Мuzaffar Choriyev Мuхаmmаdi G‘opporov

A (an,the) + ot Prepos. + ot	Ot o‘zidan oldin artikl va predlog olishi mumkin
A table, the table, on the table,
		Otning vazifasi
	Ega		The train leaves at six o’clock.
	Ot kesim tarkibida		He is a teacher.
	To‘ldiruvchi		I’ve received a telegram. We’ve sent the buyers a telegram. I’ll speak to the manager.
	Aniqlovchi		This is the manager’s room.
	Hol		There is a hospital in the village.

Otlarning turlari

	Atoqli ot	Alohida shaxs yoki buyumning nomi	Karim, Salim, Nigora, London, Uzbekistan
	Turdosh otlar	Alohida buyumlar	A tree, a pen, a book
		Moddiy otlar	Water, wool
		Mavhum otlar	Honesty, bravery, love, work, history
	Donalab sanaladigan otlar-	Alohida buyumlar	I have bought a book. I have bought two books. There is a library in this street.
		Moddadan yasalgan bu-yumni yoki moddaning sortini bildiradi va sanaladigan otga aylanadi	He carried a brick. The boy threw a stone into the water. It is a good wine.
		Mavhum ot konkretlashadi va donalab sanaladigan otga aylanadi	He made a speech yesterday.
	Donalab sanalmaydigan otlar	Moddiy otlar	Coal is produced in many districts of our country.
		Mavhum otlar	Knowledge is power.

-. penny – pens otining ikkita ko‘pligi bor:

pence – pul birligi ma’nosida; pennies –tangalar, chaqalar ma’nosida.

-. sheep – qo‘y, fish – baliq otlari birlik va ko‘plikda bir xil shakliga ega.

This farm has a great number of sheep.	Bu fermaning ko‘p qo‘ylari bor.
I caught two fish.	Men ikkita baliq tutdim.

Ammo baliq turlari haqida gapirganimizda fishning ko‘pligi fishes bo‘ladi:

In this lake there are fishes of many varities.

Bu ko‘lda ko‘p turli baliqlar bor.

-. dozen – dyujina(o‘n ikkitalik), score – yigirmatalik so‘zlaridan oldin son kelsa birlik va ko‘plikda bir xil shaklga ega bo‘ladi. T wo dozen of eggs – 2 dyujina tuxum, three score of years – oltmish yil.

Bu otlar oldidan son kelmasa ko‘plikda –s qo‘shimchsini oladi:

Pack the books in dozens, please.	Kitoblarni dyujinalab o‘rang.
Scores of people were present there.	U yerda yigirmalab (ko‘p) odamlar bor edi.

-. works – zavod, zavodlar, means – vosita, vositalar otlari birlik va ko‘plikda bir xil shaklga ega bo‘ladi.

A new glass works has been built near the village. There are two brick works outside the town. He found a means of helping them. Are there any other means of helping them?

Qishloq yaqinida yangi shisha zavodi qurildi. Shahar tashqarisida ikkita g‘isht zavodi bor. U ularga yordam berish vositasini topdi. Ularga yordam berishning boshqa yo‘llari bormi?

Faqat birlikda ishlatiladigan otlar

1	Donalab sanalmaydigan otlar faqat birlikda ishlatiladi	Sugar-shakar, iron-temir, love-sevgi, friendship-do‘stlik,
2	Advice-maslahat, information-axborot, progress-muvaffaqiyat, knowledge – bilim	He gave me some good advice. We have very little information on this subject. I am satified with your progress.
3	News –yangilik, physics-fizika, phonetics-fonetika, mathematics-matemetika, money-pul, hair – soch	What is the news. Phonetics is a branch of linuistics. Mathematics forms the basis of many other sciences. Her hair is dark. This money belongs to him.
4	Fruit-meva	Fruit is cheap in summer. We eat a great deal of fruit. Ammo meva turlari to‘g‘risida gapirilganda fruit ko‘plikda ishlatiladi. On the table there are apples, plums and other fruits.

Faqat ko‘plikda ishlatiladigan otlar

1	Juft otlar: scissors-qaychi, trousers-shim,spectacles- ko‘zoynak, scales-tarozi, tongs-ombir	These scissors are very sharp. Your trousers are too long. Where are my spectacles?
2	Goods – mollar, contents-mazmun, proceeds-sotuvdan tushum, wages-maosh, riches-boyliklar,clothes-kiyim-kechak	These goods have arrived from Bosto. His clothes were wet as he had been caught in the rain. The contents of the letter have not been changed.
3	People –odamlar ma’nosida faqat ko’plikda ishlatiladi	There were many people there.
4	People – xalq ma’nosida birlik va ko‘plikda ishlatiladi.

Otlarning ko‘rsatkichlari

1	A,an, the, some, any	Bir otning oldida faqat bitta ko‘rsatkich ishlatilishi mumkin	There is a lamp on the table. The director has just come. Give me some stamps, please. Have you got any books on radio?
2	This- bu, these-bular, that -o‘sha, those-o‘shalar		This house is very old. I’ll take those books.
3	Egalik olmoshlari: my, your, his, her, its, our, their		Where is my pencil? Her dictionary is on the table.
4	‘s		Peter’s father is a doctor. My brother’s wife has gone to London.
5	Much, many – ko‘p, Little, few –oz, kam, Some –ba’zi, Any – istagan Each, every-har bir, Either – ham unisi, ham bunisi Neither –na unisi, na bunisi		There were many students at the meeting. Some people do not like meat. Come at any time. He goes there every day.
6	What-qanday, which – qaysi, whose – kimning		Whose pencil is this? On which floor do you live? What books have you read?

Article

	A, an -noaniq artikl	One bir so‘zidan kelib chiq-qan, donalab sanaladigan birlikdagi otlar oldida ishlatiladi	A house, a book, a student
	An	Unli tovush bilan boshlangan so‘zlar oldida ishlatiladi	An apple, an arm, an old man, an hour, an uncle
	A	Qolgan hollarda ishlatiladi	A union, a university, a hunter, a baook
	The	That o‘sha olmoshidan

Noaniq artiklning ishlatilishi

1	Shaxs yoki buyumni u turga emas bu turga mansub ekanligini bildiradi	I wear a cap in summer and a hat in autumn. She has a watch of her own. He gave her a cigarette and lighted it.
2.	Ot shaxs yoki buyumning kim yoki nima ekanligini ifodalab gapda: a) ot kesim bo‘lib keladi:	My brother is an engineer. His sister has become a doctor. This is a dictionary.
	b) izohlovchi bo‘lib keladi:	Mr. A., a student of our Institute, took the first place in the chess turnament.
	Izoh: Ot-kesim yoki izohlovchi mashhur shaxs bo‘lsa yoki ajratuvchi aniqlovchisi bo‘lsa, aniq artikl ishlatiladi:	These are the books you were looking for. Pushkin, the great Russian poet, was born in 1799.
3.	Bir turdagi shaxs yoki buyumlarning istagan bir vakilini ifodalab “har bir, istagan” ma’nosini beradi:	A child can understand it. A square has four sides.
4.	Suhbatdoshga hali notanish bo‘lgan, birinchi marta gapirilayotgan shaxs yoki buyum oldida ishlatiladi va bir deb tarjima qilinishi mumkin	He bought a book yesterday. When I entered the room, I saw a man standing at the window. It happened in a small town in Siberia.
5.	There is dan keyin birinchi marta gapirilgan ot oldida	There is a telephone in the room.
6.	Bir degan ma’noda ishlatiladi	I shall come in an hour. He did not say a word. I have bought a pound of sugar.
7.	Hundred, thousand, million, dozen so‘zla-ridan oldin one ham a ham ishlatiladi	He won a (one) thousand dollars.
8.	What + a +sifat + ot.	What a clever man! What a fine building!
9.	Such Quite + a + sifat + ot