mumkin. May I come in? Kirsam mumkinmi?
			You mayn’t smoke here. = You mustn’t smoke here.
2	May + V	Gapiruvchi o‘zi amin bo‘lmagan taxminni ifodalaydi	He may know her address. Balki u uning adresini bilar. He may come to London in the summer. Balki u shu yozda Londonga kelar.
3	May + be + Ving	Gapirilayotgan paytda sodir bo‘layotgan taxmin	Where is he? –He may be walking in the garden. U qayerda? –U bog‘da sayr qilayotga bo‘lishi mumkin
4	May + not + V	Bo‘lishsiz taxmin	He may not know her address. You may not find him there.
5	May + have + P.P.	O‘tgan zamondagi taxmin	He may have left London. He may have lost your address. He may not have come yet.
6	May + V	Maqsad ergash gapda	I shall give him my exercises so that he may correct them.
7	Might + V	Bosh gapi o‘tgan zamonda bo‘lgan o‘zlashtirma gapning ergash gapida ruxsatni bildiradi.	He said that she might take his dictionary
8	Might + have + P.P.	Bosh gapi o‘tgan zamonda bo‘lgan o‘zlashtirma gap-ning ergash gapida o‘tgan zamondagi ruxsatni bildiradi	He said that she might have lost their address.
9	Might + V	Bosh gapi o‘tgan zamonda bo‘lgan maqsad ergash gapda ishlatilai	I gave him my exercises so that hemight correct them.
10	Might + V	Hozirgi zamon noreal shart gaplarda.	If you tried, you might get the book.
11	Might + have + P.P.	Bosh gapi o‘tgan zamonda bo‘lgan maqsad ergash gapda ishlatilai	If he had been here, he might have helped us.

Must

	Must + V	Zarurat, buyruq yoki maslahat	I must do it now. (zarurat) You must post the letter at once. (buyruq) You must consult a doctor. (maslahat)
	Must + be + P.P.	Kerak	This work must be done at once. The steamer must be discharged tomorrow.
	Must + not + V	Taqiqlashni bildiradi mayga teskari.	May I do it? No, you mustn’t.
		Mustning teskari ma’nosini ifodalash uchun needn’t ishlatiladi.	You needn’t do it now. Siz buni hozir qilmasligingiz kerak. He needn’t go there tomorrow. U u yerga ertaga borishi kerak emas. Must I go there? – No, you needn’t.
	Must + V = Have + to + V		I must do it now = I have to do it now. He must go there tomorrow. = He have to go there tomorrow.
	Have + to + V	O‘tgan va kelasi zamondagi zarurat	I had to go there. I shall have to do it.
	Must + V	Gapiruvchi to‘g‘ri deb o‘ylagan taxmin	He must know her address. He must be in the library now.
	Must + Ving	Gapirilayotgan paitdagi taxmin	Where is he? –He must be walking in the garden. U qayerda? –u bog‘da sayr qilayotga bo‘lishi kerak.
	Must + have + P.P.	O‘tgan zamndagi taxmin	They must have fogotten to send us a copy of the telegram with their letter. The cases must have been damaged during the unloading of the vessel

Ought to

	Ought + to + V	Hozirgi va kelasi zamondagi axloqiy burch yoki maslahat	He ought to help his friend. U do‘stiga yordam berishi kerak. You ought to be more careful. Siz ehtiyotkorroq bo‘lishingiz kerak.
	Ought + to + have + P.P. (Shoul + have + P.P.)	O‘tgan zamondagi ish-harakatni ifodalab, kishi burchini bajarmaganligini, noto‘g‘ri ish qilganligini bildirib, po‘pisani, tahdidni ifodalaydi.	You ought to have done it yesterday. Siz buni kecha qilishingiz kerak edi. He ought not to have sent that cable. Siz o‘sha telegrammani jo‘natmasligingiz kerak edi.

Need

	Need + V	So‘roq va bo‘lishsiz gaplarda biror ish-harakatning bajarish zaruratini bildiradi.	Need he come here? U bu yerga kelishi kerakmi? You needn’t come so early. Siz bunday ertachi kelmasangiz ham bolardi. He needn’t hurry. U shoshilmasa ham bo‘ladi.
		Need bilan berilgan savolga bo‘lishli javobda must ishlatamiz	-Need I go there at once? - Yes,you must.
	Need not (needn’t) + have + P.P.	O‘tgan zamonda biror ish-harakatni qilish zarurati bo‘lmaganligini bildiradi.	You needn’t have come so early. Bunchalik ertachi kelmasangiz ham bo‘lardi.
	Need + ot	Kerak ma’nosida asosiy fe’l bo‘lib keladi	You need a long rest. I don’t need your book any longer. Does he need my help? We needed the dictionary badly. I”ll need your advice.

NON-FINITE FORMS OF THE VERB

(FE’LNING SHAXSI NOMA’LUM SHKLLARI)

Umumiy ma’lumotlar

1. 
   Fe’lning shaxsi noma’lum shakllari shaxsni, sonni va maylni ifodalamaydi, shuning uchun ham ular gapda kesim bo‘lib kela olmaydi.
   

2. 
   Fe’lning shaxsi noma’lum shakllarining ikkita xususiyatlari bor; otlik va fe’llik. Sifatdoshda fe’llik va sifatlik xususiyatlari mavjud. Gerund va infinitivda fe’llik va otlik xususiyatlari mavjud.
   

THE INFINITIVE (INFINITIV)

Umumiy ma’lumotlar
Infinitiv fe’lning shaxsi noma’lum shakli bo‘lib, harakatning nomini bildiradi; shaxsini ham, sonini ham ko‘rsatmaydi. Infinitivning ko‘rsatkichi tarjima qilinmaydigan va urg‘u olmaydigan to yuklamasidir.
Infinitive otning ko‘pgina xususiyatlarini saqlab qolgan va otga o‘xshab gapda quyidagi vazifalarda keladi:

ega bo‘lib keladi:	To skate is pleasant.
ot kesim tarkibida keladi:	Your duty was to inform me about it immediately.
fe’l kesim tarkibida keladi:	She began to translate the article.
to‘ldiruvchi bo‘lib keladi:	I asked him to help me.
aniqlovchi bo‘lib keladi:	He expressed a desire to help me.
hol bo‘lib keladi:	I went to the station to see off a friend.
Infinitiv o‘zidan keyin vositasiz to‘ldiruvchi oliadi	I told him to post the letter.
Infinitiv ravish bilan aniqlanishi mumkin:	I asked him to speak slowly.

3. Infinitivning zamon va nisbat shakllari mavjud.

Ingliz tilida o‘timli fe’llarning oddiy nisbatda to‘rtta shakli va majhul nisbatda ikkita shakli mavjud:

	Active	Passive
Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous	to ask to be asking to have asked to have been asking	To be asked - to have been asked -

Active Infinitive va Passive Infinitive

Infinitive hech kimga qarashli emas	To drive a car in a big city is very difficult.
(to go infinitivi ifodalagan ish-harakat I egaga qarashli.)	I intended to go there.
(to come infinitivi ifodalagan ish-harakati him to‘ldiruvchiga qarashli.)	Ask him to come early.

Infinitiv ifodalagan ish-harakati o‘sha infinitiv qarashli bo‘lgan shaxs yoki buyum tomonidan sodir etilsa, Active Infinitive ishlatiladi:	He has a great desire to invite you to the party. I want to inform Tom of Bill’s arrival.
Infinitiv ifodalagan ish-harakat o‘sha infinitiv qarashli bo‘lgan shaxs yoki buyumga nisbatan (boshqalar tomonidan) sodir etilsa Passive Infinitive ishlatiladi	He has a great desire to be invited to the party. I want to be informed of her arrival.

Simple va Perfect Infinitive
Simple Infinitive (ham Active, ham Passive) quyidagi hollarda ishlatiladi:

kesimidagi ish-harakat bilan bir vaqtda sodir etiladigan ish-harakatni ifodalaganda:	I am glad to see you. I saw him enter the house.
Infinitiv may, must should, ought modal fe’llari bilan va to expect umid qilmoq, kutmoq, to intend qasd qilmoq, to hope umid qilmoq, to want istamoq kabi fe’llar bilan kelib kelasi zamondagi ish-harakatini ifodalaydi:	I hope to see him at the concert. I intend to go there on Sunday.
Vaqtdan qat’iy nazar, umuman sodir bo‘ladigan ish-harakatini ifodalaydi:	To skate is pleasant.

Perfect Infinitive (ham Active, ham Passive) quyidagi hollarda ishlatiladi:

Gapning kesimidagi fe’l ifodalagan ish-harakatdan oldin sodir bo‘lgan ish-harakatni ifodalash uchun	He seems to have finished his work. This writer is said to have written a new novel.
may va must fe’llaridan keyin kelib ish-harakat allaqachon sodir bo‘lgan degan taxminni ifodalash uchun:	I don’t know where he is. He may have gone to London. He must have fogotten about it.
Should, would, could, might, ought to, va was (were) to modal fe’llaridan keyin kelib bajarilishi lozim bo‘lgan va bajarilishi mumkin bo‘lgan, lekin haqiqatda bajarilmagan ish-harakatini ifodalaydi:	He should (ought to) have gone there. You could have helped him. He was to have come yesterday.
to intend, to hope, to expect, to mean fe’llarining o’tgan zamondagi shaklidan keyin kelib ish-harakatni sodir qilishga qasd, umid bo’lishiga, shu ish-harakatni sodir etilishini kutishga qaramay shu ish-harakat sodir bo‘lmaganligini bildiradi:	I hoped to have met him there.

Continuous va Perfect Continuous Infinitive

Continuous Infinitive gapning kesimidagi ish-harakat bilan bir paytda davom etgan ish-harakatni ifodalaydi:	That firm is reported to be conducting negotiations for the purchase of sugar. The wether seems to be improving.
Perfect Continuous Infinitive gapning kesimidagi ish-harakatdan oldin uzoq vaqt davomida davom etgan ish-harakatni ifodalaydi:	They are said to have been conducting negotiations for a long time. He is known to have been working on this problem for many years.

Infinitivning to yuklamasi bilan kelishi
1. Odatda infinitivdan oldin to yuklamasi keladi: to speak, to buy. Agar gapda ikkita infinitiv bo’lib, ular and yoki or bog‘lovchisi bilan bog‘langan bo‘lsa, ikkinchi infinitivdan oldin to yuklamasi qo‘yilmaydi:

I intend to call on him and discuss this question.	Men unikiga bormoqchiman va bu masalani muhokama qilmoqchiman.
I asked him to telephone to me on Monday or wire.	Men undan dushanba kuni telefon qilishni yoki telegramma qilishni so‘radim.

2. Quyidagi fe’llardan keyin har doim infinitiv to yuklamasi bilan ishlatiladi:

afford qurbi yetmoq agree kelishmoq; ko‘nmoq, rozi bo‘lmoq appear ko‘rinmoq arrange uyushtirmoq ask so‘ramoq attempt urinmoq beg yalinmoq care qiziqmoq claim da’vo qilmoq consent rozi bo‘lmoq decide qaror qilmoq demand talab qilmoq deserve arzimoq desire qattiq istamoq expect umid qilmoq

Regret afsuslanmoq Remember eslamoq seem bo‘lib ko‘rinmoq strive harakat qilmoq struggle kurashmoq, urinmoq swear ont ichmoq tend o‘ch bo‘lmoq threaten qo‘rqitmoq try urinmoq volunteer yordamini taklif qilmoq wait kutmoq want istamoq wish istamoq,xohlamoq fail muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchramoq

forget unutmoq hesitate ikkilanmoq hope umid qilmoq intend niyat qilmoq learn o‘rganmoq manage eplamoq mean ko‘zda tutmoq need kerak bo‘lmoq offer taklif qilmoq plan rejalashtirmoq prepare tayyorlamoq pretendmug‘ambirli qilmoq promise va’da bermoq refuse rad etmoq

I’ll arrange to meet you at the airport. He asked to come with us. He begged to come with us. I don’t care to see that show. She claims to know a famous movie star. She finally consented to marry him. I demand to know who is responsible. She deserves to win the prize. I expect to enter graduate school in the fall. She failed to return the book to the library in time. I refuse to believe his story. I promise not to be late. I can’t afford to buy it. She appeard to be tired. I have decided to leave on Monday. They agreed to help us. The president will attempt to reduce inflation. I regret to tell you that you failed. I remembered to lock the door. I want to tell you something. I didn’t mean to hurt your feelings. She threatened to tell my parents.

Don’t hesitate to ask for my help. Jack hopes to arrive next week. He learned to play the piano. She managed to finish her work early. They offered to help us. We prepared to welcome them. John expects to begin studying law next semester. The soldiers are preparing to attack the village. The president will attempt to reduce inflation in the next four years. The budget committee decided to postpone this meeting. Mary learned to swim when she was very young. He pretends not to understand. That cat seems to be friendly. He volunteered to help us. She wishes to come with us. I will wait to hear from you. I struggled to stay awake. She swore to tell the truth. I forgot to mail the letter.

3. 
   Quyidagi orqasidan ot (yoki olmosh) kelgan fe’llardan keyin har doim infinitive to yuklamasi bilan keladi:
   

Advise maslahat bermoq Allow ruxsat bermoq Ask so‘ramoq Beg yalinmoq cause sabab bo‘lmoq challenge chaqirmoq convince ishontirmoq dare botinmoq encourage undamoq expect umid qilmoq

forbid taqiqlamoq force majbur qilmoq hire yollamoq instruct ko‘rsatma bermoq invite taklif qilmoq need kerak (zarur) bo‘lmoq order buyurmoq permit ruxsat bermoq

Persuade ishontirmoq remind eslatmoq require talab qilmoq teach o‘qitmoq, o‘rgatmoq tell aytmoq, demoq urge undamoq, ishontirmoq want istamoq warn ogohlantirmoq

She advised me to wait until tomorrow.	I urged her to apply for the job.
She allowed me to use her car.	I forbid you to tell him.
I asked John to help us.	They forced him to tell the truth.
They begged us to come.	She hired a boy to mow the lawn.
Her laziness caused her to fail.	He instructed them to be careful.
The doctor told me to take these pills.	Harry invited the Bells to come to his party.
He encouraged me to try again. I warned you not to drive too fast.	We needed Chris to help us figure out the solution.
I expect you to be on time.	The judge ordered me to pay a fine.
She reminded me to lock the door. I want you to be happy.	He permitted the children to stay up late. My brother taught me to swim.
Our teacher requires us to be on time.	I persuaded him to come for a visit.
	I couldn’t convince him to accept our help.

4. Quyidagi sifatlardan keyin infinitiv to yuklamasi bilan keladi:

Anxious Able Boring Common

dangerous difficult eager easy

good hard pleased

Prepared Ready Strange Usual

Ritsuko was pleased to be admitted to the college.	It is uncommon to find such good crops in this section of the country.
It is dangerous to drive in this weather.	Mohammad is anxious to see his family.
We are ready to leave now.	It is difficult to pass this test.

5. to stop, to remember, to forget fe’llaridan keyin infinitiv ham, gerund ham ishlatilishi mumkin, faqat ma’no ozroq o‘zgaradi:

John stopped studying.	Jon o‘qishni to‘xtatdi (boshqa o‘qimaydi.).
John stopped to study.	John o‘qish uchun to‘xtadi.

6. begin, continue, hate, like, love, start, can’t stand fe’llaridan keyin infinitiv ham, gerund ham ishlatilishi mumkin, lekin ma’noda o‘zgarish bo‘lmaydi:

I like to go (going) to movies.	Men kinoga borishni yoqtiraman.
I love to play (playing) chess.	Men shaxmat o‘ynashni sevaman.
It started to snow (snowing).	Qor yog‘a boshladi.

7. to want, to wish, to mean,, to try, to allow, to be going to, ought to, to have to, should (would) like, used fe’llaridan keyin gapda oldin ishlatilgan infinitivning o‘rnida faqat to yuklamasi kelishi mumkin:

He wants me to go there tonight, but I don’t want to (go tushuniladi).	The boy wanted to go for a bathe, but was not allowed to. (go tushuniladi).
I was asked to take part in the trip, but I am not going to.(take part tushuniladi).	I didn’t want to stay there, but I had to. (stay tushuniladi).

Infinitivning to yuklamasisiz ishlatilishi
Infinitiv quyidagi hollarda to yuklamasisiz ishlatiladi:

must, can (could), may (might) va need modal fe’llaridan keyin:	You must do it at once. He can speak German. May I come in? Need he come here?
to make majbur qilmoq, to let ruxsat bermoq, to see ko‘rmoq, watch kuzatmoq, to hear eshitmoq, to feel his qilmoq, ba’zan to help yordam bermoq (ayniqsa AQShda) va boshqa fe’llardan keyin obyektiv kelishikdagi olmosh yoki otdan keyin infinitiv to yuklamasisiz ishlatiladi: fe’llaridan keyin: ega + see(watch, hear, feel) + ot (olmosh) + V	He made me read this book. I let him go there. I heard her sing. I saw her leave the room. I felt him put his hand on my shoulder. Help me (to) do it.
had better yaxshisi, would rather, would sooner yaxshisi kabi birikmalardan keyin:	You had better go there at once. I would rather not tell them about it. He said he would sooner stay at home.

Izoh: Yuqoridagi fe’llar majhul nisbatda ishlatilganda, ulardan keyin keladigan fe’l to yuklamasi bilan ishlatiladi:

He was made to do it.	Uni buni qilishga majbur qilishdi.
He was seen to leave the room.	Uning xonadan chiqqanini ko‘rishgan.